Broadandnarrowsense
Historicalrelics(11photos)
Historyreferstothedevelopmentprocessoftheobjectiveworldmovement,whichcanbedividedintonaturalhistoryandTherearetwoaspectstothehistoryofhumansociety.Forexample,thehistoryoftheuniverse,thehistoryoftheearth,thehistoryofmankind,thehistoryofbirds,andsoon.Correspondingtotheconceptofhistory,historyalsohasabroadsenseandanarrowsense.Inabroadsense,"history"canrefertoalleventsthathaveoccurredinthepast,notnecessarilyrelatedtohumansociety.Generallyspeaking,thecommonlyreferredtoashistoryreferstothehistoryofhumansociety.Historyreferstowhathappenedinthepast,andhistoryisanobjectiveexistence.Literatureandhistoryareinseparable.Literatureparticipatesinhistoricalconstructionandinheritanceinitsownway.Thisappliesnotonlytothecreationofhistoricalthemes,butalsotoallliteraryworksandliterarystudies.Historyisnotalittlegirlwhocanbedressedup,andliteraturecannot"empty"history.
Historyisnotshiftedbyhumanwill.However,historyiswrittenbyhumans.Sinceitiswrittenbyhumans,itwillbemixedwithhumanemotions.Humanhappinessandangerknowsorrowandhappiness.So,Thehistoricaltextsyouseeareahistoryofhumanemotions.Historyoccursatanytimeandisatruerecordofpeople'sfreeactivitiesinthepast.Themeaningofitsexistenceistoallowpeopletosummarizethepast,enrichtheirlivesinthefuture,learnfromhistory,anddiscussthepresentwiththepast.
Explanationbyquotation
1.Recordofpastfacts
"ThreeKingdoms·WuZhi·WuZhuBiography""NaluSuYuFanpinisQiCongye...benevolenttoyourMajesty,itishisstrategy."PeiSongzhi'scommentaryquotedfrom"BookofWu":"﹝WuWang﹞hasabriefhistory,althoughhehassparetime,hecanreadthehistoryofthebookandborrowfromthestrangeness.,It’snotjustanexcerptfromthechaptersofthelife."
2.Experience
Thethirdchapterof"TheStrangeSituationI'veWitnessedinTwentyYears":"ThisisthehistoryofthePheasantDaotai."
TheprefaceoftheQinghuangpeople:"Hiswritingisamagnificentchange,anditisastyleoflifewiththehistoryofhislife."
LaoShe's"CamelXiangzi"21:"Mrs.Xiaprobablywon'tkeepaservantwhoknowsherhistory."
3.Referstothedevelopmentprocessofnatureandsociety
3.p>
JinYi's"LiteratureView":"Sincetheancientemperor'scareer,thosewhocanreallycreatewithbarehandsandhavenothingtorelyon,inhistory,therearenomorethanthreeorfourpeople."
:"Historyisdevelopingandenriching."
4.Referstothedisciplineofhistory
LuXun'sLettersCollection·ToCaoJuren:"ChineseLearning,Therearemanypeoplewaitingtobereorganized,thatis,likehistory,itistimetoeditanotherone."
Explorethesource
Themeaningof"history"istheearliestinChineseonlytouse"historical".Thewordrepresents.Theword"history"inoracleboneinscriptionsissimilarto"things"andreferstoevents.XuShen's"ShuowenJiezi"said:"Historyistherecorder;fromthemiddle,themiddle,therighteousness."Hepointedoutthattheoriginalmeaningof"history"istherecorder,thatis,the"historian."Byextension,itrepresentsthethingsrecordedbythehistorian,inotherwords,allthepastthingsrecordedinwords.Inabroadsense,itreferstothedevelopmentprocessoftheobjectiveworldmovement,whichcanbedividedintotwoaspects:naturalhistoryandhumansocialhistory.Historyisanimportanthumanitiessubjectforthestudyofhumanchangesandtheriseofsociety.
Ourcountry’sfirstofficialcompilationofchroniclegeneralhistorytakestimeasthe“outline”andeventsasthe“head”.Chronologicalterminologyadoptsasetofoldtimeterminologyoftheageof"FanPangShetig","FanPang"isequivalentto"Jia",and"Shetig"isequivalentto"Yin".Asforwhyamulti-syllablelanguagestembranchsystemisused,SimaGuangdidnotexplain.Thissetofmulti-syllablestemandbranchtermswasalsousedinthe"Almanac"in"HistoricalRecords",andSimaQiandidnotexplainitssource.Accordingtohistorians,thissetofpolysyllableterminologyusedbySimaQianandSimaGuangistheearliestofficialtimeterminmycountry.Itbelongstothenatureof"huanggang",soitisadoptedasthehistoricalchronologytermtoexpresstheorthodoxyofhistory.
