BasicConcepts
Thehistoryofhumancivilizationbeganwiththeinventionofwords.Theearliesttimeisonlysevenoreightthousandyears,andthesethousandsofyearsaccountforonlyonepercentofhumanhistory..Thedevelopmentofhumanculture,fromtheperspectiveofhumangeography,canhavethefollowingthreeconsensuses.First,thedevelopmentofhumancultureisnotasudden,butalotofexperiencehumanshavelearnedinthesurvivalcompetition,graduallyaccumulatedandpasseddown.Inotherwords,manyculturesinthehistoricaleraoriginatedfromhumanactivitiesintheprehistoricera.Forexample,Chinahasfivethousandyearsofhistory,butweknowthatintheprehistoricerainChina,thereweremanydifferentethnicgroupslivingindifferentplaces,suchasBeijing.People,Lantianpeople,theirageisaboutfourtofivemillionyearsago.ThecultureofChina'shistoricaleraisinseparablefromprehistorichumanactivities.Secondly,varioushumancultureshavedifferentadvancesandretreatsduetochangesintheenvironmentandthechangeoftimes.Thereweremanypowerfulnationsinprehistorictimesthathadlongsincedisappeared.Inhumanhistory,thereisnonationthatdominatesoneside.Humanitiesscholarsrecognizethatthehumanbody,intelligence,andmoralityarebasicallythesame.Ifthereisanidealenvironment,anynationcangraduallyadvanceandcreateanobleculture.Third,humanbeingshavethecooperatingpowertomakeprogresstogether,buttheyalsohavethedespicablenatureofkillingeachother.Humanbeingsarecruel,andthereisnotenoughkillingbetweenindividuals.Theywillalsounitetheirrelatives,engageinarmedbattles,andevenestablishoffensiveanddefensivealliancesbetweennations,causinglarge-scalewars.Humancultureshouldsupporteachotherandcooperateinprogress.Whydotheykilleachother?Ascholaronceanalyzed:humanbeingsareweakanimalsandrequireparentalprotectionsincechildhood.Theyalsohavenoself-defensestrengthwhentheyareadults.Theyarenotphysicallystrong,theirnailsarenothard,andtheirteetharerestrictedbysmallmouths.Theycannotclimbtreesorfly,butFromexperience,heknowsthatunityisstrength.Onlyingroupscantherebehopeforsurvival.Thisisthereasonwhymankindispassionatelyloyaltofamily,township,andcountry.However,thedefenseofthegroupisnotinsured,anditisnecessarytousebrainpowertomakeweapons.Therefore,itdevelopstheabilitytokillcruelly.Withtheweaponofkilling,individualscanbravelyrobandkill,andthegroupcanrunwild.Withtheevolutionofhumanhistory,physicalstrengthhasbecomeweakerandweaker,whilemurderousweaponshavebecomemoreandmorefierce.Thedifferencesinrace,language,andreligion,aswellasthedevelopmentofnationalismandtransportation,havemadehumanwarsmoreandmorecruel.However,peopleofinsightandenlightenedpeoplebelievethathumanbeingsmustcoexistpeacefullyandcooperatewitheachothertohaveabrightfuture.
Thegeneralscientificcommunityregardstheappearanceofwordsasanimportantsymboltodefinecivilization.Usuallypeoplecallthehistoryafterwordsappearasthehistoryofhumancivilization,andthehistorybeforewordsappearasprehistory.Sincethelastcentury,countriesaroundtheworldhavebegunlarge-scalearchaeologicalexcavationsofancientcultures.Collectingarchaeologicalresultsoverthepastcentury,peoplehavediscoveredthattheappearanceofcharactersisnotlong,notmorethan6000yearsatmost.
Accordingtothelevelofcivilizationdevelopment,theacademiaranksChina,India,Egypt,andBabylonfirst,andisknownasthe"fourancientcivilizations."TheearliestwritingsfoundinEgyptoriginatedinabout4000BCand6000yearsago;thedateofancientIndiawasabout2500BC,4500yearsago;theageofBabylonianculturewasabout3500BC,5500yearsagoyear.
