DevelopmentHistory
RecallingthedevelopmenthistoryofWesternsocialpsychology,wecanroughlydivideitintoseveralstages:
1.WesternsocialpsychologyThesproutandbirthofscience(fromtheendofthe19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcentury)
In1908,theAmericansociologistRoss's"SocialPsychology"andtheBritishpsychologistMaiDugu(McDougall's"IntroductiontoSocialPsychology"waspublishedcoincidentally.TheWestregardsthisyearasthebirthofsocialpsychology.Inthe1920s,socialpsychologistsintheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionsuccessivelyintroducedscientificexperimentalmethodsintothissubject,whichenabledsocialpsychologytoshiftfromdescribingobjectstoexploringandrevealinglaws,andsocialpsychologybecameanindependentscience.ItsfounderisrecognizedasF.Allport.
In1924,theAmericanpsychologistAllportpublishedtheexperiment-based"SocialPsychology",announcingtheofficialbeginningofsocialpsychologyasascience.
Socialpsychologyhasbecomethebasisofasciencemainlyforthefollowingthreereasons:
1)Starttouseexperiments;
2)SupplementwithquantitativeanalysisThequalitativeanalysisofthephenomenon;
3)Fromdescribingthephenomenontorevealingandusingthelaw.
2.Theestablishmentofthescientificsystemofwesternsocialpsychology(fromthe1920stothe1940s)
Asearlyas1898,Triplite’sSociallypromotedexperimentalresearch,butformanyyears,thisvaluableproposaldidnotattractwidespreadattention.ItwasnotuntilaftertheFirstWorldWarthattheAmericanpsychologistAlportandtheGermanpsychologistMaudcreatedtheexperimentalsociety.Psychologydirection.Afterthem,experimentalsocialpsychologybegantobecomethemainstreamofsocialpsychologyresearchintheWest,especiallyintheUnitedStates.
In1928,Thurstonproposedtheattitudemeasurementmethod,whichimprovedtheattituderesearchthatstartedwithThomasandZnannetskyandbecametheresearchcenterofsocialpsychologyatthattime.In1934Morenoproposedthesocialmeasurementmethodtomeasuretheproblemsofinterpersonalattractionandexclusionwithinagroup.In1938,Lewinintroducedfieldtheorytosocialpsychology.Theseresearchmethodsareconcentratedintheestablishmentofarigorousscientificsystemfor"socialpsychology"basedontheprinciplesofmathematicsandphysics,thuslayingthefoundationforStartitsquantitativeandpreciseresearchdirection.
3.Theexpansionoftheresearchfieldofwesternsocialpsychology
Themaintopicsofsocialpsychologyresearchvarywiththeevolutionofthetimes.
"SocialPsychology"cameout
In1928,Thurstonproposedtheattitudemeasurementmethod,startingwithThomasandZnannetsky,Anditbecametheattituderesearchofthesocialpsychologyresearchcenteratthattime,whichimprovedastep;In1934,Morenoproposedthesocialmeasurementmethodtomeasuretheproblemsofinterpersonalattractionandexclusionwithinagroup;In1938,LewinintroducedfieldtheoryintosocialpsychologyPutforwardtheconceptofpersonallivingspaceorfield,thatbehaviorisafunctionoftheinteractionbetweenpersonalcharacteristicsandsituationalfactors.
Researchhistory
Thetopicalresearchofsocialpsychologybeganinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.In1860,thereappearedaseriesofpapersonnationalpsychologybyLazarusandStanthal;afterthat,Tard's"LawofImitation",Siegel's"CriminalMass",LePen's"PsychologyoftheCrowd"andotherworksPublishedsuccessively,layingthefoundationfortheformationofsocialpsychology;in1908,BritishpsychologistMaiDuguandAmericansociologistRosspublishedsocialpsychologymonographsrespectively,whichmarkedthatsocialpsychologyhasbecomeanindependentsubject.
