Historyofproduction
Morsecodeisakindofmagicalcode,itisasignalcodeanditisonandoffatalltimes.Suchsignalcodesaredisplayedindifferentsequences.OutdifferentEnglishletters,numbers,andpunctuationmarks.ItsinventorwasAmericanAlfeldWeir.Atthattime,hewasassistingSamuelMorseintheinventionoftheMorsetelegraph(1835).
However,theMorsecodewasinventedbytheAmericanMorsein1837.Itiscomposedofdot(.)anddash(-).Amongthem,onepointisabasicsignalunit,andthelengthofastrokeisequivalenttothelengthoftimeof3o'clock;withinaletterornumber,theintervalbetweeneachdotandstrokeshouldbethetimeoftwopoints.Length;theintervalbetweenletters(numbers)andletters(numbers)isthelengthoftimeat7o'clock.Morsecodeisveryusefulintheearlyradio,itiswhateveryradiocommunicatormustknow.Becauseofthecontinuousadvancementofcommunicationtechnology,countriessubsequentlystoppedtheuseofMorsecodein1999.However,becauseitoccupiestheleastbandwidthandhasatechnicalandartisticcharacteristic,itisinactuallife.Hasawiderangeofapplications.
Morsecodewasfirstexpressedbysomedotsandstrokesrepresentingnumbers.Thenumbercorrespondstotheword,thatis,youneedtolookupacodetabletoknowthenumbercorrespondingtoeachword.Withoneelectrickey,youcanhitdots,strokes,andpausesinbetween.However,thetelegraphwasinventedbyMoss,buthedidnothavetherelevantexpertise.Soafterthat,hesignedanagreementwithAlfeldWeir,askinghimtohelphimselfmakeMorsecodeandmakemorepracticalequipment.Therefore,AlfeldWeirconceivedaplantosendeachcharacterandpunctuationmarkindependentlyofeachotherthroughdots,strokes,andpausesinbetween.Thentheyreachedanagreement,andthenthisschemeofidentifyingdifferentsymbolswasputinthepatentofMoss.However,thisistheAmericanMorsecodeasweknowitnow,andthefirsttelegramintheworldwastransmittedthroughit.
Useasteadyandintermittentradiosignaltotransmitsuchacode,whichisgenerallycalledcontinuouswave,andtheabbreviationisCW.However,itcanbeanelectricalpulseinatelegraphwire,anditcanalsobeamechanicalorvisualsignal(suchasaflashinglight).Ingeneral,anyarbitrarycodingmethodthatcanexpresswrittencharacterswithavariable-lengthsignalcanbecalledMorsecode.ButnowthistermisonlyusedtospecificallyrefertotwoMorsecodesthatrepresentEnglishlettersandsymbols:thisAmericanMorsecodeisusedintheonlinetelegraphcommunicationsystem;theInternationalMorsecode,whichisstillinusetoday,isonlyused.Clickandswipe(pauseremoved).However,thetelegraphcompanychargesbasedonthelengthofthelettertobesent.Thecommercialcodecarefullydesignedafive-charactergroupcodeandsentitasasingleword.Forexample,BYOXO;LIOUY;AYYU.Morsecodecansendthesefive-charactershortsentencesindividually.PeoplegenerallyalsosaysomecommonlyusedMorsecommercialcodesinInternetlanguage.Nowadays,QandZarestillusedinamateurradio:However,theywereoriginallyusedfortheexchangeoftelegraphnumbers,communicationquality,frequencychangesandotherinformationbetweenoperators.
OnJanuary8,1838,EverfieldWeironcedemonstratedatelegraphcodeusingdotsandstrokes.Infact,thisisthepredecessorofMorsecode.However,asastandardforinformationcoding,Morsecodehasaverylonglifeforce.Asfarasthispointisconcerned,itisunsurpassedbyothercodes.
Morsecodewasusedasaninternationalstandardinmaritimecommunicationsuntil1999.WhentheFrenchNavystoppedusingMorsecodein1997,thelastmessageitsentwas:"Attentioneveryone,thisisourlastcrybeforebeingsilentforever!"
Codeclassification
American
AkindofAmericanMorsecodethathasactuallydisappeared.Itusesdifferentdots,strokes,anduniqueintervalstorepresentnumbers,characters,andspecialsymbols.TheuniquenessofthisMorsecodeisthatitisnottransmittedthroughradiowaves,butthroughtelegraphwires.Thisdesignismainlyaimedattelegraphoperatorsontheground.