Theoriginofcivilization
Theoriginofmankind
Thetrueanswertotheoriginofmankindisonlyamatterofmorethan100years.Becausefossilsprovidefactualevidence,fossilsarepartoftheremainsortracesofactivitiesleftbyancientcreatures.Findinghumanskeletonfossilsandstonetoolscanunderstandthedevelopmentlevelofancienthumanphysique,intelligenceandequipment.Fromthelocationwherethefossilwasdiscovered,wecanknowthegeographicaldistributionofancienthumans,theirgeologicalageandlivingenvironment.Amongvariousfossils,skullfossilsarethemostimportant.Generally,thefaceofananimalismuchlargerthantheskull;theoppositeistrueforhumans,whichismuchlargerthantheface.Comparedwithprimitivepeopleandmodernpeople,thedifferencecanbesaidtobemainlyconcentratedintheskull.Forexample,theskullsofprimitivepeoplearemuchthickerthanmodernpeople.Becausestudyinghumanskullfossilscanbestunderstandthemorphologicalcharacteristicsandphysicaldevelopmentlevelofancienthumans,anthropologistspayspecialattentiontofindingcompletehumanskullfossils.Thediscoveryofcompletehumanskullfossilsisconsideredamajorachievementinanthropologicalresearch.Morethan100yearsago,scientistshavenoticedtheuseofhumanfossilsasevidencetoexplorethehistoryofhumanevolution.
TheancestorsofhumansappearedintheQuaternaryPeriod.Atfirst,theAsianandAfricancontinentswerewarmandhumid.Inthisenvironment,theancientapesevolvedintohumanbeingswhocouldmaketoolsandwork.Labordevelopsthelimbsandbones,thehandsaremorecapableofcreatingallthings,andtheoralcavitydevelopslanguage,whichalsopromotesthedevelopmentofthebrain.Theemergenceoftheerectapes,thefirsthumanancestors,isverydifferentfromothermammalswhostillcrawlonallfoursandcannotusetheirhandsorwithoutlanguage,andbecomethemasterswhodominatetheworld.
Accordingtothehumanphysiqueandthesequenceofitsculturaldevelopment,itcanbedividedintothestagesof"ApeMan","AncientMan"and"NewMan".Inrecentdecades,humanfossilshavebeenrepeatedlydiscoveredintheworld,enablinghumanscientiststounderstandhumanphysicalcharacteristicsandculturaldevelopment.However,therearestillmanyquestions,suchastheprocessofturningape-manintoancientman?Howdidtheancientsbecomenewcomers?Nowitisfoundthatthereisnotenoughinformationtomakeacompleteexplanation,whichneedsmorediscoveredfactstocontinuetoadd.
Almostallhumanfossilsfoundintheworldare"ancientpeople"or"newpeople"(alsoknownas"realpeople"),amongwhichthemostfamousandrecognizedbythescientificcommunitywasdiscoveredinGermanyin1865TheNeanderthalsbelongedtothe"ancients",andin1868,theCromannonsinFrancebelongedtothe"news".Therefore,mostpeoplethinkthattheancestorsofhumanbeingsonlyhaveahistoryofmorethanahundredthousandyears.Until1929,ChinadiscoveredthefirstskullofthePekingManinZhoukoudian,whichledpeopletobelievethathumanancestorsexisted400,000yearsago.
Theearth'scrustisconstantlychanging.Thesoilandgravelerodedfromthemountainsarefinallydepositedintheoceanlakesandseas,formingdeepandvastrockformations.Thesearisestoland,themountainserodeintoplains,andthelivinganimalsandplantsontheearthcanbeburiedinthesedimentarylayeratanytime,andaftertensofthousandsofyears,theybecomefossils.Geologists,basedontheremainsoftheseplantsandanimals,canidentifytheevolutionoflifeinvariousregionsoftheearthinvariouseras.
Thegeologicalagecanbedividedintofiveperiods:Archean,Proterozoic,Paleozoic,MesozoicandCenozoic.Archaeanhastheleastknowngeologicalhistoricalfacts,anditdoesnotseemtohavelife.ItwasnotuntilthebeginningofthePaleozoicerathattherewerebiologicalremains,buttheywereallinferioranimalsandprimaryplants.Themostinferioranimalsaretrilobites,andtherearealsomanycorals,sponges,andjellyfish.TheMesozoicerawasthemostimportantperiodforreptiles.Theyweretallandprotectedbyarmor.TheCenozoicisanimportantperiodofbiologicalevolutioninmoderngeologicalhistory;thebigreptilesaregoneforever,andonlycrocodiles,turtles,snakes,andlizardsareleft.Thisistheerawhenmammalsaregreatlyactive.