Professionalbackground
Socialpsychologyisamajorbranchofpsychology.Itstudiespsychologicalissuesrelatedtosociety.Weknowthatallsocialthingshavehumanfactorsinthem,thatis,theyhavepsychologicalproblemsinthem.Thepsychologythatstudiesthesetopicsissocialpsychology.Incontemporarypsychologicalsciences,cognitivepsychologyandsocialpsychologyaremostvalued.Fromtheperspectiveoftheinteractionbetweentheindividualandthesociety,socialpsychologystudiesthelawofthedevelopmentandchangeofindividualpsychologicalactivitiesunderspecificsociallifeconditions.Socialpsychologynotonlyemphasizestheinteractionbetweensocietyandtheindividual,butalsothediscussionofsocialsituationsandtheindividual'sinnerpsychologicalfactors.Theresearchscopeofsocialpsychologyinvolvesindividualsocialpsychologyandsocialbehavior,socialinteractionpsychologyandbehavior,grouppsychology,andappliedsocialpsychology,namelytheoriesandmethods,socialindividuals,attitudesandbehaviors,socialinfluenceandsocialpsychology.Applicationandotherfields.Theprofessionalorientationissocialpsychologyorientedbythehumanitiesandsocialsciences,andadherestothesocialpsychologyresearchideasthatintegratethefoundationsofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesundertheframeworkofnaturalsciences.
Researchobjects
Themaintopicsofsocialpsychologyresearchvarywiththeevolutionofthetimes.Earlysocialpsychologyfocusedonthestudyofthepsychologicalphenomenaoflargegroupsandthemasses,suchastheresearchonethnicpsychologybyLazarus,Stanthal,andWundt;theresearchonthepsychologyofthemassesbyTard,Siegel,andLeBon.Someoftheideasputforwardbytheseresearchersarestillinfluentialtoday,suchasTarde’slawofimitation,LeBon’sgroupextremesandthedisappearanceofindividuality.
TheUnitedStates
TheUnitedStatesisthemostinfluentialcountrythatstudiessocialpsychology.Itsresearchtopicsarerepresentativeandoftenaffectothercountries.Withtheincreasingdevelopmentofsocialpsychology,researchtopicshavebecomeincreasinglyenrichedandexpanded.Fromtheearlystudyofsocialpromotiontothestudyofsocialinertia;fromthestudyofobediencetothestudyofanti-submissionandindependence;fromthestudyofaggressiontothestudyofaltruism;fromthestudyofattractiontothestudyofloveTheresearch;fromtheresearchofinterpersonalperceptiontotheresearchofattributionandsoon.Itshowsthattheresearchfieldofsocialpsychologyisbecomingwideranddeeper.
Changesinviews
Sincethemid-1960s,theviewsofsocialpsychologistshavechanged.Mainlymanifestedin:Recognizingthelimitationsofexperimentalmethods,attachingimportancetofieldresearch,attachingimportancetoappliedresearch,attachingimportancetofieldapplicationresearchtotestthetheoriesobtainedfromlaboratoryresearch,andtomodify,supplementanddevelop.
Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,socialpsychologistsemphasizedthatfromfieldresearchtolaboratoryresearch,orfromlaboratoryresearchtofieldresearch,reciprocatingcyclesandmutualargumentation.Atthesametime,thewidespreaduseofcomputersalsoprovidesconvenienceforprocessingalargeamountofmaterialsobtainedfromthefield,andpromotestheprogressofsocialpsychology.
Focus
Earlysocialpsychologyfocusedonstudyingthepsychologicalphenomenaofgroupsandmasses;atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,thestudyofattitudesbecamethecenter;aftertheemergenceofexperimentalsocialpsychology,socialpromotionTheresearchoftheempirebecamethecenter;inthefuture,thegroupprocess,persuasion,compliance,cognitivedissonance,andattributionbecametheresearchcenterofacertainperiod.
ResearchFields
Fromtheperspectiveofresearchfields,socialpsychologyresearchisoftendividedintothreefields,whichcoveralmostallissuesinsocialpsychologyresearch.
Individualprocess
Mainlyrelatedtoindividualpsychologicalandbehavioralresearch,sofartheresearchtopicsinthisfieldinclude:
AchievementbehaviorandindividualworkPerformance:LikeWeiner’sachievementattribution,Atkinson’sachievementmotivationresearch,McClellandandWinter’sresearchonabilitystructure,andvariousworkperformanceAllresearchesareincludedinthistopic.
