Theconceptofnetwork
Circuitsorpartsofcircuits.
InChinese,theword"network"wasfirstusedintheElectricity"ModernChineseDictionary"(1993edition)tomakesuchanexplanation:"Inanelectricsystem,itiscomposedofseveralcomponents.Acircuitorpartofsuchacircuitusedtotransmitelectricalsignalsaccordingtocertainrequirementsiscalledanetwork."
Mathematically,anetworkisakindofgraph,whichisgenerallyregardedasaweightedgraph.Inadditiontothemathematicaldefinition,thenetworkalsohasspecificphysicalmeaning,thatis,thenetworkisamodelabstractedfromsomepracticalproblemsofthesametype.Inthecomputerfield,thenetworkisavirtualplatformforinformationtransmission,reception,andsharing.Throughit,variouspoints,areas,andbodiesareconnectedtogethertorealizethesharingoftheseresources.TheInternetisthemostimportantinventioninthehistoryofhumandevelopment,andithasimprovedthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandhumansociety.
InternetObligation
Internetcommunicationhasawiderangeofinfluences.Asanoriginalauthor,heshouldreportcoldnewsandincreasewarmnewsatthesametime.Hehasastrongmoralcharacterandabroadblessing.TheInternetisbecomingmoreandmoredeveloped.SomepeoplespreadtheirworksontheInternet,andthustheyarerecognizedbythemajorityofnetizensandbecomelessfamous.TheyareusuallycalledInternetcelebrities.
China’sthreemajornetworks
China’spubliccomputerInternet
CHINANET,alsoknownastheInternetoftheMinistryofPostsandTelecommunicationsTheChinaPublicInternetNetworkisanelectronicinformationnetworkbasedonInternetnetworktechnologyoperatedandmanagedbytheMinistryofPostsandTelecommunications.ItwasconnectedtotheInternetinearly1995andprovidedservicestothesocietyinMay.CHINANETiscomposedofabackbonenetworkandanaccessnetwork.Thebackbonenetworkisitsmaininformationchannelandiscomposedofnetworknodesinmunicipalitiesandprovincialcapitalcities;theaccessnetworkisanetworkformedbynetworkconnectionsconstructedbyvariousprovinces(regions).CHINANET'sflexibleaccessmethodandaccesspointsincitiesalloverthecountrycaneasilyaccesstheinternationalInternet,enjoytherichinformationresourcesandvariousservicesontheInternet,andcanbeusedfordomesticcomputerinterconnectionanddomesticinformationresourcesharingProvideaconvenientnetworkenvironment.
ChinaEducationandResearchNetwork
CERNET,Startedin1994,thefirstphaseoftheprojectwascompletedattheendof1995,includingBeijing(InternetCenter),Shanghai,Nanjing,Guangzhou,Wuhan,Xi'an,ChengduandShenyangandotherlargecitieswithahighconcentrationofcollegesanduniversities.ThereisaninternationaldedicatedlineconnectingtheUnitedStates.Thenationalbackbonenetwork(atotalof1164KbpsDDNdedicatedlines)wasopenedinOctober1995.Afterthecompletionofthesecondphaseoftheproject,thenationalbackbonenetworkandinternationalnetworkingwillbegraduallyupgraded,withthebackbonenetworkreaching2Kbpsormore,andtheinternationalnetworkreaching8Kbpsormore.
ChinaScienceandTechnologyNetwork
CSTNET,HostedbytheChineseAcademyofSciences,jointlyconstructedbyTsinghuaUniversityandPekingUniversity.AdedicatedlineconnectionwiththeInternetwasopenedinApril1994.OnMay21,1994,thesettingoftheCNmainserverforthehighestdomainnameinourcountrywascompleted,andtheTCP/IPconnectionwiththeInternetwasrealized.Attheendof1995,the"HundredsofNetworks"projectwasbasicallycompleted.Bytheendof1997,morethan100Ethernetnetworks,morethan3,000computers,andmorethan10,000usershadbeenconnected,makingChinaanationwidescientificresearchandeducationnetworkwithalargearea,largeusage,highperformance,largecommunicationvolume,andcompleteservicefacilities.
Thefourelementsofnetwork
1.Communicationlinesandcommunicationequipment;
2.Computerswithindependentfunctions;
3.NetworkSoftwaresupport;
4.Realizedatacommunicationandresourcesharing.
Networkclassification
Classifiedbytopology:
Bustype,ringtype,startype,meshtype
AccordingtoinformationexchangemethodClassification:
Circuitswitching,messageswitching,messagepacketswitching
Classifiedbycoverage:
LocalareanetworkLAN(therangeisgenerallyseveralmeterstodozenskilometer).MetropolitanareanetworkMAN(betweenWANandLAN).
WideareanetworkWAN(therangeofactionisgenerallytenstothousandsofkilometers).
LocalAreaNetwork
Localareanetwork(localareanetwork)isusuallyabbreviatedas"localareanetwork",abbreviatedasLAN.Thelocalareanetworkisthecomputernetworkwiththeloweststructuralcomplexity.Alocalareanetworkisjustagroupofcomputersconnectedtogetherviaanetworkatthesameplace.Localareanetworksareusuallyclosetogether,andtheyarethemostwidelyusedtypeofnetworktoday.Usuallythenetworkwiththefollowingcharacteristicsiscalledalocalareanetwork.
1.Thegeographicalareacoveredbythenetworkisrelativelysmall.Usuallynomorethantensofkilometers,orevenonlyinabuildingoraroom.
2.Thetransmissionrateofinformationisrelativelyhigh,rangingfrom1Mbpsto10Mbps,whichhasreached100Mbps.Thetransmissionrateofthewideareanetworkduringoperationisgenerally2400bps,9600bpsor38.4kbps,56.64kbps.Thededicatedlinecanonlyreach1.544Mbps.
3.Therighttooperateandmanagethenetworkbelongstoacertainunit.
WideAreaNetwork
WideAreaNetwork(WAN)isacomplexnetworksystemwithawiderangeofinfluences.
WANconsistsoftwoormoreLANs,andtheconnectionbetweentheseLANscantraverseadistanceofmorethan30mile*.AlargeWANcanbecomposedofmanyLANsandMANsonallcontinents.ThemostwidelyknownWANistheInternet,whichiscomposedofthousandsofLANsandWANsaroundtheworld.
SometimestheboundarybetweenLAN,MANandWANisveryunclear,anditisdifficulttodeterminewheretheLANendsandwheretheMANorWANstarts.However,thetypeofnetworkcanbedeterminedbyfournetworkcharacteristics-communicationmedium,protocol,topology,andtheboundarypointbetweenprivateandpublicnetworks.Communicationmediareferstocables,fiberopticcables,radiowaves,ormicrowavesusedtoconnectcomputersandnetworks.UsuallyLANendswherethecommunicationmediumchanges,suchasthetransitionfromwire-basedcablestoopticalfibers.WireandcableLANsareusuallyconnectedtootherLANsthroughfiberopticcables.
Networktransmissionmedia
Wirednetwork,opticalfibernetwork,wirelessnetwork,localareanetworkusuallyuseasingletransmissionmedium,whilemetropolitanareanetworkandwideareanetworkusemultipletransmissionmedia.
Classifiedbycommunicationmethod:
Point-to-pointtransmissionnetwork,broadcasttransmissionnetwork
Classifiedbythepurposeofnetworkuse:
Sharedresourcenetwork,dataprocessingnetwork,datatransmissionnetwork,networkusagepurpose,etc.
Classifiedbyservicemethod:
Client/servernetwork,peer-to-peernetwork
Networkpropagationmethod
ShiLan,executivedeputydirectoroftheChinaModernMediaCommittee,believesthatnetworkcommunicationhasthreebasiccharacteristics:globality,interactivity,andhypertextlinking.Therefore,itsdefinitionofnetworkcommunicationis:withglobalinformationasthebackgroundandparticipantsastheobject.Participantsarealsoinformationreceiversandpublishersandcangivefeedbacktotheinformationatanytime.ItstextformationandreadingareinvariousItiscompletedinhypertextswithvariousmeaningsformedbyrandomlinksbetweendifferenttextsanddifferentculturallevels(InternationalJournalism,2000,Issue6,p.49).
Somepeoplebelievethat"networkcommunication"isanewtermthathasappearedwidelyincommunicationstudies.Itisrelativetothethreemajormedia:newspapers,radio,andtelevision.NetworkcommunicationreferstotheinternationalInternetwithmultimedia,network,anddigitaltechnologiesasthecore.Itisalsocallednetworkcommunicationandisaproductofthemoderninformationrevolution(InternationalPress,2000,Issue6,p.49).