Theterm"history"appearedlate,"ThreeKingdoms·Wushu·BiographyoftheMasterofWu"quoted"BookofWu",MasterWuandSunquan"TheBiographyofHistoryHistory,borrowedTakethestrange".Theword"calendar"before"history"referstoexperience,calendar,thatis,aperiodoftimethathumanshaveexperienced.Whentheconceptoftimeisaddedtotheevent,theword"history"hasthemeaningoftoday.InordertotranslatetheEnglish"history",modernJapanesescholarsattachedtheword"history"tomakeitacorrespondingword.IntheWest,theoriginoftheword"history"inmostlanguagescomesfromtheGreek"historia",theoriginalmeaningis"investigation,inquiry",anditcomesfromthe"History"(Historia)bytheancientGreekwriterHerodotus,the"FatherofHistory".
Related
Historiography
Historycanprovidepeopletodaytounderstandthepastandserveasareferenceforfuturebehavior.Itisthesameasethics,philosophy,andartasimportanttohumanspiritualcivilizationResults.Thesecondmeaningofhistoryistherecordingandstudyofpastevents.Itisalsocalled"History"or"History"forshort.Subjectsthataresubordinatetohistoryorarecloselyrelatedtoitincludechronology,compilation,genealogy,paleographology,metrologicalhistory,archeology,sociology,andjournalism,etc.Seehistory.Peoplewhorecordandstudyhistoryarecalledhistorians,or"historians"forshort.InancientChina,theyarecalledhistorians.Booksthatrecordhistoryarecalledhistoricalbooks,suchas"HistoricalRecords"and"HanShu",whichareroughlydividedinto"officialrevision"and"minzai".
Inanarrowsense,itonlyreferstotheprocessoftheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofhumansociety.
Inabroadsense:"History"canrefertoalleventsthathaveoccurredinthepast,notnecessarilyrelatedtohumansociety.Inphilosophy,historyunderthismeaningiscalledhistoricalontology,suchasthehistoryoftheuniverse,thehistoryoftheearth,thehistoryofbirds,andsoon.Generallyspeaking,historyonlystudiestheformer,thatis,socialhistory.Nomatterhowthewriterswritehistory,historyexistsinitsownwayandcannotbechanged.Historyisnotalittlegirlwhocanbedressedup.
Therearemanydifferentinterpretationsofthemeaningandnatureofhistory,someofwhicharelistedbelow:
Crocesaid:"Allhistoryiscontemporaryhistory"(CroceWhathesaidisnotliteral,whathesaidisthathistoryonlyexistsinthehistorian'sthinkingandunderstandingofhistory);
Collinwoodsaid:"Allhistoryisthehistoryofthought";
"EncyclopediaBritannica":(1880edition):"Thetermhistoryhastwocompletelydifferentmeaningsinuse:first,itreferstotheeventsandactionsthatconstitutethepastofmankind;second,itreferstotherightThedescriptionofthiskindofpasteventsanditsresearchmodel.Theformeriswhatactuallyhappened,andthelatteristheresearchanddescriptionofwhathappened";
"EncyclopediaoftheSovietUnion":"1.NatureandThedevelopmentprocessofanyeventinsociety.Thehistoryoftheuniverse,thehistoryoftheearth,thehistoryofvariousdisciplines-thehistoryofphysics,thehistoryofmathematics,thehistoryoflaw,etc.canbeincludedinthismeaning.2.AstudyofthespecificanddiversepastofhumansocietyThisdisciplineaimstoexplaintheconcretepresentandfutureprospectsofhumansociety".
History
History:Apersonwhostudiesandrecordshistory.
Officialhistory
Itishistorythathasbeenofficiallyeditedorapproved,andisgenerallymoreauthoritativeandcredible.
UnofficialHistory
Historywithalegendarynatureoutsideoftheofficialhistory.
Historybooks
Historybooksaredividedintoseventypes:
(1)Chronologicalstyle:Compileandrecordhistoryintheorderoftime;forexample,SimaGuangoftheNorthernSongDynastypresidedoverthecompilationThefirstchronicleofthegeneralhistoryof"ZiZhiTongJian".
(2)Biography:Historyisnarratedintheformofbiographies;forexample,thefirstgeneralhistoryofBibiography"ShiJi"compiledbytheWesternHanhistorianSimaQian.
