Definition
Summary,atermusedforancientmeasuringtoolsusedtocalibratethefullcapacitystateoftheancientmeasuringtool‘Hu’.
Originallydefinedas:whenmeasuringthericemillet,useawoodenboardtoflattentheDendrobiumtomakeitwithinacertainrangeandnottooverfill.
Clearliteralmeaning:makerestrictionsonthingssothattheydonotexceedthescope.
Modernwordmeaning:withinacertainrange,suchas:approximate,concept,generalization.
Withinthescope,suchas:overview,overview,overview,overview,approximatequantity,approximatestandard,approximateprobability,probability.
Quantification,suchas:conceptualization,generalization,andgeneralization.
Sameasvectorization,suchas:generalization.
Quantificationreferstoaclearstatewithinacertainrange,suchas:victory,far-sightedness,andfierceness.
Intrinsicvalueandcharacteristicsmainlyrefertotheintrinsicvalueandcharacteristicsofthingsthatwillbeformedafterquantification,suchas:masculinityandspirit.
Undercertainconditions,itcanbeexpressedasavaluerestrictiononthings,suchas:partialgeneralization.
Ormakerestrictionsonthings,expressinterpretations,suchas:summary,outline.
Itcanalsorefertoapositiveinterpretationinacertainstate,themainquantitativeinterpretation,andthemainvaluequantification,suchas:sceptical.
Nian,1.Remindtheheart,thepoweroftheheart,theheartcommunicateswiththemind.Thinknaturally,thinkoften.
2,knowing,heart-to-heart,conversing,thinking.Consciousnesscollection,thinking.
Moderndefinition:thinking,suchas:distractingthoughts,localthoughts,concepts,.
Keepingtosomethingreferstokeepingthinking,suchas:missing,nostalgic,belief,nostalgia,thoughts,abstinence,obsession,andunforgettablethoughts.Another:Buddhism,studying(thinkingtokeepnon-verbalexpression).
Thoughts,suchasthoughts,thoughts.
Themanifestationofthestateofconsciousthinking,mainlyreferstothemanifestationoflanguage,butalsoexpresseslanguage,suchas:reading,chanting,chanting,chanting,chanting.
Concept,themeaningofChinesecharacters:theunderstandingofthingsproducedbythejudgment.Theconditionofbeingjudged")
Moderndefinition
Concept{intension/extension}:
Conceptconnotation{arbitrarylogo/categoryposition};Arbitrarymarkpositionrecognitioninthecategorystructure.
Orexpressedas:theconcept{S/合{positive/negative}}:He{positive/negative}isthestructuralformulaofthecategory,andthepositive,negative,andhearethreefixedcategorystructurepositions.Sisanarbitrarylogo.Scanbeplacedindifferentpositionstoobtaindifferentcategorymeaningsandbedefinedasaconceptwithacertainabstractmeaning.Forexample,wecanputthelogossuchas"astickofincense,3seconds,fullmoon,andonerevolutionoftheearth"inthecounter-conceptpositionofthetime{time/period}category.Itsconnotationtorecognizethesesigns.Foranotherexample,wecanput"3,onepair,twoyuan,5yuan,tenpieces",etc.inthe"value"positionofthevalue{value/value}toobtaintheconnotationdefinitionofthesesignsandmakethemaconcept.
Conceptextension{intensionalnature∨extensiontype}.
Intermsofextension,itincludes:connotativenature{property∨category},extensioncategory{individual∨category}.Conceptsaredividedintofourbasictypes:"Nature,Category,Individual,andKind".Insettheory,anyelementofacertainsetcanandcanonlybelongtothesefourtypesofconceptsandothersets(notincludingthiscertainsetitself).
Becausetheextensionofaconceptisdeducedfromitsconnotation,allelementsintheextensionhavecommonessentialattributes.