Webelievethattheso-callednetworkcommunicationactuallyreferstothedisseminationofhumaninformation(includingnews,knowledgeandotherinformation)throughcomputernetworks.Theinformationinnetworktransmissionisstoredinoptical,magneticandotherstoragemediaindigitalform,transmittedathighspeedthroughcomputernetworks,andreadandusedthroughcomputersorsimilardevices.Networkcommunicationisbasedonthecomputercommunicationnetworktocarryoutinformationtransmission,exchangeandutilization,soastoachievethepurposeofsocialandculturalcommunication.ThenumberofreadersofInternetcommunicationishuge,anditcanbetransmittedthroughtheInternetathighspeed.
Themainrelateddisciplinesofnetworkcommunicationare:communication,politicalscience,sociology,psychology,journalism,economics,computerscience,etc.
Internetlanguage
InternetlanguageisanewlanguageformthatisdifferentfromtraditionalplanemediawiththedevelopmentoftheInternet.Ithasbeenfavoredbythemajorityofnetizenssinceitsbirthinaconciseandvividform,andithasdevelopedrapidly.NetworklanguagesincludepinyinorabbreviationsofEnglishletters.Numberswithacertainmeaningandvividnetworkanimationsandpictures.Atfirst,itwasmainlythewaythatnetwormsusedtoimprovetheefficiencyofonlinechatoraspecificneed.Formaspecificlanguage.ThenewvocabularyemergingontheInternetmainlydependsonitsownvitality.Ifthosevibrantonlinelanguagescanwithstandthetestoftime,theycanbeacceptedafterconventionsareestablished.Itisequivalenttoaperson-to-personconversation,butourconversationpartnerisreplacedbyacomputer.Thecomputerisaobediencer.Weonlyneedtotellhimwhattodoinwords,thatis,networklanguage.
InternetlanguagerepresentsacertainInternetculture.ItiswidelyusedinvariousInternetapplicationssuchaschatandBBS,andpenetratesintoreallife.Ithasacertainimpactonourlives.Influence.Itcomesfromawiderangeofsources,mostlybasedondialectsandidioms,foreignlanguages,abbreviations,homophony,etc.,andbelongstoamixedlanguage.BeforetheOpiumWar,fewpeopleinChinawouldknowwhatEuropaandEnglishmeant,norwouldtheyknowwhatMauserandbrandywere.However,aftertheOpiumWar,thesewordsquicklyenteredtheChineselanguageandwereretainedforalongtimethroughtransliteration.ItcanbeseenfromthisexamplethattheemergenceofInternetlanguagehasgivenlanguagemorelifeandvitality.
ThestudyofInternetlanguagehasbecomeanewgrowthpointinlinguistics.Withthedeepeningofresearch,networklinguisticscameintobeing;itsdevelopmentisveryrapid,andithasbeenrecognizedbyacademia.Thisemergingdisciplinewasfirstproposedbythewell-knownChinesescholarZhouHaizhonginthearticle"ANewLinguisticDiscipline-CyberLinguistics"publishedin2000,andgaveabriefexplanation;afterthat,cyberlinguisticsarousedHighattentionfromacademia.In2003,thewell-knownSpanishscholarProfessorSantiagoPerstegueromadeacomprehensivestudyofcyberlinguisticsinhismonograph"Cyberlinguistics:Language,DiscourseandThoughtontheInternet"publishedin2003.In2005,thewell-knownBritishlinguistProfessorDavidCrystalpublishedanarticle"TheScopeofCyberLinguistics",whichmadeamorein-depthstudyontheinfluenceoftheInternetandinformationtechnologyonlanguage.Atpresent,networklinguisticshasbecomeoneofthemostdynamicsub-disciplinesincontemporarylinguistics,butitstheoreticalsystemandresearchmethodsneedtobefurtherimproved.
Thecharacteristicsofthenetwork
Computernetworkistheuseofcommunicationlinesandcommunicationequipmenttoconnectmultipleautonomouscomputersystemsdistributedindifferentlocationstoeachother,accordingtoacommonnetworkprotocol,sharinghardware,Software,asystemthatultimatelyrealizesresourcesharing.
Butthecomputernetworkisinseparablefrompeople'slives,andmostpeople'sunderstandingofthenetworkisallaboutthecomputernetwork.
UsingtheInternet,peoplecannotonlyshareresources,butalsoexchangeinformation,keepintouch,entertain,etc.Manypeople'slivesandworkareinseparablefromtheInternet.Therealizationofthenetworkenablesasingle,scatteredcomputertobeorganicallyconnectedintoasystem.Itmainlyhasthefollowingcharacteristics:
1,resourcesharing
Themainfunctionofthenetworkisresourcesharing.Sharedresourcesincludesoftwareresources,hardwareresources,andvariousdataresourcesstoredinpublicdatabases.Onlineuserscansharetheseresourcesinpartorinwhole,sothattheresourcesinthenetworkcancommunicatewitheachotherandcooperatewitheachother,therebygreatlyimprovingtheutilizationofsystemresources.
2.Fasttransmissionofinformation
Computersystemsdistributedindifferentregionscantransmitvariousinformation,exchangedata,andsende-mailsthroughthenetworkinatimelyandhigh-speedmanner,sothatpeoplecancommunicatewitheachother.Theconnectioniscloser.
3.Improvesystemreliability
Inthenetwork,duetothemutualcooperationandmutualbackuprelationshipbetweencomputers,andtheuseofsomebackupequipmentandsomeloadschedulinginthenetwork,Datafaulttoleranceandothertechnologies,sothatwhenacertainpartofthenetworkfails,otherpartsofthenetworkcanautomaticallytakeoveritstasks.Therefore,comparedwithastand-alonesystem,acomputernetworkhashigherreliability.
4.Easytocarryoutdistributedprocessing
Inthenetwork,arelativelylargeproblemortaskcanalsobedecomposedintoseveralsub-problemsortasks,whicharedistributedtodifferentcomputersinthenetworkPerformprocessingcalculations.Thiskindofdistributedprocessingcapabilityisveryeffectiveintheresearchanddevelopmentofsomemajorsubjects.
5.Comprehensiveinformationservices
Intoday’sinformationsociety,individuals,offices,libraries,enterprisesandschoolsaregeneratingandprocessingalargenumberofinformation.Thisinformationmaybetext,numbers,images,soundorevenvideo,anditcanbecollected,processed,andtransmittedthroughthenetwork.Therefore,integratedinformationservicewillbecomethebasicservicefunctionofthenetwork.
ThehistoricalevolutionoftheInternet
TheBirthoftheInternet
ThebirthmissionoftheInternet:toimprovethequalityoflifeofglobalhumansthroughvariousInternetservices.
Makehumanlifemoreconvenientandricher,therebypromotingtheprogressofglobalhumansociety.Andenrichthespiritualworldandmaterialworldofmankind,sothatmankindcanobtaininformationmostconveniently.Findwhatyouwanttomakehumanlifehappier.
Contrarytomanypeople’simagination,theInternetisnottheresultofacertainproject.ThefoundersoftheInternetwouldneverhaveimaginedthatitcoulddevelopintoitscurrentscaleandimpact.AtthebeginningoftheInternet'sappearance,noonecouldthinkofitenteringthousandsofhouseholds,andnoonecouldthinkofitscommercialuse.
Morethantenyearsaftertheworld’sfirstelectroniccomputercameoutin1946,itwasveryexpensive.Thereareveryfewcomputers,andtheso-calledcomputernetworkintheearlydayswasmainlycreatedtosolvethiscontradiction.Itsformistodirectlyconnectacomputertoanumberofterminalsviaacommunicationline.Wecanalsoregardthismethodasthesimplestprototypeofalocalareanetwork.
TheearliestnetworkwasestablishedbytheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)oftheUSDepartmentofDefense.Manyconceptsandmethodsofmoderncomputernetworks,suchaspacketswitchingtechnology,comefromARPAnet.ARPAnetnotonlyconductedresearchonpacketswitchingtechnologyforleasedlineinterconnection,butalsoonpacketswitchingtechnologyforwirelessandsatellitenetworks-theresultofwhichledtotheadventofthenetworkprotocolTCP/IP.
From1977to1979,ARPAnetintroducedthecurrentformoftheTCP/IParchitectureandprotocol.
About1980,allcomputersonARPAnetstartedtheconversionofTCP/IPprotocol,andestablishedtheinitialInternetwithARPAnetasthebackbonenetwork.
In1983,allARPAnetcomputerscompletedtheconversiontoTCP/IPandimplementedTCP/IPonUNIX(BSD4.1).ThebiggesttechnicalcontributionofARPAnetisthedevelopmentandapplicationoftheTCP/IPprotocol.Twowell-knownscienceeducationnetworks,CSNETandBITNET,wereestablishedsuccessively.
In1984,theNationalScienceFoundationNSFplannedtoestablish13NationalSupercomputingCentersandtheNationalEducationandTechnologyNetwork.SubsequenttoreplacethebackboneofARPANET.
In1988,theInternetbegantoopentotheoutsideworld.