(3)Theendofthechronicle:centeredontheevent,memorizethebeginningandendofeacheventindetail,thetitleisthetitle,theyearandmonthofeacharticle,thebeginningandtheend,coherentwithoutrepetition.Combiningthehistoricaleventsandthespecificroleplayedbythecharactersinthehistoricalevents,thereaderscannotonlyknowthedetailsoftheevents,butalsounderstandtherolesplayedbythecharactersinthecourseoftheevents;
(4)Politicalbookstyle:thestyleofrecordingthesystemofdecreeinthepastdynasties,whichoriginatedfromthe"threerituals".Accordingtothetime,itisdividedintothepastandthedynasty;accordingtothestyle,itisdividedintotheclassicstyleandthemainstyle.
(5)Countrytype:historyrecordedseparatelybycountry.Forexample,thefirstnationalhistorybook"WarringStatesPolicy"compiledbyLiuXiangintheWesternHanDynasty.
(6)Datinghistory:Recordingthehistoryofacertainperiodoracertaindynasty,suchasthefirstDatingHistory"HanShu"compiledbythehistorianoftheEasternHanDynasty,BanGu.
(7)GeneralHistory:Uninterruptedlynarratehistoricaleventsfromancienttimestothepresent,suchas"ShiJi".
Miscellaneous
Whatexactlyishistory?Theabovedefinitionsorexplanationsofhistoryaremostlydeterminedbyrecentormodernpeopleindocumenthistory,butintermsoflogicalsequence,theyareactuallyrelatedtothenaturalhistoryprocessofhistory'sownevolutionandthethoughthistoryprocessofpeople'sunderstandingofit.Itisbasicallythesame."Historyhasambiguities"andtoday's"activity"theory,"learning"or"academic"theoryand"knowledgesystem"theory,"superscience"or"halfscienceandhalfart"theory,"science"theory,Canberegardedastheideologicalortheoreticalmanifestationsofhistorianscorrespondingtotheobjectiveexistencefactsofthefirst,second,third,andfourtherasinthehistoryofhistory.Amongthem,thegeneral"science"theoryinthe"science"theoryandtheothertwohistoricalinterpretationsrespectivelyreflectthetwodifferentperiodsbeforeandafterthefourthdevelopmenteraofhistory;asforthelatter,moreprecisely,itiscontemporaryhistory.Theobjectiveexistenceofpracticeisamanifestationofthetheoreticalformofhistorians,thatistosay,itisthetheoreticalresultoftheabstractunderstandingofcontemporaryhistoricalpracticebyhistoricaltheorists.However,therearemanydifferentopinionsinthehistoriographyfieldinChinatoday,butitistheactualreflectionoftheconfusionofthehistorians'thinkingcausedbytheincreasinglycomplexanddiverserealityofhistoriographypractice;moreover,theirrespectivedefinitionsofhistoriographyhavebeendefinedtoalargeextent.Theinfluenceoftheacademicbackgroundoftheauthorandthespecificcontentoftheresearchobject.
Amongtheseveraldefinitionsofhumanhistorytoday,intermsofthedevelopmentofChinesehistoryinthefuture,themoresignificantonesare:Mr.HeZhaowu’s"superscience"theory,andMr.LiZhenhong’s"speciality,"Comprehensive,holistic,authentic,concreteandempiricalscience"theoryandMr.JiangDachun's"integrationtheory"theory.Amongthem,althoughLiandJiangErsaidthattheywerederivedfromdifferentanalysisanglesandthesameanglesindifferentexpressions,theyarebasicallythesameintheirunderstandingofthecharacteristicsofhistory,sotheycanbefurtherintegratedintoAllthatsaid.Asfarastheresearchstatusisconcerned,ifitispossibletoformatheoreticalschoolwithChinesecharacteristicsinthefutureresearchontheontologyofChinesehistoriography,thentheyareundoubtedlyanexplanationworthyofbeingusedasthetheoreticalbasisfortheestablishmentanddevelopmentoftheschool.
Becausehistoryisnotonlyanactivity,notonlyaspecializedlearningoracademic,norisitnotjustaknowledgesystem,itisalsoascienceintermsofresearchobjectsandtasks.Sexualspecialsubjects.ForChineseMarxisthistory,itisnotonlyascienceinthegeneralsense,butalsoascienceinthesenseoftheformofcompletedscientificknowledge.