InthehistoryoftheearthwithintwoorthreemillionyearsoftheQuaternary,erectapesappeared.Therefore,somepeoplecalltheQuaternaryEraasthe"spiritualgeneration",becausethisistheageofmankind.Atthesametime,theQuaternaryeraalsogreatlychangedthenaturalenvironment,especiallythefloraandfauna.Secondly,therewasastrongglaciereffectintheQuaternary,andmanytraceswereleftonthesurfaceoftheearth.Theadvanceandretreatofglaciersalsoaffectedthedistributionoffloraandfauna.Whentheiceagesuddenlycameontheground,theape-menwhodependedonthefruittolivehadnowheretofindfoodintheiceandsnow.Oftenforcedbyhunger,theyhadtopeeltheskinsofanimalstomakeclothes;searchforcavesandplacestolive;drillwoodforfire.Cancookordriveawaywildbeasts.Humanbeingshavebeeneliminatedfromtheiceageforseveraltimes,andtheirintelligencehasimproved.Theculturalrelicsofancienthumansaremainlyself-madetools.Thesetoolsarebasicallymadeofstone.Theprimitivehumansinancienttimeshadnoproductionexperience,sostonetoolsweresimpleandcrude.Butintheprocessofpractice,theirskillsinmakingtoolscontinuetoimprove,solaboristhedrivingforceforcreatingculture.StonetoolscanbedividedintoPaleolithicandNeolithic.PeopleinthePaleolithicAgeweremostlyhuntersandgatherers.Mostofthetoolstheyuseareriverbedboulders.Theyusedthebeatingmethodatfirst,andthenthegrindingmethod.Attheendoftheiceage,theNeolithicagebegan.Duringthisperiod,thestonetoolsweremadeentirelybygrindingmethods.Thereweremanytypesofstonetoolswithholesandrings,includinglargeaxes,stoneknives,andstonechisels.Duringthisperiod,potterywasverydeveloped,agriculturaltoolshadalsobegun,andprimitiveanimalhusbandryhadbeenestablished.AftertheendoftheNeolithicAge,about4000to1000BC,humansenteredthemetalculture.FirstwastheBronzeAge,andin2000BCenteredtheIronAge,andironhadbeguntobeusedasaplow.TheBronzeAgeandtheIronAgealternatedratherthancompletelyseparated.
Wheredidtheancienthumansoriginate?Thisisanissuethathasbeencontroversialformanyyears.SomesayitoriginatedincentralAsia.LikethefamousarchaeologistAndrews(R.C.Andrews)andgeographer(GriffitTaglei),theybelievethathumansoriginatedincentralAsiaandthenmovedtoallcontinents.ThereasonisthatCentralAsiaistheoriginofdomesticanimalsraisedbyhumans,suchascamels,dogs,cattle,sheep,andhorses.Sinceitissuitableforthesurvivalofhigheranimals,humanbeingswholiveonanimalsandplantsmustalsooriginatefromthis.Atthesametime,CentralAsiaislocatedamongallcontinentsandhasthehighestterrain.Theaveragealtitudeofothercontinentsintheworldisbelow700meters,andtheaveragealtitudeoftheAsiancontinentisabove1,000meters.Itiscondescendingandcanbeconnectedtoallcontinents.Therefore,itissaidthathumanbeingsoriginatedinCentralAsiaandarescatteredonallcontinents.Thesituationisthebestandthereasonisright.However,somepeoplebelievethattheoriginofhumansshouldbeinthehumidsubtropicalarea.ProfessorCarlSauer,whohasanoutstandingresearchontheoriginofagriculture,believesthatthecoastalareasofSoutheastAsiamaybethefirstplacewherehumansdeveloped.SuchasthearchaeologicaldiscoveriesinThailandandthediscoveryoftheMuduruinsintheBayofHangzhou,Chinacanbecorroborated.Thistypeofdiscussionrequiresmoreundergrounddiscoveriestohaveacompleteexplanation.