Attitudeandattitudechange:Attitudeissueshavealwaysbeenpaidattentiontobypsychologists.Manytheorieshavebeenusedtoexplaintheformationandchangeofattitudes,suchasHovlandandSears.Madeimportantcontributionsinthisregard.
Attributionproblem:Itoriginatedinthe1950s,andbythemid-1980stherehavebeenmanysuchtheories.Sincethe1990s,withtheriseofculturalpsychology,people'sinterestinthedifferencesinattributionbetweentheEastandtheWesthasbroughtthisfieldtopeople'sattentionagain.
Personalperceptionandself-awareness:Ithasalwaysbeentheconcernofpsychologists.Withthefurtherdevelopmentofpsychology,psychologistshavefoundthatmanyproblemsarerelatedtoit,suchasBaumeisterThedistinctionbetweentheinnerselfandthepublicselfbyBussandothershasbeenusedinmanyfieldssuchasadvertisingandpersuasion.
Personalityandsocialdevelopment:Thisisatraditionalfieldofsocialpsychology.Itshowspeoplethattherearemanyfactorsintheindividual’spersonalityandsocialdevelopment,suchasschool,family,andsocialenvironment.Howinnatefactorswork.
Stressandemotionalproblems:mainlyforhowpeopledealwithvarioussourcesofstressinlifesituationsandhowtoeliminatetheireffects.
Interpersonalprocess
Thisfieldcoversallareasofhumaninteraction.Thetopicsofresearchinclude:
Aggressionandhelpingbehavior:Whydoesithappen?produce?Thesourceoffrustrationinlife,howtopromotehelpingbehavior,etc.areallresearchtopicsinthisfield.Theultimategoalofpsychologistsstudyingtheseissuesistoreduceviolations,cultivatepeople'saltruisticconcepts,andprovidetheoreticalguidanceforcreatingahappylife.
Interpersonalattractionandlove:Interpersonalattractionisthebasisofinterpersonalrelationships,andloveisthemostintimateinterpersonalrelationship.Researchontheseissuescanprovideguidanceforthedevelopmentofinterpersonalrelationships.Interestingly,sincethe1980s,psychologistshavebeeninterestedinthepatternsandinfluenceofChineseinterpersonalrelationships.
Accordingtothecrowdandobedience:TheresearchofSharif,AschandMilgramhassetaseriesofexamplesfortheresearchinthisfield,andhasalsomadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentofsocialpsychology.
Socialexchangeandsocialinfluence:Regardinginterpersonalrelationshipandinterpersonalcommunicationasakindofsocialexchange,itseemstobeakindofironytopeople,butHomansandThibautTheothersreallyprovetheexchangeabilityofpeople.Onthecontrary,people'sviewsonsocialinfluencearequiteconsistent.ThesocialinfluencetheoryputforwardbyLatanēexplainsthemagnitudeofthisinfluence.
Non-verbalcommunication:Intheprocessofinterpersonalinteraction,peopleoftenusenon-verbalcluestoexpresstheirbeliefsandemotions.Expression,posture,andtonearealltopicsinthisfield.
Genderrolesandgenderdifferences:Psychologistshaveattractedgreatinterestsincethe1980s.Whatisthebasisofgenderdifferences?Whatisthedifferencebetweenmenandwomen?Whataretheeffectsofthesedifferences?Alltheseproblemshavepromptedpsychologiststopayattention.
GroupProcess
Fromtheperspectiveofthemacroenvironmentandthegroup,theresearchonhumanpsychologyandbehaviorissuesincludes:
Cross-culturalcomparativeresearch:thisItwasatopicthatoriginatedinthe1960sandreceivedmoreandmoreattentioninthelate1990s,andmanyofthemhavecontributedtothis.The"modernizationtheory"putforwardbyFairbankandothersinthe1960s,thedistinctionbetweenindividualismandcollectivismbyTriandisandothersinthe1980s,andNisbettandPengKaiping'sviewsontheChinesewayofthinkinginthe1990sResearchisthemostrepresentativeresearchinthisfield.