Discipline
Overview
Ascienceformedbytakinghistoryastheobjectofknowledgeiscalledhistoryorhistory.Itcanalsoberepresentedbytheterm"history".Theessenceofhistoryisactuallytheprocessandmethodofconvertingactualeventsintohistoryintheformofideasandwords.TheresearchanddiscussiononthepurposeandmethodsofhistorybelongstothecategoryofphilosophyofhistoryintheWest.Theemergenceanddevelopmentofphilosophyofhistorymeansthathistoryhasevolvedfromasimplehistoricalrecordtoastageofhistoricalinterpretationandexplorationofhistoricallaws.Inthebeginning,thephilosophyofhistoryonlycaredabouthowtoimprovethemethodsofhistoricalresearch,butbelievedthatthehistorybeingstudiedandrecordedwastherealhistory.UndertheinfluenceofNeo-KantismandNeo-Hegelianism,peoplehaveanewunderstandingoftheirowncognitiveprocess,andphilosophershavebeguntoredefinehistory.TheItalianphilosopherCroceputforwardthepropositionthat"alltruehistoryiscontemporaryhistory",andbelievesthatthepastcanonlybecomehistorywhenitplaysaroleinthelivesofcontemporarypeople,otherwiseitis"deadhistory",thatis,chronicle.Therefore,thesamehistorywillbeconstantlyrewrittenindifferentperiods.TheBritishphilosopherColinWudefurtherbelievedthat"allhistoryisthehistoryofthought",thatis,historyisareflectionofthehistorian'sthinking,whichvariesnotonlyfromtimetotime,butalsofrompersontoperson.Thematerialistviewofhistorybelievesthathistoricaleventsexistobjectively,whilehistoryisthesubjectiveunderstandingofobjectivehistoricaleventsbyhistorians.Duetohumansubjectivelimitations,theunderstandingofobjectivehistoricaleventsislimited,andsubjectiveunderstandingcannotfullyconformtoobjectivehistory.Therefore,onlycontinuousimprovementisgraduallyapproaching.Thisprocessisconsistentwiththeprocessofnaturalscience.Thiskindofhistoryiscalled"historicalscience".
1.China
Chinesecivilizationhasgonethroughprimitivesociety,slavesociety,feudalsociety,andmodernsociety.Ithascontinuedtodevelopforfivethousandyearsandistheworld’sOneoftheoldestandmostinfluentialcivilizations.AncientChinareliedonadvancedcultureanddevelopedproductiveforcestoestablishmanyprosperousandpowerfuldynasties.TheculturespreadtotheEurasiancontinentandhadagreatinfluenceonEastAsiancountriesinparticular.AftertheWesternIndustrialRevolution,duetothestagnationofsocialsystemsandproductivity,ChinagraduallylagsbehindWesterncountries.In1911,the1911Revolutionoverthrewthemonarchy,andChinabegantoentermodernsociety.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,ChinaembarkedonthepathofsocialistrejuvenationofChina.
2.TheWest
ThehistoryoftheWestbeganinthe5thcenturyBC.TheancientGreekwriterHerodotuswrotein"History"(alsoknownas"TheHippoWarHistory)recordedtheHippoWarbetweenGreeceandPersia.Fromthenon,historywasseparatedfrommythologyandliteratureandbecameanindependentsubject.Herodotuswasthereforecalledthe"fatherofhistory"bytheRomanphilosopherCicero.However,inHerodotus'srecord,realeventsandfictionaleventsaremixed,andtheyarenotpurehistory.Morethan20yearslater,the"HistoryofthePeloponnesianWar"writtenbytheancientGreekThucydideshadarigorousacademicattitudeanddetailedhistoricalrecords.Itwasthefirst"historyoffaith"intheWest.Inthe2ndcenturyBC,theGreekhistorianPolybiarecordedthehistoryofthecountriesandpeoplesontheMediterraneancoastaroundtheRomanEmpirefrom218BCto146BCin"GeneralHistory"(alsoknownas"HistoryofRome").Ageneralhistoryofthe"world".
Scientificity
History,asatooltoreflectpastfacts,musthaveacertainscientificbasisinitself,soastolaythefoundationfortheentirestageofhumandevelopment.Therefore,areasonablehistoryshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:
1.Ithascertainhistoricalrecordsasabasis.Peopleunderstandancienthistorymainlythroughtheresearchandanalysisofhistoricaldocuments.Ancientbookswithdetailedcontenthavegreatlyimprovedthedialysisofhistoryandhavehighreferencevalue.
2.Thereareantiquitiesorruinsforcomparison.Theantiquitiesexcavatedfromtheancienttombsalsohavereferencevalue,whichcanenablepeopletounderstandthecustomsandcustomsoftheageoftheantiquities.Forruins(suchasSanxingduiruins),scientistscanhaveaclearunderstandingofhistorythroughchemicalelementanalysismethods(suchasC14detectionmethod)orbystudyinggeologicalformations.