Becausetheyareancientandintertwined,theyarespeciallydesignedinordertobeabletocooperatewiththeoperator'sansweringmethod.Youcananswerfromthesendingkey:whennotsendingasignal,thistypeofkeyissettotheslavemodeandisonlyresponsiblefortheoccurrence.However,mostoftheseoperatorsareservingtherailwayortheWesternUnionTelexinthefuture.Likemostyoungpeopleatthetime,theteenageEdisonusedtobesuchanoperator.
Modern
Infact,theinternationalMorsecodeisstillinusetoday,eventhoughithasalmostcompletelybecomeapatentforamateurradioenthusiasts.However,itwasnotuntil2003thattheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)managedMorsecodeproficientsaroundtheworldtoobtainanamateurradiolicense.AndamateurradioisstillreservedbysomecountriestosendMorsecodesignals.
BecauseMossonlyreliesonastableandnon-adjustableradiosignal,itsradiocommunicationequipmentissimplerthanothermethods,anditcanworkinahigh-noise,low-signalenvironment.Isused.Atthesametime,thebandwidthrequiredbyitisalsoverynarrow,anditcanalsohelptwooperatorswithdifferentnativelanguagestocommunicatewitheachotherwhowillencountergreatdifficultiesintelephonecommunication.However,itisthemostcommonlyusedmethodinQRP.
Until1991,intheUnitedStates,itwasnecessarytosendandreceiveatestthroughaMorsecodeoffivewordsperminute.OnlyinthiswaywoulditbepossibletoobtainacertificateissuedbytheFCCthatallowstheuseofhighfrequencybands.Amateurradiocertificate.However,before1999,onlytheproficiencylevelof20WPMwasabletoobtainthehighestlevelofamateurradiocertification;onDecember13,1999,theFCCreducedthisrequirementforadditionalcategoriesto13WPM.
However,everycountrymadeadecisionatthe2003WorldRadiocommunicationConference(WRC03,aspecialmeetingonfrequencyallocationsponsoredbyITU,onceeverytwoyears),thatis,whethertochooseMorsecodeinthemanagementofamateurradiolicenseMaketherequest.EvenintheUnitedStatesandCanada,therewillbewrittenrequirements,butinsomeothercountries,theyarepreparingtocompletelyremovethisrequirement.Militarytelegraphoperatorsandskilledhobbyistscanoftenreceive(copy)Morsecodesatspeedsabove40WPM.Nowadays,therearestillmanyenthusiastsusingthetraditionaltelegraphkeys,butthesemi-automaticandfullyautomaticelectronickeysaremoreandmorewidelyused.Amongthem,computersoftwareisoftenusedtogenerateanddecodeMorsecodeelectricwavesignals.
Morsecoderepresentationmethod
Representationmethod
Infact,therearetwo"symbols"usedtorepresentcharacters:thatis,strokesanddots.Orlongandshort.Thespeedofsendingareportisdeterminedbythelengthofthepoint,anditisregardedasatimereferenceforsendingareport.Thefollowingistheiconoftimecontrol:
Morsecode:----·-·····/-·-·----···
Here,"-"meansstroke,"."meansdot.Thisistheexacttimewhentheabovemessagewassent("="meansthereisasignal,"."meansthereisnosignal,andeachisthelengthofadot):
===.===...===.===.===...=.===.=...=.=.=...=.......===.=.===.=...===.===.===
Astrokeisgenerallythelengthofthreedots;theintervalbetweendotsandstrokesisthelengthofonedot;theintervalbetweencharactersisThelengthofthreedots;andthespacebetweenwordsisthelengthofsevendots.Atthebeginning,beginnersaregenerallytaughttosendcharacterswithshort,shortandfastdot-dashintervals,andthetimebetweensymbolsandwordsisalsoexaggerated.Incomparison,thismethodiseasiertolearn.
PeoplefamiliarwithMorsecodeoftenspellitlikethis:
-----·-·····/-·-·----···
Specialsymbols
Thesearesomecombinationofdotsandstrokeswithspecialmeaning.Theyareconnectedbytwo-letterMorsecode,whichsavesthetimebetweensendingthemastwoletters.
AR:·—·—·(stop,endofmessage)
AS:·—···(waiting)
K:—·—(Invitationtotransmitsignals)(generallyfollowAR,meaning"it’syourturn")
SK:···—·—(terminated,contactends)
BT:—···—(Separator)
···—·(Iwillresendthelastword)
····(same)
········(Error)
Commonlyusedabbreviations
Theabbreviationsaredifferentfromthesamesymbol.Theabbreviationsretainthespacebetweenthecharacters,andtheyarenotusedinconcatenation.