Crowdingandenvironmentalpsychology:Aspeoplepaymoreattentiontotheglobalenvironmentandhumanlivingenvironment,psychologistsareincreasinglyconsideringtheimpactoftheenvironmentonhumanpsychologyandbehavior.Thepopulationexplosioncausedbyexcessivepopulationgrowth,theexhaustionofresourcesandenvironmentalpollutioncausedbypeople'sexcessiveconsumptionofresourceshaveattractedtheattentionofpsychologists.Humansmustchangetheirbehaviortoprotecttheenvironmentonwhichwelive.
Groupprocessandorganizationalbehavior:Grouplifeisthebasicwayofhumanlife.Thegroupandorganizationweliveinhasagreatinfluenceonpeople'spsychologyandbehavior.Researchonthelawsofgroupoperationhasalwaysbeenvaluedbysocialpsychology.Issuessuchasorganizationalstructure,groupandorganizationaldecision-making,andgroupleadershipareallincludedinthisfield.
Racialprejudiceandethicalissues:Psychologistshavestudiedtheseissuessincethe1940s,butsofar,theconclusionsoftheresearcharenotenoughtosolvethisproblem.Racialprejudicenotonlycausedconflictsandfeudsamongdifferentnations,butalsothreatenedworldpeaceandstability.Researchinthisfieldwillbecomemoreandmoreimportant.
Healthpsychology:Thisisatopicthathasreceivedmoreattentionsincethe1980s.Socialsupport,psychosocialfactorsrelatedtodisease,etc.areallincludedinthistopic.Thisissuewillreceivegreaterattentioninthe21stcentury.
School
BehaviorismSchool
1.Stimulus-ResponseTheory
ItwasoriginallydevelopedbyEdwardLeeThorndike(EdwardLeeThorndike,1874-1949),atheorycreatedanddevelopedbyBurrhusFredericSkinner(1904-1990)andothers.Thetheorybelievesthatmostofthebehaviorsofanimalsandhumansaretheresultofacquiredlearning,whichistheresultofacertainkindofstimulusthattheorganismencounters,causingacertainbehavioralresponsetobestrengthenedtoformaconnection.
Second,thetheoryofimitation
SocialpsychologistsMillerandDollard(NEMiller&J.Dollard,1941)ofYaleUniversityinthearticle"SocialLearningandImitation"Itismentionedthatimitationcanbeunderstoodbyextendingtheconceptofstimulus-responserelationshipandreinforcement.Theybelievethatmanyhumansocialbehaviorsarelearnedthroughinterpersonalinteraction-imitation,whichcanbeexplainedthroughtheuseofgenerallearningprinciples.
3.Sociallearningtheory
SociallearningtheorywasproposedanddevelopedbyBanduraandWalters(AlbertBandura&RHWalters)inthe1960s.Basedonthestimulus-responseviewandthroughexperimentalmethods,atheorythatexploreshowthesocialenvironmentaffectspeopletoproducecertainlearnedbehaviorsisexpanded.Thistheorybelievesthatallhumansocialbehaviorsareformed,improvedorchangedthroughobservationallearningofdemonstrationbehaviorsundertheinfluenceofthesocialenvironment.
Four.SocialExchangeTheory
SocialexchangetheoriesarebasedontheuseofeconomicconceptsbyGeorgeCasperHomans(1958)toexplainsocialbehaviorsthatdependonmutualAtheorythatisstrengthenedandsustained.Thetheorybelievesthat:(1)Thereareobjectivelylawssuitablefororganisms;(2)Humansocialbehaviornotonlyobeysthislaw,butalsoobeysthelawofsocialexchange;(3)Therefore,italsoleadstotheprincipleoffairnessindistribution.
CognitiveSchool
1.GestaltSchoolTheory
TheGestaltSchool’stheoryemphasizesthestudyofpsychologyandbehaviorfromtheperspectiveofthewholeandtherelationship.EarlyrepresentativesincludeWertheimer(M.Wertheimer,1890-1943),WolfgangKohler(1887-1967),andKoffka(K.Koffka,1886-1941).Thetheoryofthisschoolbelievesthatindividualbehaviorisnotanisolatedandsimpleresponsetoexternalstimuli,norisitthesumofmanyreflexarcmachines.Itismadethroughtheintegrationofpsychophysicalfields,especiallycognitiveactivities.