Theory
Conceptshavetwobasiccharacteristics,namelytheconnotationandextensionoftheconcept.Theconnotationofaconceptreferstothemeaningoftheconcept,thatis,theuniqueattributesoftheobjectreflectedbytheconcept.Forexample:"Commodityisaproductoflaborforexchange."Amongthem,the"productoflaborforexchange"istheconnotationoftheconcept"commodity".Theextensionofaconceptreferstothescopeoftheobjectreflectedbytheconcept.Thatis,thingsorobjectsthathavetheattributesreflectedbytheconcept.Forexample:"Forestsincludeshelterforests,timberforests,economicforests,firewoodforests,andspecial-purposeforests."Thisistoexplaintheconceptof"forest"fromtheperspectiveofextension.Theconnotationandextensionofaconcepthaveaninverserelationship,thatis,themoreconnotationofaconcept,thesmallertheextension;andviceversa.Aneasy-to-understandexplanation:Theconnotationofaconceptreferstothemeaningoftheconcept,andallhavenecessaryconditions,namelyobjectivethings(objectiveobjects),amongwhichthereisonlyonenecessaryconditionandNsufficientconditions.Themoreconditions,thesmallertheconceptextension.Theconditionsarefunctionalinnature.Forexample:thecupmusthavespacetocarryit.Anditisusedtoholdliquidssuchaswaterandwine.Anditisavesseltype(thedefineditemcannotbedirectlyorindirectlyincludedinthedefinitionitem)sothemeaningofthecupconceptis:avesselusedtoholdwater,wineandotherliquids.Andifyouknowthesufficientconditions,youcanroughlyinferthethingsorobjectstowhichtheybelong.Becauseitmustberelatedtothingsthatexistobjectively.Thefunctionsofconceptsalsoinclude:judgment,description,attributes,categories,definitions(conceptclarity)andotherdistinctions.
ThedescriptionoftheconceptinChinais:theconceptisavant-garde,novel,trendy,hasafuturetrend,hasabackgroundandapicture.Theconcepthasastrictfixedcontent,butalsoacertaindegreeofambiguity.Conceptsarenotreal,butimaginary.Useconceptstothinkanduseconceptstoshowtheirauthenticity.Thepatternsofconsciousnessareendless.Themorethoroughtheimagesaredistinguished,themoreconduciveitwillbeforustoenterafineandinfinitefield,otherwiseonethingwillalwaysbeattributedtoanother.
Fromaformalpointofview:Ideasareahigher-levelway.Conceptsappearintheformofwords,andideasusuallyappearintheformofacompletesentence.Buttheformisthesame;theyareallbasedonlanguageandsymbols.Therefore,itcanbeunderstoodthatconceptsarecondensedmoreinformationandbrilliantideas.Therefore,conceptsarevividandgraphical,whilescientificconceptsaresystematic.Conceptsmustalsobeinteractivelyunderstoodbypeople,sotheyhaveuniversalityandachieveobjectivity.
Thelogicalmethodtoclarifytheconcept:
Toclarifytheconceptistoclarifytheconnotationandextensionoftheconcept.Definitionisalogicalmethodtoclarifytheconnotationofaconcept,anddivisionisalogicalmethodtoclarifytheextensionofaconcept.
Discrimination
Insomephilosophicaltheories,thedefinitionofconceptscopeandconceptcontentisdifferent.Theconceptscope(extension)referstoallthingsincludedintheconcept,forexample,theconceptscopeof"white"isallwhitethings.Conceptswiththesamescopearesaidtobeequivalent.Inlogicresearch,especiallyinmathematicallogic,equivalentconceptsareoftenregardedasequivalent.
Whensubdividingaconceptintosub-concepts,payattentiontotheapplicationofdichotomytopreventlogicalfallacy.
Inlogic,thedefinitionofaconceptisconsideredappropriateifthetermusedinthisdefinitiondescribesthesamescopeastheconcept.Forexample:
Asquareisarectanglewithfoursidesofthesamelength.
isanappropriateconcept.
Conceptcontent(connotation)includesthecharacteristicsandrelationshipsofallthethingsthatmakeuptheconcept.Forexample,thecontentof"feedingtechnology"includesallthecharacteristicsofthistechnology.However,whendefiningthisconcept,peoplehaveselectedthemostcriticalofthesecharacteristics,suchas:"Feedingtechnologyisthetechnologyofbreeding,feeding,captivebreedingandusingagriculturalanimalsandextractingvaluableproducts."
Conceptsarerestrictedbylogic.Thereasonwhylogicdoesnotholdisnotaconceptbutasubjectivemisunderstanding.