A-Allafter(usedtorequestrepetitionafterthequestionmark)
AB-Allbefore(same)
ARRL-AmericanRadioRelayLeague(AmericanRadioRelayLeague)Followingthealliance)
ABT-About
ADS-Address
AGN-Again
ANT-Antenna(antenna)
ABN-Allbetween
BUG-Semiautomatickey(semiautomatickey)
C-Yes(Yes,good)
CLG-Calling(call)
CQ-Callinganystation(contactanystation)
CUL-Seeyoulater(tobeSeeyou)
CUZ-Because(because)
CW-Continuouswave(continuouswave)
CX-Conditions(condition)
DE-From(from)
DX-Distance(sometimesreferstolongdistancecontact)(long-distancecommunication)
ES-And(and)
FB-Finebusiness(similarto"OK")
FCC-FederalCommunicationsCommission(FederalCommunicationsCommission)
FER-For(for)
FREQ-Frequency(Frequency)
GA-GoodafternoonorGoahead(dependingoncontext)(afternoon)
GE-Goodevening(晚安)
GM-Goodmorning
GND-Ground(groundpotential)(地surface)
GD-Good(好)
HI-Laughter(laugh;laugh)
HR-Here
HV-Have(有)
LID-Pooroperator
MILS-Milliamperes(mA)
NIL-Nothing
NR-Number(number)
OB-Oldboy(老boy)
OC-Oldchap(老兄)
OM-Oldman(anymaleamateurradiooperatorisanOM)(AnymaleamateurradiooperatorisanOM)
OO-OfficialObserver(OfficialObserver)
OP-Operator
OT-Oldtimer
OTC-Oldtimersclub(Oldoldtimersclub)
OOTC-Oldoldtimersclub(Oldoldtimersclub)
PSE-Please
PWR-Power
QCWA-QuarterCenturyWirelessAssociation(QuarterCenturyWirelessAssociation)
RI-acknowledgeordecimalpoint(determinedbycontext)
RCVR-Receiver(receiver)
RPT-Repeatorreport(determinedbycontext)
RST-Signalreportformat(Readability-SignalStrength-Tone)(receivingindicator)
RTTY-Radioteletype(radioteletype)
RX-Receive
SAE-Selfaddressedenvelope
SASE-Selfaddressed,stampedenvelope
SED-Said(说)
SEZ-Says(说)
SIG-Signal(Signal)
SIGS-Signals(Signal)
SKED-Schedule
SN-Soon(soon=nearfuture)
SOS-(emergencycall=internationalgeneral)
SRI-Sorry(Sorry)
STN-Station(radiostation)
TEMP-Temperature(temperature)
TMW-Tomorrow(tomorrow)
TNX-Thanks
TU-Thankyou
TX-Transmit
U-You
UR-Youroryou're(determinedaccordingtothecontext)
URS-Yours(你的)
VY-Very(very)
WDS-Words(words)
WKD-Worked(工作)
WL-Will(will)
WUD-Would(会)
WX-Weather(weather)
XMTR-Transmitter(transmitter)
XYL-Wife(wife)
YL-Younglady(usedofanyfemale)
73-Bestregards
88-Loveandkisses(notes)Shouldbeusedbetweenthe"oppositesex")
99-goaway(requestedtoleave,notfriendly)
Howtotalk
Radiocontact
JustletterscanuseMorsecodetocommunicateaccurately.Therewillbemanycommonmodelsintheworldtomakecommunicationmoreefficient.
HereisanexampleofCWcommunication,whichoccursbetweenstationA(s1)andstationB(s2):
s1:CQCQCQdes1K[callAnyone(CQ),thisis(de)s1,end(K).]
s2:s1des2K(calls1,thisiss2,end)(thetwostationshaveestablishedacommunicationconnection)
s1:SK(goodbye.)
p>s2:SK(Goodbye.)
Asanexample,thereisnoconversationbetweentheabovestations.Thisisjustademonstrationofacontact.
TheSOSsignalSOS
InAugust1909,theAmericanship"Alaphoi"wasunabletonavigateduetoarupturedtailshaft,soitwasshottotheneighboringcoastandpassingships."SOS"signal.Thisisthefirsttimethissignalhasbeenused.