2.Fieldtheoryandgroupdynamicstheory
Basedontheviewthatthewholeismoreimportantthanthepart,thegroupdynamicsbelievesthatthewholeisasystemcomposedofinternalrelations,anditsinfluenceorTheeffectisfargreaterthanthatofunrelatedindividuals.
3.Cognitiveconformancetheoryandconsistencytheory
Cognitiveconformancetheoryisasocialpsychologytheorythatexplainstheinfluenceoftheinternalmotivationalstateofthehumanmindonitsmentalactivitiesandexternalbehaviors,Formedinthelate1950s.Itattemptstotakehumancognitiveactivitiesasthestartingpointtounderstandthemotivationalstatehiddenbehindtheindividual'ssocialandpsychologicalactivities.TheconceptofcognitiveconformityfirstputforwardbyAmericanpsychologistW.J.McGill."Consistencytheory"isasocialpsychologytheorythatexploresandpredictsthatpeoplewilladjusttheiroriginalattitudesafterreceivingnewinformationaboutrelatedthings.
SchoolofPsychoanalysis
1.TheoryofPsychoanalysis
ThetheoryofpsychoanalysiswasestablishedbytheAustrianpsychiatristFreudinthelate19thcenturyandtheearly20thcentury.Earlytheoriesbelievedthatallhumanbehaviormotivesarerelatedtosexualinstincts;behindsexisakindofsexualpotentialcalled"libido",whichoftendrivespeopletopursuepleasure.Thelatertheoryholdsthatpeoplehavesexualandself-instinctsthatpointtothegrowthandenhancementoflife,thatis,thesurvivalinstinct,andtheyalsohavethedeathinstinctthatisthedesiretokill.
Second.SociologyinNewPsychoanalysis
ThisisaschoolofpsychologythatseparatedfromthepsychoanalyticmovementintheUnitedStatesinthe1940sandbegantodenyFreudDe’stheoryofinstinct,pan-sexuality,andpersonalitystructureemphasizestheinfluenceoffactorssuchasculture,socialconditionsandinterpersonalrelationshipsonpeople’spsychologyandbehavior,emphasizestheroleoffamilyenvironmentandchildhoodexperienceontheformationanddevelopmentofpersonality,andemphasizesself-integrationandTheroleofregulationhasgraduallyformedanewschoolofthought.Itsrepresentativesare:Sullivan(HSSullivan,1892-1949),Horney(K.Horney,1885-1952),andFromm(E.Fromm,1900-1980)AndErikson(E.Erikson,1902-1994)andsoon.
3.Thethree-dimensionaltheoryofinterpersonalbehavior
Thisisbasedonthetheoryofinterpersonalneedstoexplaintheformationofinterpersonalrelationships,thetypesoforientation,andthecharacteristicsoftheprocessofgroupgatheringanddispersal.Itisdevelopedbysocialpsychology.ItwasproposedbyW.Schutzin1958.Schutzbelievesthateveryindividualhasthreebasicneedsintheprocessofinterpersonalinteraction,namelytheneedfortolerance,theneedfordominance,andtheneedforemotion.
SymbolInteractionSchool
1.SymbolicInteractionTheory
SymbolicInteractionism,alsocalledsymbolicinteractionTheoryisaschoolofsociologicaltheorythatstudiesthelifeofhumangroupsbyanalyzingtheinteractionofpeopleinthedailyenvironment.Itmainlystudiestheways,mechanismsandlawsofhumaninteraction.SocialpsychologistMeadisconsideredtobethepioneerofthetheoryofsymbolicinteraction.InadditiontoMeade,Thomas(W.l.Thomas),Curryandothersalsomadeimportantcontributionstothetheoryofsymbolicinteraction.