InJune1991,amongthecomputersconnectedtotheInternet,businessuserssurpassedacademicusersforthefirsttime.ThiswasamilestoneinthehistoryofInternetdevelopment.Sincethen,theInternethasgrownrapidly.Inthe21stcentury,networkplatformsareusedinthefieldofe-commerce.Internetbusinesshasbecomeatrend.
Thedevelopmentstageofthenetwork
Firstgeneration:RemoteterminalConnection
Early1960s
Terminal-orientedcomputernetwork
Onlyprovidecommunicationbetweenterminalandhost,communicationbetweensubnetsisnotpossible.
Secondgeneration:Computernetworkstage(LocalAreaNetwork)
Mid1960s
MultiplehostsareinterconnectedtorealizecomputersAndthecommunicationbetweenthecomputer.
Includes:communicationsubnet,userresourcesubnet.
Enduserscanaccessthesoftwareandhardwareresourcesofthelocalhostandallhostsonthecommunicationsubnet.
Circuitswitchingandpacketswitching.
Thirdgeneration:Computernetworkinterconnectionstage
(Wideareanetwork,Internet)
EstablishedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)in1981:Opensysteminterconnectionbasicreferencemodel(OSI/RM),realizeinterconnectionbetweencomputersproducedbydifferentmanufacturers.
ThebirthoftheTCP/IPprotocol.
FourthGeneration:InformationSuperhighway(high-speed,multi-service,largedatavolume)
BroadbandIntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork:InformationSuperhighway.
ATMtechnology,ISDN,GigabitEthernet
Interactivity:onlineTV-on-demand,videoconference,videophone,onlineshopping,onlinebanking,onlinelibrary,etc.High-speed,visualization.
ThephaseddevelopmentoftheInternet
ThedevelopmentoftheInternetinmycountryismarkedbythefirstE-mailsenttotheworldthroughtheChinaAcademicNetworkCANETin1987..Afterdecadesofdevelopment,fourmajornetworksystemshavebeenformed.Namely:ScienceandTechnologyNetworkCSTnetoftheChineseAcademyofSciences;EducationandResearchNetworkCERnetoftheMinistryofEducation;CHINAnetoftheformerMinistryofPostsandTelecommunications;andCHINAgbnoftheformerMinistryofElectronics.ThedevelopmentoftheInternetinChinacanberoughlydividedintothreestages:
Thefirststageisfrom1987to1993,whichisalsoaresearchandexperimentstage.Duringthisperiod,somescientificresearchdepartmentsandinstitutionsofhigherlearninginChinabegantostudyInternettechnology,andcarriedoutscientificresearchtopicsandscientificandtechnologicalcooperation,butthenetworkapplicationatthisstagewaslimitedtoe-mailservicesinasmallarea.
Thesecondstageisfrom1994to1996,whichisalsotheinitialstage.InApril1994,theZhongguancunareaeducationandscientificresearchdemonstrationnetworkprojectenteredtheInternet.Sincethen,ChinahasbeenofficiallyrecognizedasacountrywiththeInternet.Afterthat,severalInternetnetworkprojectssuchasCERnet,CSTnet,CHINAnet,andCHINAgbnhavebeenlaunchednationwide.TheInternethasbeguntoenterpubliclifeandhasbeenrapidlydevelopedinChina.Bytheendof1996,thenumberofInternetusersinChinahadreached200,000,andthebusinessesandapplicationsthatusedtheInternethadgraduallyincreased.
ThethirdstageFrom1997tothepresent,itisthemostrapiddevelopmentstageoftheInternetinourcountry.ThenumberofdomesticInternetusershasbasicallymaintainedagrowthrateofdoublingeverysixmonthssince1997.Sofar,therearemorethan10millionInternetusers.AccordingtoastatisticalreportpublishedbytheChinaInternetInformationCenter(CNNIC),asofOctober30,2009,thetotalnumberofInternetusersinmycountrywas530million.Thisnumberhasincreasedby8.9millionfromthebeginningoftheyear,andhasincreasedby22.2millioncomparedwiththesameperiodin2002.
ChinahasfivecommercialInternetbackboneunitswithindependentinternationalaccesslines,aswellasnon-profitInternetbackboneunitsforeducation,technology,economyandtrade.Therearemorethan600InternetAccessServiceProviders(ISP),140ofwhichoperateacrossprovinces.
Withtheimprovementofthenetworkfoundation,theadoptionofnewtechnologiesinuseraccess,thediversificationofaccessmethodsandtheimprovementofoperators’servicecapabilities,thebottleneckproblemofslowaccessnetworkspeedwillbefurtherenhancedImproved,theInternetspeedwillbefaster,therebypromotingmoreapplicationsontheInternet.:
Developmentprospects
Switchingtechnologyhasenteredasubstantivestage
Thetelephonenetworkhascontinuedthewayofcircuitswitchingfromthetimeitwasinvented.TheIPnetworkthatemergedattheendofthelastcenturybroughtbreakthroughstopeoplewithconnectionlesscommunication.Voiceservicesarethemainsourceofrevenueforoperatorsandcannotbecompletelydisconnected.Drivenbythetwosituations,anetworkwithsoftswitchasthecoreappeared.Ittriestotransformthetraditionalcircuit-switchednetworkintoapacket-switchednetworkwhiletakingintoaccounttheexistingtelephonenetwork.
Theemergenceofanetworkwithsoftswitchasthecorerealizesthepackettransmissionofthevoicechannelwhilemaintainingtheoriginalvoiceservice,whichgreatlyreducestheoperationandmaintenancecosts,therebyenablingthesoftswitchtechnologyIthasbecomeanimportantdirectionforthedevelopmentofswitchingnetworks.Today,whenbusinessneedsaremarket-oriented,theadvantagethatsoftswitchcandevelopsomenewserviceshasmadepeopleeagerforit.InChina,aftermorethanthreeyearsoftrialsandlarge-scalecommercialtrials,softswitchingThetechnologyisbasicallymature,theabilitytoquicklyprovideservicesisreflected,andthecostofnetworkconstructionisequivalenttothatoftraditionalswitches.Inthiscase,withthecontinuousemergenceofbroadbandservicessuchasVoIP,IPTV,videoconferencing,andVOD,problemssuchasrapidbandwidthconsumptionandnetworkcongestionhavebeencaused.Asaresult,broadbandizationhasbecomeanirreversibletrendintermsofaccessnetworks.
Manysolutionshavebeenproposedfortheaccessproblem.Inordertosolvethebroadbandproblem,theycanbesummarizedasfollows:increasetheinterconnectionbandwidth;changethenetworktrafficstructuretoreducethebottleneckofthebackbonenetwork;applyQoSmechanismstoensureThequalityofserviceofsomeapplications;IPMulticastmulticasttechnologyisadopted.Incontrast,IPmulticasttechnologyhasthecharacteristicsthatthebackbonebandwidthofthenetworkdoesnotneedtobeproportionaltothegrowthofthenumberofusers,caneffectivelycontrolthecostofthebackbonenetwork,andbecomethepreferredtechnologyofoperators.ThecombinationofmulticasttechnologyandQoSmechanismwillbettermeettheneedsofnewservices.
EveryoneisveryconcernedaboutIPTVinthebroadbandaccessnetwork.ThehighbandwidththatIPTVcallscanbesaidtobeanopportunityforthetransformationoftelecommunicationsnetworks.Withtherapiddevelopmentofnetworktechnology,broadbandusershaverapidlyexpanded,butmanyregionshavenotgainedahighbroadbanduseraccessrateafterinvestingheavilyintheestablishmentofbroadbandmetropolitanareanetworks.IPTVhasbroughtsomegratificationtotelecomoperatorsintermsoftappingnewusergrowthmethodsandbusinessgrowthmethods.Itisbecominganewforcefortelecomoperatorstoleveragethebroadbandmarket.
DevelopmentTrends
TheextenttowhichonlineretaillowerstheaverageretailpriceinChinaisgraduallyweakening.Beginningin2010,onlinepricesofmajoronlineretailproductcategorieshavegenerallyincreasedmorethanofflineprices,reflectingthatonlinemerchantsmayhaveadoptedunsustainableprice-for-volumepracticesintheearlydays.Withthedevelopmentoftheonlineretailmarket,consumersarebecomingmoremature,insteadoffocusingsolelyonpricecomparisons.
Wirelessaspects
Inthecontextoftheevolutionofmobileservicesfromnarrowbandandvoiceservicestothird-generationnetworks,manybroadbandwirelessaccesstechnologieshavesprungupafterarain,suchasWiMAX,etc.RepresentativewirelessaccesstechnologiesaregainingglobalattentionwiththeirextremelyhighbandwidthandexcellentIPservicesupportcapabilities.
Inthecontextofbroadbandization,variousnewserviceshavealsobecomeatopicofconcernattheconference.Expertsandscholarsfromalloverthecountryconductedmeaningfulexchangesanddiscussionsintermsofrapidbusinessproposal,qualityassuranceandbusinessmodels.