ThedefinitionobtainedaftertheconceptsofancientGreeceandRomeweredefinedasabstractionanddistinction.
IntheMiddleAges,aconceptwasdefinedas"allthings"(Universaliapostres)toshowthataconceptincludesallthethingsitdefines.
DescartesandLeibnizcalledtheclarityandclarityofaconceptasitscharacteristics.
Kantdistinguishesbetweenconceptsandopinions:Hebelievesthatopinionsareimaginationsofindividualthings,whileconceptsareimaginationsofthecommonpointsofmultiplethings.
Controversy
Inphilosophy,inadditiontothelanguageitselfusedtodescribeandthethingsitdescribes,whetherthereareotherideological,thinkingorabstractentitiessuchas""Thinkingunit",connotation,extension,etc.arecontroversial.
Inepistemology,conceptsareregardedasresponsestothecharacteristicsoffactsthathavenothingtodowithhumanbeings.Thechangeandexpansionofconceptsreflecttheexpansionofhumancognitionandunderstandingoftheworld.
Model
Conceptsincognitivescienceandartificialintelligenceareusedasmodelsofhumanknowledge.
Size
Conceptsaredividedintosizes.Formultipleconcepts,wemustfirstclarifythesizeoftheconcept,whetheritisafirst-levelconceptorasecond-levelconcept,andwhetheritisaparallelrelationshiporacontainmentrelationship.It’sbesttodrawaconceptualpicturefirst.Onlybyclarifyingtherelationshipbetweenconceptscanwebetterunderstandtheconcepts.
Rules
(Theapplicationofthefollowingrulesisbasedonthedefinitionoftheterm"health"-"healthisanon-illnon-sub-healthstate"asanexample.)
First,theconceptawarenessofthedefineditemishigherthanthatofthedefineditem.
Violationofthisruleiscalledanobscuredefinition.Inthedefinition,theitem(object)usedtodefinemustbemorepopularthanthedefineditem.Inthetheoreticalsystem,usedefinedconceptsanddefineundefinedconcepts.Ifaless-recognizedconceptmustbeusedinthedefinition,itmustbedefinedfirst.Obviouslyinthisexample,ourawarenessoftheconceptof"sub-health"islowerthanthatof"health",sothedefinitiondoesnotmeettherequirements.
Second,thedefineditemcannotbedirectlyorindirectlyincludedinthedefineditem.
Ifitisincludeddirectly,itiscalledrepetition;ifitisincludedindirectly,itiscalledacyclicdefinition.Forexample,theterm"smartperson"isdefinedas"smartperson",whichisthesamethingasrepetition."Healthisthestateofnon-illnessandnon-sub-health"isalsorepeated."Lifeisthemetabolismofanorganism"isacirculardefinition,because"organism"ispreciselydefinedasa"livingindividual."
Third,thedefineditemsshouldbeclassifiedappropriately.
Violationofthisruleiscalledimproperattribution.Forexample,"ChinabelongstotheUnitedNations",theUnitedNationsisanorganization,andChinaisacountry,itshouldbechangedto"ChinaisamemberoftheUnitedNations".
Fourth,theextensionofthedefineditemandthedefineditem(extensionistoclassifyacertainobjectinlayman'sterms,andthetermextensioncanbeunderstoodasarange.Forexample,theextensionof"person"ismenandwomen.)Mustbeanidenticalrelationship.
Iftheextensionofthedefineditemisgreaterthanthedefineditem,thedefinitionbecomestoowide.Otherwise,thedefinitionistoonarrow.Forexample,"loveisafeelingbetweenmenandwomen"istoobroadlydefined,becausemotherandchildalsohavefeelingsbutnotlove."Loveisthefeelingofmenandwomenbasedonsexualdesire",andsexualdesireisonlyafunctionofacertainstageofaperson'slife,butlovecanaccompanylife,whichistoonarrowlydefined.
Fifth,thedefinitionisgenerallyapositivestatement,butitisnotthatnegativestatementscannotbeused.
Whenusingnegativestatements,thatis,whenAisdefinedasnotB,ABmustbecomplementary."Healthisanon-diseasestate"error,becausetheyareonlymutuallyexclusivebutnotcomplementary,becauseitcanbesaidthattheyareinasub-healthystate.