In1912,whenthefamousTitaniccruiseshipwasindistressonitsmaidenvoyage,itsentCQD(theBritishMarconiRadioCompanydecidedtouseCQDastheship’sdistresssignal),butbecauseD(—··)waseasyTheotherletterswereconfused.Thesurroundingshipsdidnotrealizethatitwasadistresssignal,andtherewasnoquickrescue.ThenewdistresssignalSOS(···———···)wassentwhenitwasabouttosink.AfterthesinkingoftheTitanic,SOSwaswidelyacceptedandused.
Infact,althoughtheSOSsignalwasestablishedin1906,BritishradiooperatorsrarelyusetheSOSsignal.TheyprefertheoldCQDdistresssignal.JohnGeorgePhillips,chiefradioofficeroftheTitanic,hasbeensendingtheCQDdistresssignaluntilHaroldBrad,alower-levelradiooperator,adviseshim:"SendSOS.Thisisanewcallsignal.ThismayalsobeYourlastchancetosendit!"ThenPhilipmixedtheSOSsignalinthetraditionalCQDdistresssignal.ThedistresssignalwasnotreceivedbytheCalifornianuntilthenextmorningbecauseshedidnotmonitortheradio24hoursaday.
Signaltransmissionandreceptionmethod
Threesignals
Threeadditionalsignalsthatneedtoberememberedandused:
Beforecommunicating,remembertousethe"start"signal"—・—・—".
Ifanerroroccursduringcommunication,thesignal"・・・・・・"whichmeans"error"mustbesentout,andthenthecorrectsignalmustbetransmitted.
Whenthecommunicationends,youmustremembertoaddthesignal"・・・—・"whichmeans"end".
Sendsignal
Firstwritethecontenttobesentonpaper.
ThenaddMorsecodetotheside.
Sendthesignalwhilereadingthemanuscript.
Receivethesignal
Preparepaperandpentorecordthesignal.
Payspecialattentiontotheparagraphsbetweeneachword,soasnottomakemistakes.
ConvertMorsecodeintotext.
MorseCodeApplication
InJanuary2015,GotoKenji,aJapanesehostagekidnappedbytheterroristorganization"IslamicState"(IS),wastakenThenewsofthebeheadingshockedtheworld.OnFebruary1stofthatyear,aninterpretationvideobyJapanesenetizenscirculatedontheInternet.ThecontentpointedoutthatGoto’sfilmreleasedbyISwascomparedwiththehostageYukawaHarukaontheright.Fuji’sblinksappeartobemorefrequent.SomeJapanesenetizenszoomedinonGoto’sscreen.JapanesenetizensdecipheredthatGoto’sblinkedaneyetotypetheMorsecode,andtheinformationhewantedtorevealwas"Don’tsaveme",causingtrouble.Fewnetizensdiscuss.
"S.0.S"isaninternationalMorsecoderescuesignal,notanabbreviationofanyword.TheInternationalRadiotelegraphConventionofficiallyconfirmeditasaninternationalgeneralmaritimedistresssignalin1908,andlaterextendeditasadistresssignalinallsituations.Thecombinationofthesethreelettersisusedbecauseitscode"..."istheeasiestcodeforthesendertosendinatelegramandtheeasiestcodeforthereceivertorecognize;anditisusinglettergraphicsWhenthedistresssignalison,whethertheobserverislookingupordown,itisnoteasytocauseambiguity.
Uselightforhelp
Accordingtotheaboveregulations,youcanuselighttoperformverysimplecoding:"threeshorts,threelongs,andthreeshorts".Ifthelightisinaccordancewith"shortlight-dark-shortlight-dark-shortlight-dark,longlight-dark-longlight-dark-longlight-dark,shortlight-dark-shortlight-dark-shortlight-dark"Ifthisruleisusedtoshowit,thenitmeansthedistresssignal"SOS".
Ifyouuseaheadlightoraflashlighttosendadistresssignal,youdon’tneedtousethepowerswitchtoturnthelightonandoff.Youcanblockitwithyourhandwhenit’sdark.
Whenthismethodisusedinthedaytime,itcanberealizedbyreflectinglightfromamirror,andusingamirrortoreflectthelightontothetarget.
Usenumbersforhelp
Thenumberof"SOS"isrepresentedas"191519",becauseSisthe19thletterinthealphabetandOisthe15letters.Theuseofdigitalrepresentationcannotonlyaskforhelp,butalsonotexposeoneself,whichisrelativelyconcealed.