Nowthat3GlicensesmaybeissuedinChina,operatorsarepayingcloseattentiontotheintegrationoffixedandmobilenetworks.Theyhopetoprovideuserswithhigh-qualityintegratedservicesonaunifiedcorenetworkandreducenetworkComplexityandoperationandmaintenancecosts.Butthisisalongprocessthatrequirescontinuousmaturityintechnology,standards,products,etc.Thisprocesswillbefullofopportunitiesandchallenges.
Servicemodel
WiththeglobalexpansionoftheInternet,therapiddevelopmentoftheInternetinChina,thenumberofChineseISPsisincreasing,andtheservicesprovidedareconstantlyenriched.However,toachievetheprosperityofChina'sInternetservices,notonlyneedmoreandmoreInternetserviceproviderstoproviderichservices,butalsoneedInternetserviceprovidersISPstocontinuetoexploretheservicemarket,adoptflexibleoperatingmodels,findwaystomaketheirownprofits,andconstantlyEnhanceitsownindependentinnovationcapabilitiesandenhancecorecompetitiveness.ThisarticlestudiestheoperatingmodeofChineseISPs,andanalyzesthedifferentrequirementsofdifferentbusinesstypesforISPoperatingmodes.
InternetServiceProvider(ISP:InternetServiceProvider)isanInternetserviceproviderthatprovidescomprehensiveInternetaccessservices,informationservicesandvalue-addedservicestoawiderangeofusers.ISPisaformaloperatingenterpriseapprovedbythenationalcompetentauthorityandenjoystheprotectionofnationallaws.InternetContentProvider(ICP:InternetContentProvider)isanInternetcontentprovider,thatis,atelecommunicationsoperatorthatprovidescomprehensiveInternetinformationservicesandvalue-addedservicestousers.ICPisalsoaformallyoperatingenterpriseapprovedbythenationalcompetentauthorityandenjoystheprotectionofnationallaws.Well-knowndomesticICPsincludeSina,Sohu,163.21CNandsoon.
IntheInternetapplicationserviceindustrychain"equipmentsuppliers-basicnetworkoperators-contentcollectorsandproducers-serviceproviders-users",ISP/ICPisthecontentcollector,Thelocationofproducersandserviceproviders.SinceinformationservicesarethemostactivepartofChina'sinformationindustry,ISP/ICPisalsothemostinnovativeandactivepartofChina'sinformationindustry.Bytheendof2006,thereweremorethan21,000registeredvalue-addedserviceprovidersinChina,mostofwhichwereISP/ICPsbasedontheInternet.WiththegradualclarificationofthecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentoftheInternetwherecontentisking,mostICPsalsoplaytheroleofISP.AccordingtotheclassificationofInternetservices,thisarticleanalyzestheoperatingmodesofISPsthatprovidedifferentservices.
Transactionvolume
In2012,thescaleofonlineretailtransactionsreached1.32trillionyuan,andby2020,thisscalemayreach4.2trillionyuan.BoththeChinaE-commerceResearchCenterandtheMcKinseyGlobalInstitutehaveissuedreportsstatingthatChina’se-commercemarketisgrowingrapidly.Itisestimatedthatby2020,onlineretailwillaccountfor10%-16%oftheChineseconsumermarket.
Thepurposeofthenetwork
Suggestionsforuse
WiththedevelopmentoftheInternet,itisgettingfasterandfaster.Ihopeyoucanmakereasonableuseofnetworkresourcesanddon’tbeaddictedtogames,Novelsandthelike.
Theoriginaluseofthenetwork
TheUSDepartmentofDefensebelievesthatifthereisonlyonecentralizedmilitarycommandcenter,incasethiscenterisdestroyedbytheformerSovietUnion’snuclearweapons.Thenationalmilitarycommandwillbeparalyzed,andtheconsequenceswillbeunimaginable.Therefore,itisnecessarytodesignsuchadecentralizedcommandsystem-itmustbecomposedofscatteredcommandpoints,andotherpointscanstillworknormallywhensomeofthecommandpointsaredestroyed.,Andthesescatteredpointscanbecontactedthroughsomeformofcommunicationnetwork.
In1969,theU.S.DepartmentofDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA--AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency)begantobuildanetworknamedARPAnettoconnectseveralU.S.militaryandTheresearchisconnectedwithacomputermainframe.Atthebeginning,ARPAnetonlyconnected4hosts,anditwasplacedundertheprotectionofhigh-levelsecretsoftheUSDepartmentofDefenseintermsofmilitaryrequirements.Technically,itdidnothavetheconditionsforexternalpromotion.
Internet.
In1986,theNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)usedtheTCP/IPcommunicationprotocoldevelopedbyARPAnettoestablishonthebasisof5supercomputercentersforscientificresearchandeducationservices.NSFnetWideAreaNetwork.ThankstotheencouragementandfundingoftheNationalScienceFoundation,manyuniversities,government-fundedresearchinstitutionsandevenprivateresearchinstitutionshavemergedtheirlocalareanetworksintoNSFnet.Atthattime,themilitarypartofARPAnethadbeenseparatedfromtheparentnetworkandestablisheditsownnetwork-Milnet.ARPAnet-thefatherofthenetwork,hasbeengraduallyreplacedbyNSFnet.By1990,ARPAnethadwithdrawnfromthestageofhistory.Today,NSFnethasbecomeoneoftheimportantbackbonenetworksoftheInternet.
In1989,WWWwassuccessfullydevelopedbyCERN,whichlaidthefoundationfortheInternettoachievewide-areahypermediainformationinterception/retrieval.
Beforethe1990s,theuseoftheInternethasbeenlimitedtoresearchandacademicfields.Commercialinstitutions'accesstotheInternethasalwaysbeenplaguedbylawsandregulationsortraditionalproblemsofonekindoranother.Infact,governmentagenciessuchastheNationalScienceFoundationthathavefundedtheconstructionoftheInternetarenotinterestedincommercialactivitiesontheInternet.
Commercialuseofthenetwork
In1991,threecompaniesintheUnitedStatesoperatedtheirownCERFnet,PSInetandAlternetnetworks,whichcanprovidecustomerswithInternetnetworkingservicestoacertainextent.Theyformedthe"CommercialInternetAssociation"(CIEA),announcingthatuserscanusetheirInternetsubnetsforanycommercialpurpose.WiththeemergenceofInternetcommercialserviceproviders,industrialandcommercialenterprisescanfinallyentertheInternetopenly.
AssoonascommercialorganizationssteppedintotheunfamiliarworldoftheInternet,theydiscovereditshugepotentialincommunications,dataretrieval,andcustomerservice.Asaresult,themomentumbecameuncontrollable.CountlesscompaniesandindividualsfromallovertheworldhavepouredintotheInternet,bringinganewleapinthehistoryofInternetdevelopment.
TheInternethascontactedmorethan160countriesandregions,morethan40,000subnets,andmorethan5millioncomputerhosts.Withmorethan40milliondirectusers,ithasbecometheworld'smostinformativepubliccomputernetwork.TheInternetisconsideredtobetheembryonicformoftheglobalinformationsuperhighwayinthefuture.Theterm'''network'''hasmanymeaningsandcanbeinterpretedas:Networkflowisalsoreferredtoasnetworkforshort.Generallyusedformodelingofpipelinesystems,transportationsystems,andcommunicationsystems.
Internetphone
InternetphoneisalsocalledIPphone,whichusesInternetProtocol(IP)forvoicetransmission.Traditionalinternationalcallsaretransmittedinananalogousmanner.Thevoiceisfirstconvertedintoasignal,andthevoiceistransmittedtotheotherpartythroughacoppercable.TheVoIPusesthegatewaytoconvertthesoundintoadatasignal,whichiscompressedintoadatapacket,andthentransmittedfromtheInternet.Whenthereceivingendreceivesthedatapacket,thegatewaywilldecompressitandretransmitit.Makeasoundfortheotherpartytolistento.Generallyspeaking,therearethreewaysofVoIPconnection:PCtoPC,PCtoPhone,andPhonetoPhone.VoIPusestheTCP/IPprotocol,andspecialsoftwareconvertsthecallingparty’svoiceintoadigitalsignal(oftencompressed,whichisalsothetechnicalkeypointofthequalityoftheVoIPsoftware),andthenpacksthemintosmalldatapackets.Datapacketsarefreetofindfreespaceonthenetworkandtransmitvoicedatatotheotherparty.Aftertheotherparty’sspecialequipmentorsoftwarereceivesthedatapacket,itwilldoareverseprocessofconvertingthevoiceintodatapacketasmentionedabove.Iftheotherparty’sreceiverisinconsistent,Technicalprocessingisrequiredtoenablethevoicetoberestored.Duringthewholeconversation,wedon'tneedtorentadedicatedline,butjustusethenetworkinaseamlessmanner,whichgreatlysavesthecostofthecall.ThegeneralcostisafewcentsinChina,andtheinternationalcostisgenerallyafewcents.Thecostisverylow!