Second,roletheory
Roletheoryisasocialpsychologytheoryabouthowpeople’sattitudesandbehaviorsaffecttheirrolestatusinsocietyandtheirexpectationsofsocialroles.ItisanattempttoAccordingtopeople'sstatusoridentity,explainpeople'sbehaviorandrevealtheresearchfieldofitslaws.ParticipatedinthisresearchandinfluentialpeopleincludeMoreno(JLMoreno,1934),Linton(R.Linton,1936),Newcomb(T.Newcomb,1950),Sabine(TRSarbin,1954)andGeFumanetal.
3.Referencegrouptheory
Referencegrouptheoryisasocialpsychologytheoryabouthowpeople’ssocialpsychologicalattitudesandbehaviorsareaffectedbythegroupreferencetheyaresubordinatetoorpursue.ItsrepresentativefiguresincludeHyman,Newcomb,Sherif(M.Sherif,1948),Merton(R.K.Merton,1957)andKelly(1952).
Developmenttrend
Sincethebirthofsocialpsychology,thesocialpsychologyofsociologyrepresentedbyRossandthesocialpsychologyofpsychologyrepresentedbyMaiDuguaredifferentRepresentedtwodifferentresearchorientations,andlaterappearedculturalanthropology-orientedsocialpsychology.Differentresearchorientationsofsocialpsychologyhavetheirownbasiccharacteristics.Psychologically-orientedsocialpsychologyattemptstoobtainexplanationsofhumansocialbehaviorfromthepersonalpersonalitystructure,emphasizingtheimportanceofindividualvariables.Tostudypeople’ssocialinteractions,andtoexplainthenatureofhumanbehavior,emphasizingtheimportanceofsocialgroupvariables;culturalanthropology-orientedsocialpsychologyexplorestheinterpretationofhumanbehaviorfromfactors,emphasizingcultureTheimportanceofvariables.However,society,society,andculturearecloselyrelatedandinseparable,andtheinteractionbetweenthemiscontinuous.Todescribepeople'ssocialbehaviorfullyandaccurately,asingleresearchorientationisdifficulttoachieve,anditispossibletoestablishacomprehensiveresearchorientation.Sincethelate1940sandearly1950s,effortstointegratedifferentresearchorientationsofsocialpsychologyhavebeenimplementedconcretely.Althoughmanypeoplehavedonealotofwork,themarriagebetweendisciplineshasfailedtoachievetheexpectedsuccess..Whenreasonhasovercomefeelings,theroadtointegrationbegins.Moreimportantly,thedevelopmentofdisciplinesandtheprogressofsocietyhavelaidarealisticfoundationfortheintegrationofdifferentresearchorientations.
Fromtheintegrateddevelopmentandcurrentenlightenmentofvariousresearchorientationsofsocialpsychologyathomeandabroad,socialbehaviorpsychologyisaboutthemutualinfluenceandinteractionbetweensociety,culture,personalityandderivativestatus,roleandself.Thecomprehensiveapplicationofsocialsciencethatshapeseachotheristheoverallgraspofthepopularresponseofhumansocialbehaviorfromthepsychologicallevel.Intermsofthenatureofthesubject,itisneitherabranchofpsychology,norabranchofsociology,butacombinationofsociology,psychology,culturalstudies,culturalanthropology,behavioralscience,politicalscience,economics,andmanagement.Anindependentmatterformedonthebasisofmutualpenetrationofinteractionswithsocialpsychology.Itisanindependentdisciplinewithmarginalnatureformedonthebasisoftheparentdisciplinessuchassociology,psychologyandculturalanthropology.AsDr.ZhouXiaohongfromNanjingUniversitysaid:"Wecanonlyobtainacompleteexplanationofhumansocialbehaviorfromtheperspectivesofsociology,psychology,culturalanthropology,andevenbiology."Fromtheperspectiveoftheoriginofsocialpsychology,itisamarginalsubjectformedonthebasisoftheparentsubject,andtheresultoftheparentsubjectbeingclosetoeachotherandinfiltratingeachotherwhenexplaininghumanbehavioranditsrelationshipwithsociety,culture,andpersonality.Fromtheperspectiveoftheresearchobjects,methodsandtheoreticalsystemofsocialpsychology,althoughitisformedonthebasisoftheparentdiscipline,itisneitheranappendageofacertaindisciplinenorasimplepatchworkandmixingofmultipledisciplines.Itistheintegrationofmultipledisciplines,withbrand-newpropertiesandcharacteristicsthatotherdisciplinesdonotpossess.Therefore,socialpsychologyshouldindependentlyfocusontheintegratedresearchofsocialbehaviorpsychology.