Theprimitiveancestorsweknowaboutarefewinnumber,scatteredonapieceofland,andafterthepopulationincreases,theywillmigrateanddeveloparound.Accordingtotheknowledgeofgeographyandarchaeology,therearemanystraitsonthesurfaceoftheearth,blockingthetrafficbetweencontinents.Butifthesealeveldropsby90meters,manystraitscanbecomelandbridges,facilitatinghumancommunication.ThemostfamouslandbridgesincludetheBeringStraitthatconnectsNorthAmericaandAsia,theStraitofDoverthatconnectsBritainandEurope,theDardanellesthatconnectsAsiaandEurope,andtheStraitofMalaccathatconnectsMalaysiaandSumatra.OthersincludetheSicilyStraitthatconnectsAfrica,theTsushimaStraitthatconnectsNorthKoreaandJapan,theSundaStraitthatconnectsSumatraandJava,theTorresStraitthatconnectsNewGuineaandAustralia,andtheBassStraitthatconnectssouthernAustraliaandTasmania..IfintheQuaternary,suchstraitsretreatedduringtheiceageandthesealeveldroppedandbecamealandbridgeconnectingtheland,whichwouldbeconducivetothemigrationofhumanancestors.Thisisbeyonddoubt.Thehumanancestorsmovedacrossthelandbridgetoexpandthedistributionrange.Duetothedifferentnaturalenvironmentsontheground,differencesintemperature,rainfall,sunlight,etc.,alongwiththedevelopmentofhumansocietyandhumanbodytypes,variousracesoftheworldhavebeendifferentiated.Forexample,melaninhasthefunctionofabsorbingultravioletrays,whichcanprotectthebloodvessels,nervesandmusclesundertheskinfromdirectultravioletrays.PeoplewhohavelivedintheequatorofAfricaforalongtimebecomeblackpeople.Theirhaircurlsandcoverstheirheads,whichhastheeffectofheatinsulation.However,peoplewholiveincoldregionsofhighlatitudesforalongtimehavehighandnarrownoses,whichmakescoldairenterthetracheaandlungsmoreslowly.Theyarestouterthantropicalresidents,andtheirskinispalerthantropicalones.Inancienthumans,transportationwasnoteasyandwasrestrictedbythenaturalenvironment.Variousgroupsofpeoplelivedinisolatedgeographicalareasforalongtime,andformeddifferentadaptabilitycharacteristicsinphysique.Thesecharacteristicsareinheritedfromgenerationtogeneration,sothathumanbeingsaredividedintovariousraceswithobviousphysicaldifferencesontheground.
Theoriginofcivilization
Wheredidhumancivilizationoriginate?Forexample,theRussian"Pravda"exclusivelydisclosedthatthelatestresearchfoundthatthecivilizationofhumanbeingsonearthmayoriginatefromtheAntarcticcontinentcoveredbythousandsofyearsoficeandsnow!AndthisdiscoverywasevensupportedbythegreatscientistEinstein.
Einstein:PrehistoriccivilizationmayexistinAntarctica.
AccordingtotheRussian"Pravda",EinsteinandmanyscientistsfirmlybelievethatAntarctica,whichisnowlifelessandicy,wasoncethebirthplaceofhumancivilization!
Einsteinbelievedthatmorethan10,000yearsago,theNorthPolewasnotattheNorthPole,butnearthenorthcoast;theSouthPolewasnotattheSouthPole,butinthetemperatezoneofCanada.Atthattime,theAntarcticcontinentwithsuitabletemperatureandclimatemayhavebredahighlydevelopedancientcivilization.However,goodtimesarenotalwaysgood.Becausetheearth'scrusthasmovedcounterclockwise,theNorthPoledriftstotheNorthPole,andtheSouthPoledriftstotheSouthPoleoftheiceandsnow.Theclimateissuddenlyabnormallycold,thecontinentiscoveredbyiceandsnow,andAntarcticcivilizationdisappears.Itisveryinterestingthat,farfrombeingtheonlyonewhoholdsthisview,Einsteinholdsasimilarview-thathumancivilizationmayhaveoriginatedfromancientAntarctica,andtherearenotafewscientists.
Theancientmapisabird's-eyeviewfromthesky
Itisnotsensational:theancientmaphasrevealedthesecretsofAntarcticaundertheice.
AccordingtothePravdanewspaper,Einsteinandotherscientistsarenotsensationalorhypocritical,butthereisconsiderableevidence.