Networkharddrive
"Networkharddrive"isanexclusivestoragespace,usersItisconvenienttouploadanddownloadfilesbyloggingintothewebsiteonline,andtheuniquesharingandgroupingfunctionsbreakthroughthetraditionalstorageconcept.Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,the"NetworkHardDrive"producthasfourmajorfeatures:intuitivepreview,four-levelsharing,groupmanagement,andstabilityandsecurity.
Networkharddiskreferstothe"remoteharddiskspaceusedbynetworkconnectionmanagement",whichcanbeusedtotransfer,storeandbackupcomputerdatafiles,whichisconvenientforuserstomanageanduse.Usersofthissitecanconnecttothenetworkharddiskserviceprovidedby"eNetcom"onanycomputerterminalwithInternetaccessintheworld.
OnlineFinance
Theso-calledonlinefinance,alsoknownaselectronicfinance(e-finance),referstofinancialactivitiesrealizedontheInternet,includingonlinefinancialinstitutions,networkFinancialtransactions,onlinefinancialmarkets,andonlinefinancialsupervision.Itisdifferentfromtraditionalfinancialactivitiesthatexistinphysicalform.Itisfinancialactivitiesthatexistintheelectronicspace.Itsexistenceformisvirtualizedanditsoperationmodeisnetworked.Itisaproductoftherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology,especiallyInternettechnology,andafinancialoperationmodeintheInternetagethatmeetsthedevelopmentneedsofe-commerce(e-commerce).
Onlineeducation
Onlineeducationreferstounderthenetworkenvironment,guidedbymoderneducationalthoughtsandlearningconcepts,givefullplaytothevariouseducationalfunctionsofthenetworkandrichnetworkeducationresourcesAdvantages,anonlineteachingandlearningserviceprovidedtoeducatorsandlearners,thisserviceisreflectedinthedeliveryofcontentusingdigitaltechnology.Carryoutlearner-centerednon-face-to-faceeducationactivities.
InternetTV
InternetTVisalsocalledIPTV(InteractivePersonalityTV).Itusestelevisions,personalcomputersandhandhelddevicesasdisplayterminals,andconnectstobroadbandnetworksthroughset-topboxesorcomputerstoachievedigitalTheemergenceofTV,time-shiftedTV,interactiveTVandotherservices,theemergenceofInternetTVhasbroughtpeopleanewwayofwatchingTV,whichhaschangedthepassiveTVwatchingmodeinthepast,andrealizedTVwatchingondemand,watchingandstoppingondemand.
Internetinsurance
Internetinsuranceisanewtypeofinsurancemarketingmodelthatusescomputernetworksasthemedium,whichisdifferentfromthetraditionalinsuranceagentmarketingmodel.
Theemergenceanddevelopmentofnetworkinsuranceisahistoricaltrend,whichrepresentsthedevelopmentdirectionoftheinternationalinsuranceindustry.
Domesticinsurancewebsitescanberoughlydividedintothreecategories:Thefirstcategoryisself-builtwebsitesofinsurancecompanies,whichmainlypromotetheirowninsuranceproducts,suchas"PA18"ofPingAnInsurance.TaikangLifeInsurance's"TaikangOnline"andsoon.
Thesecondcategoryisanindependentthird-partyinsurancewebsite.ItisaninsurancewebsitefundedbyaprofessionalInternetserviceprovider(ISP).Itdoesnotbelongtoanyinsurancecompany,butitalsoprovidesinsuranceservices,suchasHuibaoNet,eBao,netinsurance,etc.
Thethirdcategoryisinsuranceinformationwebsites,suchasChinaInsuranceNetwork,whichcanberegardedastheBBSofindustryinsiders.Obviously,thesethreetypesofwebsitesrepresentthedevelopmentlevelofChina'sonlineinsurance.Afterrationalandobjectiveresearchandanalysisoftheirimplementationstrategiesandmarketoperationmethods,theycandeeplygraspthedevelopmentstatusofChina'sonlineinsurance.
Networkinsuranceisahugesocialsystemprojectinvolvingmultipleindustriessuchasbankingandtelecommunications.Itwilltakealongtimetocompletethisproject.Attacksbycyberhackersmakethecomputernetworksystem'sownsecurityinsecure,andcyberinsurancehashiddendangersofinsecurity;andcyberinsuranceispronetofraudinonlinecomplaintsandclaimsduetothehumanfactorsbetweentheinsurancepartiesandtheprofoundandcomplexbackgroundandinterestrelationships.behavior.Therefore,itisdifficulttosupportonlineinsuranceonlybyrelyingononlineoperations.Howtoprohibitandpunishtheuseofonlineinsuranceforinsurancefraud;howtoimplementonlineunderwritingandonlineclaimsandpayment;onlineinsurancestillhasalongwaytogoinourcountry.
Networkinsurancetechnologyisacompletesetof"securityreinforcementsystem"researchedbynationalscienceandtechnologyresearcherstomaintainthesecurityoftheserverandresisthackers,virusesandworms.AsofDecember7,2007,theCentralNewsNetworkbroadcasttobroadcastanewgenerationof"securityreinforcementsystem"hasbeenputintooperation.
OnlineMarketing
ThefullnameofOnlineMarketing(On-lineMarketingorCybermarketing)isdirectnetworkmarketing,whichisaformofdirectmarketing,whichisthepracticeofcorporatemarketingandmoderninformationandcommunicationtechnology.,Theproductofthecombinationofcomputernetworktechnologyreferstothevariousmarketingactivities(includingnetworkresearch,networkpromotion,networknewproductdevelopment,networkpromotion,networkThegeneraltermfordistribution,networkservices,etc.).
Thespecificstepsofonlinemarketingareasfollows:
BuildingacorporatenetworkmarketingplatformThecompany’scompaniescanbeallianceswithrelevantonlinecompaniestosetupa"home"ontheInternet.
Networkpromotion(searchengineoptimization,businessopportunityrelease,email,blogmarketing...)
Buildingconsumersdatabase.Consumersarethestrategicassetsofenterprises.EnterprisesmustpayattentiontocollectingandanalyzingconsumerinformationthroughtheInternet,suchasregistereduserinformation,userfeedbackopinionsandsuggestions,establishingandmanagingconsumerdatabases,discoveringconsumers’individualneeds,andanalyzingconsumptionConsumers’consumerbehaviorsandhabits,andestablishlong-termpersonalrelationshipswithcustomers.Targetonlineconsumers.Ontheonehand,theinformationontheInternetcontinuestosurge,andontheotherhand,consumershavelimitedtime.EnterprisesmuststarttoattractconsumerstotheInternetandencouragethemtovisitthecorporatewebsiteforalongtime.
Fourth,emphasizeindividualization.Inordertowinconsumerdependence,companiesmusttreateachconsumerasanindependentanddifferentindividual.Thenewshoppingcriterionoftoday'sconsumersis:"Eitherprovideproductsaccordingtomyrequirements,orIdon'twantthem."Thecompany'sanswercanonlybe:"Accordingtotheirrequirements,otherwisedon'tdisturbthem."
Payattentiontodifferentiatedmarketinganddirectsales.UsetheInternetfordifferentiatedmarketingandvigorouslydevelopdirectsalesincludingE-mailmarketing.
Establisharapidcustomerresponsemechanism.Includingquickresponsetocustomeropinionsandsuggestions,complaintsandcomplaints,andafastlogisticsmechanism.Itisnecessarytoseizeeveryopportunitytocommunicatewithcustomerstothegreatestextent,andprovideservicesthatmeettheuniquetimeanddeliveryrequirementsofcustomersasquicklyaspossible.
WebHosting
BasicconceptofInternetmarketinghosting:Internethostingbusinessreferstothedomesticnetworkthatisentrustedbytheusertomanagetheuser’sownorrenteddomesticnetwork,Networkelementsorequipment,includingprovidinguserswithequipmentplacement,networkmanagement,operationandmaintenanceservices,andprovidinguserswithinterconnectionandothernetworkapplicationmanagementandmaintenanceservices.
Webhostingbusinessconditions:
ChapterOnePurposeofFormulation
ThefirstarticleistostrengthenCommunicationnetworksecuritymanagement,improvethemaintenancequalityofcommunicationnetworkfacilitiesandthecommunicationqualityofthewholenetwork,inaccordancewiththe"People'sRepublicofChinaTelecommunicationsRegulations"and"TelecommunicationsBusinessLicenseManagementMeasures",formulatetheseregulations.
Article2Anyenterpriseengagedinnetworkhostingbusinessshallobtainthe"NetworkHostingBusinessLicense"asrequiredbeforeproceedingwithmaintenanceworksuchascommunicationequipmentandlines.