ResearchPrinciples
(1)ValueNeutralityPrinciple
ResearchersmustadoptascientificattitudeofseekingtruthfromfactsandcannotdistortobjectivefactsAndconjecture.Itisnecessarytoobjectivelydescribethecomprehensivedataontheproblemandtheconclusionsdrawnafteranalyzingthesedata,regardlessofwhetherthesedataandconclusionsconflictoropposethevaluesoftheresearchsubject,others,orsociety.
Inthestudyofsocialpsychology,researchersarealwaysguidedbycertaintheoriesandproceedfromcertainassumptions,andtheirpersonallikesanddislikesandtheirownvalueorientationmayhaveanimpactontheresearch.Therefore,theresearchofsocialpsychologyshouldupholdthepositionofvalueneutrality,minimizethenegativeinfluenceofsubjectivefactors,andmaketheresearchobjectiveandfair.
Theprincipleofvalueneutralityisalsoveryimportantintheprocessofpsychologicalcounseling,becausewithapre-determinedpositionand"tintedglasses",itisnotonlynotconducivetotheconsultanttoaccuratelyanalyzetheproblemoftheseeker,butalsototheconsultantGraspyourownmentalstate.Ofcourse,completeneutralityisdifficulttoachieve,andthepastexperienceoftheconsultantwillaffecttheconsultationprocesstosomeextent.Forsomeanti-socialvaluesandsomevaluesthatcausepsychologicalbarriers,thecounselorshouldactivelyinterveneandguide.
(2)Systematicprinciples
Socialbehaviorandsocialpsychologicalphenomenaexistinasystem,andtherearereasonsfortheiroccurrenceandchange.Thesystematicprinciplerequiresnotonlytoincludetheresearchedobjectintothesystemforinvestigation,butalsotouseasystematicmethodtostudy.Manyprinciplesinsystemtheory,suchasdynamicprinciples,overallprinciples,orderlyprinciples,andfeedbackprinciples,providetheoreticalperspectivesandanalyticaltoolsforsocialpsychologyresearch.
(3)Ethicalprinciples
Theresearchofsocialpsychologyoftenusessomemeanstocontrolthesituationorthesubjects.Therefore,wemustpayspecialattentiontotheconsequencesofbadphysicalandmentalstimulationsuchasdeceptionandintimidation,andtryourbesttoavoidharmtothephysicalandmentalhealthofthesubjects.Inviewofthefactthatsomeethicalissuesarepronetoappearinsocialpsychologyresearch,themainethicalcodesthatresearchersshouldfolloware:
1.Whenmakingresearchplans,researchersshouldevaluatetheirmoralacceptability.
2.Beforethestudy,theresearchershouldexplainthemainpartsoftheresearchplantothesubjectsandobtainthesubjects’consent.Deceptionunderspecialcircumstancesmustbeapprovedbystrictproceduresandexplainedtothesubjectsafterwardsforunderstanding.
3.Inthespecificresearch,theresearchermusttakemeasurestoprotectthesubjects.
4.Participantshavethefreedomtowithdrawfromthestudy.
5.Theinformationprovidedbythesubjectshouldbekeptconfidential,andifitispublishedpublicly,thesubject’sconsentmustbeobtained.
6.Norelationshipotherthanresearchworkshouldbeestablishedwiththesubject.
CommonPhenomenon
1.StereotypesItiseasyforustohaveageneralandfixedviewofacertaingroup.
2.Theprimordialeffectisthefirstimpressionthatisoftensaid.Ifitleavesabadimpressionatthebeginning,itwillhaveacontinuousadverseeffectonsubsequentinterpersonalcommunication.
3.HaloeffectWecaneasilygeneralizeacertainfeatureoftheobjecttoformanoverallimpression.Itisoftensaidthatifonefindsthatoneaspectisgood,thenhethinksthatheisgoodinotheraspects.