3.Inlinewithpeople'sgeneralwishes.Eventhemythsandlegendsarebynomeansmadeupindiscriminately,butstoriesthathavebeenacceptedbythemajorityofworkingpeopleinthelong-termproductionprocess.Asfarasfairytalesareconcerned,theyarestoriesmadeupentirelybypeople'sownthoughts,nothistory.
System
History:thestudyandrecordingofhistory
Archaeology:theidentificationandstudyofhistorythroughphysicalanalysis
Historicalphilosophy:Researchanddiscussiononthemethods,purposes,andlawsofhistory
Chronology:Thesubjectofdeterminingthetimeofhistoricalevents
Documentation:Researchonthemanagementandretrievalofdataanddocuments
Palaeographology:thesubjectofstudyingancientcharactersandmanuscripts
Journalism:thesubjectofreportingincidents,socialphenomena,politicalcurrentaffairs,etc.
Sociology:Thesubjectofstudyingmodern(contemporary)humansocietyandsociallife
Archaeology:Excavatingandinvestigatingancientrelicsanddocuments
Psychologicalhistory:Studyingthepsychologicalmotivationbehindhistoricalevents
p>Genealogy:Studyingthefamilyanditshistoricalorigins
Futurology:PredictingandStudyingtheFuture
AncientAstronomy:ObservingtheSpaceandCalculatingtheStars
>HistoricalGeography:Adisciplinethatstudiesthegeographicalenvironmentanditsevolutionarylawsinhistoricalperiods,andprovidesreferenceforarchaeology,etc.
Classification
(1)ByregionDividedinto:Worldhistory,Asianhistory,Europeanhistory,Africanhistory,Oceanianhistory,Americanhistory,Chinesehistory,etc.
(2)Dividedbyera:Prehistory,Ancienthistory,modernhistory,modernhistory,etc.
(3)Bysubject:PhilosophyHistory,ReligiousHistory,ThoughtHistory,HistoryHistoryArtHistory,FilmHistory,ArtHistory,Architecturalhistory,advertisinghistory,culturalhistory,literaturehistory,educationhistory,museumhistory,economichistory,agriculturalhistory,naturalsciencehistory,mathematicshistory,medicalhistory,transportationhistory,etc.
(4)Dividedbytype:humanhistory,animalhistory,planthistory,earthhistory,etc.
(5)dividedbyresearchobject:personalhistory(iebiography),Historyofpainters,historyofkings,etc.
(6)Accordingtothereliabilityofhistory:Officialhistory,unofficialhistory,legend,story,etc.
Researchtrends
Historyisnotclassifiedinthehumanitiesorsocialsciences,butabridgebetweenthem.Theresearchmethodsofthetwomajorfieldsaremerged.Generallyspeaking,historiansworkhardandtrytoanswerquestionsrelatedtohistorybystudyingvariouswrittentexts,butnotlimitedtothis.Theoriginalmaterialsofhistoricalknowledgearedividedintothreetypes:writtenrecords,oraltransmissions,andpreservedhistoricalrelics.Generally,historianswillcombinethreemethodsforunderstandingandresearch,andwrittenrecordsareoftenusedasthefocusofemphasisbecauseitiscommonThetimeofdevelopmentisrecorded.Thisemphasishasledtoanewfield,prehistory,whichcanalsobecalledprehistory,whichstudiestheperiodwhenthereisnowrittenrecord.Sincethetimeofappearanceofcharactersvariesfromplacetoplaceintheworld,themaindifferencebetweenprehistoryandhistoryisdeterminedbyspecifictopics.Inordertofacilitateresearch,scholarsdivideitintodifferentstagesaccordingtothescopeofhumansinthepast.Therearemanywaystoclassifythepast,includingclassificationbyage,classificationbyculturalcustoms,andclassificationbydifferenttopics.Thesethreecategoriesoftenoverlap,suchas"TheevolutionofthelabormovementinArgentina,1930-1945".
Althoughhistoricalresearchtendstospecializeinplaces,times,andtopics,historiansalsocareaboutothercommoncontent.Forothers,historyhasbecomeaverycommonterm,whichistostudyallthethingsofmankindinthepast,andevenaso-calledbroadhistoryhasemerged.Inthepast,thestudyofhistorywasforthepurposeofapplicationortheory,buttherewasonemorething:curiosityaboutthepastofmankind.
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