Chapter2ApplicationandApproval
Article3Enterprisesthatapplyforthe"NetworkCustodyBusinessLicense",inadditiontoprovidingapplicationforvalue-addedtelecommunicationsbusinesslicenseInadditiontotherequiredmaterials,youshouldalsosubmit:
(1)Resume,appointmentdocuments,jobtitle,academicqualificationsandIDcopyofthemanager,technicalpersonincharge,andfinancialpersonincharge;
(2)Copyofprofessionaltitlecertificate,specialtypeofworkqualificationcertificateandIDcardofengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelandeconomicmanagementpersonnel;
(3)Copyofotherqualificationcertificatesthattheenterprisehasobtained;
(4)Alistoftools,instruments,vehiclesandotherequipmentrequiredformaintenancework;
(5)Otherrelevantcertificatesandmaterialsthatneedtobeissued.
ChapterIIIBusinessScopeandEvaluationStandards
Article4Themaintenanceservicebusinessscopeinthenetworkhostingbusinessincludestransmission,exchange,data,basestation,Maintenanceofpowersupplyandotherequipmentaswellascommunicationopticalcables,pipelines,andcommunicationtowers.
Article5RelevantConditions
(1)Qualificationsofthemainpersoninchargeoftheenterprise:Thepersoninchargeoftheenterpriseandthepersoninchargeoftechnologyshouldhavemorethan3yearsofexperienceincommunicationconstructionormaintenancemanagement,andIntermediateorabove;thepersoninchargeoffinanceshouldhaveajuniororaboveprofessionaltitle.
(2)Requirementsfortechnicalpersonnel:
1.Therearenolessthan15engineering,technicalandeconomicmanagementpersonnelwithintermediateprofessionaltitlesorabove;amongthem,thereareseniorprofessionaltitlesincommunicationsoramaster’sdegree3Therearenolessthan2personsovertheageoftwo,andnolessthan8personswithintermediateprofessionaltitlesincommunicationsorover3yearsofundergraduategraduation.
2.Atleast5peopleonbehalfoftheIronTowershallholdacertificateofascendingissuedbythelabordepartment.
3.Thenumberofretirees(notover65)employedbythecompanyshallnotexceed1/3ofthetotalnumber.
(3)Theregisteredcapitaloftheenterpriseshallnotbelessthan1millionyuan.
(4)Equippedwithequipment,instruments,metersandtools,vehicles,etc.toundertakecorrespondingprofessionalmaintenanceoperations.
ChapterIVSupervisionandAdministration
Article6Thenetworkcustodybusinesslicenseshallimplementanannualinspectionsysteminaccordancewiththe"AdministrativeMeasuresforTelecommunicationsBusinessLicense."
(1)Inadditiontothematerialsstipulatedinthe"AdministrativeMeasuresforTelecommunicationsBusinessLicense",theannualinspectionmaterialsshallalsobesubmittedwiththeannualinspectionopinionsissuedbytheengineeringqualitydepartment.
(2)Theannualinspectionopinionsissuedbytheengineeringqualitydepartmentwillbeoneofthequalificationsfortheannualinspectionofthe"NetworkHostingBusinessLicense".
1.Qualificationsfortheannualinspectionopinions:
(1)Thecompany'sconditionsareinfullcompliancewiththeannualinspectionstandards,andthemaintenancequalityisqualified,andnomajorsafetyaccidentshaveoccurred;
(2)Thenumberofcommunicationengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelreachesmorethan80%oftheprescribedstandards.
2.Inoneofthefollowingsituations,theannualinspectionopinionconcludesas"unqualified":
(1)Communicationengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelhavenotreached80%oftheprescribedstandards;
(2)Amajormaintenancequalityandsafetyresponsibilityaccidentoccurred.
Article7Licensedenterprisesmustpractisewithinthescopeofbusinessspecifiedintheapprovedlicenseregistration,andmustnotundertakebusinessbeyondthescope.ViolationoftheseregulationsshallbepunishedinaccordancewithArticle34oftheLicenseManagementMeasures.
NetworkSecurity
Networksecurityisanimportantissuerelatedtonationalsecurityandsovereignty,socialstability,andtheinheritanceanddevelopmentofnationalculture.Itsimportanceisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantasthepaceofglobalinformatizationaccelerates."Thedoortothehomeisthedoortothecountry",andthesecurityissuebrooksnodelay.
Networksecurityisacomprehensivedisciplineinvolvingcomputerscience,networktechnology,communicationtechnology,cryptographictechnology,informationsecuritytechnology,appliedmathematics,numbertheory,informationtheoryandotherdisciplines.
Networksecuritymeansthatthehardwareandsoftwareofthenetworksystemandthedatainthesystemareprotectedfromaccidentalormaliciousreasonsfrombeingdamaged,changed,orleaked,andthesystemoperatescontinuously,reliably,andnormally.Thenetworkserviceisnotinterrupted.
Networksecurityisessentiallyinformationsecurityonthenetwork.Inabroadsense,allrelevanttechnologiesandtheoriesrelatedtotheconfidentiality,integrity,availability,authenticityandcontrollabilityofinformationonthenetworkaretheresearchfieldsofnetworksecurity.
Thespecificmeaningofnetworksecuritywillvarywiththe"angle"ofchange.Forexample:Fromtheperspectiveofusers(individuals,companies,etc.),theyhopethatinformationinvolvingpersonalprivacyorbusinessinterestswillbeprotectedbyconfidentiality,integrity,andauthenticitywhentransmittedoverthenetwork.Avoidotherpeopleoropponentsusingeavesdropping,impersonation,tampering,denialandothermeanstoinfringeontheinterestsandprivacyofusers,accessanddamage.
Fromtheperspectiveofnetworkoperationsandadministrators,theywanttoprotectandcontroltheaccess,readingandwritingoflocalnetworkinformationtoavoid"trapdoors",viruses,illegalaccess,denialofserviceandThreatssuchasillegaloccupationofnetworkresourcesandillegalcontrol,tostopanddefendagainstattacksbynetworkhackers.
Forsecurityandconfidentialitydepartments,theyhopetofilterandpreventillegal,harmfulorstatesecretinformation,avoidleakageofconfidentialinformation,avoidharmtosocietyandcausehugedamagetothecountryloss.
Fromtheperspectiveofsocialeducationandideology,unhealthycontentontheInternetwillhindersocialstabilityandhumandevelopmentandmustbecontrolled.
Cybersecuritylegislation
OnNovember7,2016,the24thmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeofthe12thNationalPeople’sCongresspassedtheSecurityLaw.Thisisthebasiclawinthefieldofinternetinourcountry,whichclearlystrengthenstheprotectionofpersonalinformationandcombatsinternetfraud.ThislawwillcomeintoeffectonJune1,2017.
Thereare7chaptersand79articlesintheCyberSecurityLaw,with6outstandinghighlights:first,itclarifiestheprincipleofcyberspacesovereignty;second,itclarifiesthesecurityobligationsofnetworkproductandserviceproviders;Third,clarifythesecurityobligationsofnetworkoperators;fourth,furtherimprovethepersonalinformationprotectionrules;fifth,establishakeyinformationinfrastructuresecurityprotectionsystem;sixth,establishthecross-bordertransmissionofcriticalinformationinfrastructureimportantdatatheruleof.
The"CyberSecurityLaw"hasplayedanimportantbasiclegislativerole,providedastrongbasisforalargenumberoflawenforcementactivities,andinitiallyachievedtheestablishedgoalofmaintainingmycountry'snetworksecurity.
Theoriginofonlinegames
Businessmodel:Therapidexpansionoftheonlinegamemarkethasstimulatedthedevelopmentoftheonlineserviceindustry,andonlinegameshaveenteredtheageoffees.Manyconsumersarewillingtopayhighfees.playonlinegames.FromUS$12perhourin"KismaIsland"toUS$6perhourinGEnie,themainstreambillingmethodforsecond-generationonlinegamesishourlybilling.Althoughtherehavebeenspecialcasesofmonthlybilling,ithasnotbeenformed.climate.
In1978attheUniversityofEssexintheUnitedKingdom,RoyTrubshawusedDEC-10towritetheworld’sfirstMUDgame-"MUD1",whichisapuretextThemultiplayerworldhas20interconnectedroomsand10commands.Afterloggingin,userscaninteractwithcomputersthroughthedatabaseorcommunicatewithotherplayersthroughthechatsystem.
AfterTrubshawlefttheUniversityofEssex,hetransferredthemaintenanceofMUD1toRichardBartle,whousedTrubshaw’sspeciallanguageforMUD-"MUDDL"tocontinueToimprovethegame,heincreasedthenumberofroomsto400,furtherimprovedthedatabaseandchatsystem,addedmoretasks,andmadeascoringprogramforeachplayer.
AftertheUniversityofEssexwasconnectedtoARPAnetin1980,thenumberofplayersfromabroadincreasedsignificantly,devouringalotofsystemresources,andtheschoolhadtolimittheuser'slogintimetoreducetheloadofDEC-10.Intheearly1980s,forthepurposeofsharingandcommunication,BattreleasedthesourcecodeanddiskofMUD1forreferencebycolleaguesandresearchersfromotheruniversities,sothissetofsourcecodeswascirculated.Bytheendof1983,hundredsofillegalcopieshadappearedonARPAnet,MUD1spreadrapidlyaroundtheworld,andmanynewversionsappeared.Today,thisoldestMUDsystemhasbeenlicensedtoCompuServe,oneofthelargestonlineinformationserviceorganizationsintheUnitedStates,andhasbeenrenamed"LegendofBritain".Itisstillinoperationandhasbecomethelongest-runningMUDsystem..
MUD1isthefirstreal-timemultiplayerinteractiveonlinegameinthetruesense,whichcanensurethecontinuousdevelopmentoftheentirevirtualworld.Althoughthissystemrestartsseveraltimesaday,thescenes,monstersandpuzzlesinthegameremainunchangedaftertherestart,whichallowstheplayer'sroletobecontinuouslydeveloped.AnotherimportantfeatureofMUD1isthatitcanrunonanyPDP-10computerintheworld,notlimitedtotheinternalsystemoftheUniversityofEssex.
In1982,JohnTaylorandKeltonFlynnformedtheKesmaicompany.Thiscompanyhasleftmanymonumentalworksinthehistoryofonlinegames.Kesmai’sfirstcontractwassignedwithCompuServe.Atthattime,JohnTaylorsawanadvertisementcalled"MegaWars"fromCompuServe-"Ifyoucanwriteagamelikethis,youHewasabletogetamonthlyroyaltiesof30,000USdollars."Hesentacopyofthemanualfor"TheIslandofKesmai"(TheIslandofKesmai)developedwithKeltonFlynntoCompuServeatthetime.BillLodenofthegamebusiness,Lodenisveryinterestedinthis."TheIslandofKesmai"runsonaUNIXsystem,andCompuServeusesaDEC-20computer,soKesmaire-developedaDEC-20versionforCompuServe.Thisgamehasbeeninoperationforabout13years,andofficiallystartedchargingin1984,atarateof$12perhour.Inthesameyear,MUD1alsolauncheditsfirstcommercialversiononCompunetintheUK.
In1984,MarcJacobsformedAUSI(thepredecessorofMythicEntertainment,thedeveloperof"TheDarkAgeofKingArthur")andlaunchedthegame"Aradath".Jacobsbuiltaserverplatforminhishomeandinstalled8phonelinestorunthistextrole-playinggame.Thechargeforthegameis$40permonth.Thisisthefirstnetworkinthehistoryofonlinegamesthatusesamonthlysubscriptionsystem.Forgames,themonthlyfeesystemisconducivetoacceleratingtheprocessofpopularizationofonlinegames,andwillplayanimportantroleinthepopularizationofonlinegames.Unfortunately,themonthlysubscriptionsystemdidnothavetheconditionstogrowupatthetime.In1990,AUSIsetthepricefor"Dragon'sGate"(Dragon'sGate)at$20perhour.Althoughtherateisastonishinglyhigh,therearestillpeoplewhoarewillingtospenditeverymonth.Itcostmorethan2,000USdollarstoplaythisgame,sointhelate80sandearly90s,themonthlysubscriptionsystemdidnotattractpeople'sattention.
In1985,BillLowdenpersuadedtheinformationservicesdepartmentofGeneralElectricCompany(GE)toinvestintheestablishmentofaCompuServe-like,commercialized,ASCIItext-basednetworkserviceplatform,whichwascalledItisGEnie(GENetworkforInformationExchange).GEniewasofficiallylaunchedinOctober,anditslowfeeshavearousedgreatrepercussionsamongusers,andalsomadeCompuServe,whichhasalwayshadastrongsenseofsuperiority,feelthepressureofcompetition.TheGEniesystemactuallyusestheserversoftheGEInformationServicesDepartmenttoprovideservicestousersduringthefreetimeatnight,sothechargeisverylow.Thepriceatnightisabout$6perhour,whichisalmosthalfofCompuServe.
Usageofnetworkhardwareandsoftware
Router
Simplyput,therouterisequivalenttoasharingdevice.
Therouterisamulti-portdevicethatcanconnecttolocalandwideareanetworkswithdifferenttransmissionratesandruninvariousenvironments,anditcanalsousedifferentprotocols.TherouterbelongstothethirdlayeroftheOSImodel.Thenetworklayerguidesdatatransmissionfromonenetworksegmenttoanother,andcanalsoguidedatatransmissionfromonenetworktoanother.Inthepast,routersusedtobeslowerthanswitchesandbridgesduetoexcessiveattentiontothethirdorhigherlayerdata,suchasprotocolsorlogicaladdresses.Therefore,unlikebridgesandLayer2switches,routersareprotocol-dependent.Beforetheyuseacertainprotocoltoforwarddata,theymustbedesignedorconfiguredtorecognizetheprotocol.
Traditionalstand-aloneLANroutersareslowlybeingreplacedbyLayer3switchesthatsupportroutingfunctions.Buttheconceptofroutersisstillveryimportant.StandaloneroutersarestillanoptionforconnectingremoteusersusingWANtechnology.
osinetworkstructure
AreferencemodelOSIseven-layermodelproposedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO):
7applicationlayer6Representationlayer5Sessionlayer4Transportlayer3Networklayer2Datalinklayer1Physicallayer
Wirelessrouter
ThewirelessrouterhaswirelesscoverageFunctionalrouter,itismainlyusedforuserstosurftheInternetandwirelesscoverage.Thewirelessroutercanberegardedasarepeater,whichforwardsthebroadbandnetworksignalfromthewallinthehometothenearbywirelessnetworkequipment(laptop,wifi-enabledmobilephone,etc.)throughtheantenna.Thepopularwirelessroutersonthemarketgenerallysupportfouraccessmethodsofdedicatedlinexdsl/cable,dynamicxdsl,andpptp.Italsohasothernetworkmanagementfunctions,suchasdhcpservice,natfirewall,macaddressfilteringandsoon.
Switch
Switch(switch)isakindofinformationexchangeinthecommunicationsystemFunctionalequipment.ItisanetworkdevicebasedonMACaddressrecognitionandcapableofencapsulatingandforwardingdatapackets.Theswitchcan"learn"theMACaddressandstoreitintheinternaladdresstable.Byestablishingatemporaryswitchingpathbetweentheoriginatorandthetargetreceiverofthedataframe,thedataframecandirectlyreachthedestinationaddressfromthesourceaddress.Broadlyspeaking,therearetwotypesofnetworkswitches:WANswitchesandLANswitches.WANswitchesaremainlyusedinthetelecommunicationsfieldtoprovideabasicplatformforcommunications.TheLANswitchisusedinthelocalareanetworktoconnecttoterminalequipment,suchasPCsandnetworkprinters.
NetworkBridge
Networkbridgesaredevicesthatlookabitlikerepeaters.Ithasasingleinputportandoutputport.Thedifferencebetweenitandarepeateristhatitcanparsethedataitsendsandreceives.ThebridgebelongstothedatalinklayeroftheOSImodel;thedatalinklayercanperformflowcontrol,errorcorrectionprocessing,andaddressallocation.Thebridgecanparsetheframesitacceptsandcaninstructhowtotransferthedatatothedestination.Inparticular,itcanreadthedestinationaddressinformation(MAC)anddecidewhethertoforward(retransmit)thepackettoothersegmentsofthenetwork,andifthedestinationaddressofthepacketisinthesamesegmentasthesourceaddress,itcanbefilteredout.Whennodestransmitdatathroughthebridge,thebridgewillestablishafilteringdatabase(knownastheforwardingtable)basedontheknownMACaddressesandtheirlocationsinthenetwork.Thebridgeusesthefilteringdatabasetodecidewhethertoforwardthepacketorfilteritout.
Gateway
Thegatewaycannotbecompletelyclassifiedasakindofnetworkhardware.Ingeneralterms,theyshouldbeacombinationofsoftwareandhardwarethatcanconnectdifferentnetworks.Inparticular,theycanusedifferentformats,communicationprotocolsorstructurestoconnecttwosystems.Unlikewhatwasdiscussedearlierinthischapter,thegatewayactuallyrepackagestheinformationsothattheycanbereadbyanothersystem.Inordertoaccomplishthistask,thegatewaymustbeabletorunonseverallayersoftheOSImodel.Thegatewaymustcommunicatewithapplications,establishandmanagesessions,transmitencodeddata,andparselogicalandphysicaladdressdata.
Thegatewaycanbelocatedonaserver,PCormainframe.Becausegatewayshavepowerfulfunctionsandarerelatedtoapplicationsmostofthetime,theyaremoreexpensivethanrouters.Inaddition,becausethetransmissionofgatewaysismorecomplicated,theirdatatransmissionspeedislowerthanthatofbridgesorrouters.Justbecausethegatewaysareslow,theymaycausenetworkcongestion.However,insomecases,onlythegatewaycandothejob.Inyouronlinecareer,youarelikelytoheardiscussionsaboutgatewaysinthecontextofemailsystems.Commongateways,includingemailgateways,aredescribedasfollows:
-Emailgateway:Thiskindofgatewaycantransferdatafromonetypeofsystemtoanother.Forexample,anemailgatewaycanallowpeoplewhouseEudoraemailtocommunicatewithpeoplewhouseGroupWiseemail.
-IBMmainframegateway:Throughthiskindofgateway,canestablishandmanagecommunicationbetweenapersonalcomputerandIBMmainframe.
-Internetgateway:ThiskindofgatewayallowsandmanagestheaccessbetweenthelocalareanetworkandtheInternet.TheInternetgatewaycanrestrictcertainLANusersfromaccessingtheInternet.viceversa.
-Localareanetworkgateway:Throughthiskindofgateway,thelocalareanetworknetworksegmentsrunningdifferentprotocolsorrunningondifferentlayersoftheOSImodelcancommunicatewitheachother.TheroutercanactasaLANgatewayevenwithonlyoneserver.TheLANgatewayalsoincludesaremoteaccessserver.ItallowsremoteuserstoaccesstheLANthroughdial-up.
NetworkProtocol
ALANcanbecomposedofaseriesofsubnets,andaWAN,suchastheInternet,canbecomposedofaseriesofautonomousnetworks.LANcanonlyuseEthernet,whileWANmayincludeEthernet,tokenring,X.25,andothernetworks.ThroughtheInternetProtocol(IP),apacketcanbesenttodifferentsubnetsoftheLANanddifferentnetworksoftheWAN.TheconditionisthatthetransmissionoptionsusedbythesenetworksmustbecompatiblewithTCP/IP.Theseoptionsinclude:
Ethernet,TokenRing,X.25,FDDI,ISDN,FrameRelay,(withconversion)ATM,networktransmissionheader(forexample,Ethernet)
IPThebasicfunctionistoprovidedatatransmission,packetaddressing,packetrouting,segmentationandsimplepacketerrordetection.ThroughIPaddressingconventions,datacanbesuccessfullytransmittedandroutedtothecorrectnetworkorsubnet.Eachnetworknodehasa32-bitIPaddress,whichcooperateswitha48-bitMACaddresstocompletenetworkcommunication.Theaddressnotonlyidentifiesagivennetwork,butalsoindicateswhichnodeonthenetwork.
TCPandIP
TCP/IPprotocol(TransferControlProtocol/InternetProtocol)iscalledtransmissioncontrol/Internetprotocol,alsocallednetworkcommunicationprotocol,itincludeshundredsofvariousfunctionsProtocolssuchasremotelogin,filetransferande-mail,etc.,whileTCPprotocolandIPprotocolaretwobasicandimportantprotocolstoensurecompletedatatransmission.ItisusuallysaidthatTCP/IPistheInternetprotocolsuite,notjustTCPandIP.
ThebasictransmissionunitofTCP/IPprotocolisdatagram.TheTCPprotocolisresponsiblefordividingthedataintoseveralpacketsandaddingaheadertoeachpacket;theIPprotocoladdsthehostaddressofthereceivingendtoeachheader,sothatthedatafindswhereitwantstogo.Ifdataloss,datadistortion,etc.occurduringthetransmission,theTCPprotocolwillautomaticallyrequirethedatatoberetransmittedandre-packetized.Inshort,theIPprotocolguaranteesdatatransmission,andtheTCPprotocolguaranteesthequalityofdatatransmission.
ThetransmissionofTCP/IPprotocoldataisbasedonthefour-layerstructureoftheTCP/IPprotocol:applicationlayer,transportlayer,networklayer,andInternetinterfacelayer.Whendataistransmitted,itmustbeonthedataeverytimeitpassesthroughonelayer.Addapacketheader,wherethedataisusedbythesamelayerprotocolatthereceivingend,andatthereceivingend,theusedpacketheadershouldberemovedaftereachlayerpasses,soastoensurethattheformatofthetransmitteddataiscompletelyconsistent.
IPaddress
Basicconcept
InternetreliesonTCP/IPprotocoltorealizetheinterconnectionofdifferenthardwarestructures,differentoperatingsystems,anddifferentnetworksystemsonaglobalscale.OntheInternet,theIPaddressesthateachnodereliesonaredistinguishedandconnectedwitheachother.TheIPaddressisa32-bitbinarynumberaddress,composedof48-bitfields,eachfieldisseparatedbyadot,usedtoidentifytheTCP/IPhost.
EachIPaddresscontainstwoparts:networkIDandhostID.ThenetworkIDidentifiesallhostsonthesamephysicalnetwork,andthehostIDidentifieseachhostonthephysicalnetwork,soeverycomputerontheentireInternetisidentifiedbyitsownIPaddress.
TheIPaddressformsthebasisoftheentireInternet.ItissoimportantthateverynetworkedcomputerhasnorighttosetitsownIPaddress.Thereisaunifiedorganization-IANAthatisresponsibleforassigningnetworkIDstotheorganizationsapplyingforit.,AndtheorganizationcanassignahostIDtoeachhostinitsnetwork,justasanorganizationhasnorighttodetermineitsownstreetnameandhousenumberinthecitytowhichitbelongs,butcanindependentlydeterminethenumberofeachofficewithintheorganization.
StaticIPandDynamicIP
TheIPaddressisa32-bitbinarynumberaddress.Intheory,thereareabout4billion(2tothe32thpower)possibleaddresscombinations,Thisseemstobealargeaddressspace.Infact,accordingtothedifferentbitrulesofnetworkIDandhostID,IPaddressescanbedividedintoA(7-digitnetworkIDand24-digithostID),B(14-digitnetworkIDand16-digithostID),C(21TherearethreetypesofnetworkIDand8-bithostID).Duetohistoricalreasonsanddifferencesintechnologicaldevelopment,theallocationofClassAaddressesandClassBaddressesisalmostexhausted,andonlyClassCaddressescanbeallocatedbyorganizationsaroundtheworld.Therefore,theIPaddressisaveryimportantnetworkresource.
ForanorganizationthathasestablishedInternetservices,becauseitshostopensupaccessservicessuchasWWW,FTP,E-mail,etc.,itusuallypublishesafixedIPaddresstofacilitateuseraccess.Ofcourse,digitalIPisinconvenienttorememberandidentify.Peoplearemoreaccustomedtoaccessinghoststhroughdomainnames,anddomainnamesactuallystillneedtobetranslatedintoIPaddressesbydomainnameservers(DNS).Userscaneasilyremember,andformostdial-upInternetusers,duetothediscretenatureoftheironlinetimeandspace,assigningafixedIPaddress(staticIP)toeachuserisveryundesirable,whichwillresultinanIPaddressGreatwasteofresources.Therefore,theseusersusuallyautomaticallyobtainadynamicIPaddresseverytimetheydialthehostoftheISP.Theaddressisofcoursenotarbitrary,butanaddressinthelegalrangeofthenetworkIDandthehostIDappliedbytheISP.TheIPaddressofadial-upuserislikelytobedifferentforanytwoconnections,buttheIPaddressdoesnotchangeduringeachconnection.
Network-relatedknowledge
1.Flownetwork(FlowNetwork)canalsobereferredtoasnetwork(Network).
Generallyusedtomodelpipelinesystems,transportationsystems,andcommunicationsystems,sometimesspecificallyreferredtoascomputernetworks,orspecificallyrelatedtotheInternet.Asystemcomposedofvariousindividuals,suchas:interpersonalnetworks,transportationnetworks,andpoliticalnetworks.
2.Agraphcomposedofnodesandconnections,representingtheresearchobjectsandtheirmutualconnections.
Sometimesalinewitharrowsindicatesthatthereisacertainorderrelationshipfromonenodetoanother.Thevaluemarkednexttothenodeorlineiscalledthepointweightorthelineweight,andsometimesnonumberismarked.Inmathematicaldefinition,anetworkisakindofgraph,anditisgenerallyconsideredtorefertoaweightedgraph.Physicallydefined,thenetworkisamodelabstractedfromsomepracticalproblemsofthesametype.Itiscustomarytocallitwhattypeofnetwork,suchasswitchnetwork,transportationnetwork,communicationnetwork,planningnetwork,etc.Inshort,thenetworkisamodelthatisabstractedfromsimilarproblemsandexpressedandstudiedbygraphtheoryinmathematics.
3.Themetaphoricalgeneralizedmeaning,suchas"interpersonalrelationshipnetwork","informationcommunicationnetwork",etc.Inthesense,itisoftenreferredtoas"net".
4.Generallyrefersto"threenetworks":telecomnetwork,CableTVnetwork,ComputerNetwork.ThenarrowmeaningistheInternet.
5.Networkintheabstractsense.Suchasurbannetworks,transportationnetworks,socialnetworks,etc.
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