Infact,sinceWorldWarII,theideaofpossibleprehistoriccivilizationinAntarcticahasbeenrepeatedlymentioned.Manyhistorians,anthropologistsandarchaeologistshaveturnedtheirattentiontothatarea.Theiceandsnow,oneoftheincredibleancientmapshasstrengthenedthescientificcommunity'sthinkingaboutAntarctica.In1840,KhalilEdhai,directoroftheIstanbulNationalMuseum,foundapeculiarancientmapinTopkapiPalaceinIstanbul,Turkey.Thisancientmapwasdiscoveredatthebeginningofthe18thcentury,anditappearstobeacopy.Onthemap,exceptfortheMediterraneanregion,whichisveryaccurate,otherregionssuchasAmericaandAfricaareseriouslydeformed.Whenscientistsfurtherstudiedtheancientmap,theyweresurprisedtofindthatthisancientmapwasactuallyabird's-eyeviewfromtheair,whichlookedlikeareplicaofthephototakenbythe"Apollo8"spacecraft.Onthismap,thedeformedcontourlinesofAmericaandAfricacompletelycoincidewiththephotostakenbythe"Apollo"spacecraft.WhatisparticularlysurprisingisthattheancientmapalsodepictsthecomplexlandformscoveredbyAntarctica'sicecover,whichisthesameastheAntarcticexpedition'ssurveyoftheAntarcticsubglacialterrainwiththeechosounderin1952.WhohasmasteredspaceaerialphotographytechnologyinancienttimesandhassuchagoodknowledgeofAntarcticterrain?IsittruethatAntarcticawasonceinhabited?Later,scientistsfinallyfoundtheoriginalofthismap.ThismapwasdrawnbyAdmiralPierreReisoftheTurkishEmpireFleetin1513.ItmarkedthismysteriouslandalmosttwohundredyearsagowhenitwasdiscoveredinAntarctica.Comeout,andtheAntarcticahepaintedisnotfrozen.Accordingtohisexplanationintheblankspacesofthemap,hewasdrawingwithreferencetomoreandoldermaps.In1949,theUnitedKingdomandSweden'sjointAntarcticexpeditionconductedaverythoroughinvestigationofthiscontinentatthesouthernmosttipoftheworld,andtraveledacrossthecontinentcoveredwiththickice.Asaresult,theAntarcticcontinentandthemapdepictedbyLeisareveryconsistent.Theerrorofimportantlandmarksisonlywithin0.5degreesoflongitude.Thisprecisionhasbeenaheadofthetechnologyatthattimeformorethantwohundredyears.Itwasnotuntil1735thathumancivilizationcouldonceagainbeatsuchprecision.Mappingthemapunderthedegree.Thequestionthenarises,whoonearthportraysAntarctica?WhatwastheAntarcticbeforeitwasfrozen?Obviously,in1513,therewasacivilizationthatwashigherthanthatatthetime,andthisiceandsnowfieldwasaccuratelydepictedmanyyearsbefore1513.whoarethey?Isitanancientcivilizationbeforethecivilizationinourarea?
Amazinghear:TherewasnosnowandiceinAntarctica6000yearsago?
TheoverallshapeandoutlineofAntarcticaonthemapofLeisresemblethecontinentshownonmodernmaps.Antarcticaisclosetothecenterofthecontinent,notfarfromwhatmodernmapsshow;themountainssurroundingthecoastarereminiscentofthemanymountainsfoundinAntarcticainthe21stcentury;theriversoriginatefromthesemountainsandmeandertothesea;everyriverfollows.Itlooksverynaturalandveryreliabledrainagemode.ThisshowsthatwhentheearliestmapofAntarcticawasdrawn,thecoastofthiscontinentwasstillnotcoveredbyiceandsnow.However,theinlandofAntarcticashownonthemapin2018hascompletelydisappearedfromriversandmountains,andiscoveredwithsnowandice.In1532,OrentiusFenausdrewamapoftheworldbasedonhistoricaldata,andmarkedtheriverbedsontheAntarcticonthemap.In1949,AdmiralBeldaledanexpeditiontotheRossSeainAntarctica.ItwasfoundthattheriverbedmarkedbyFeinausonthemapwasverysimilartothesceneontheground.Intheseriverbeds,therearemanymid-latitudefine-grainedrocksandothersedimentsthatwerebroughttoAntarcticabytheriveranddeposited.Later,scientistsattheCarnegieInstitutioninWashingtonstudiedthesesedimentsandfoundthattheyweremorethan6,000yearsold.Inotherwords,6000yearsago,Antarcticawasintheearlyperiodoftheglacierandwasverywarm,withriversrushing,verdantvegetation,andfullofvitality.TheFeinausmapclearlyconfirmedanastonishinglyheardview:Antarcticawasvisitedandevensettledbyhumansbeforeitwascompletelycoveredinsnowandice.Ifthisisthecase,thenthepersonwhooriginallymappedtheAntarcticashouldbeanAntarcticwholivedinanextremelyancientera.
Threespeculations:themysteryofthedisappearanceofAntarcticprehistoriccivilization
Basedonthis,canweimaginethattheAntarcticcontinentwasinatemperatezonemorethan10,000yearsago.Thesuperiornaturalenvironmentgavebirthtoahighlydevelopedcivilization,evencomparabletothescientificlevelofthe18thcentury.Thepeopletheremasteredadvancednavigationtechnologyandastronomicalknowledge,andtheyledafleetofshipsthatshuttledbetweentheoceaniccontinents.Theybroughttheircivilizationtoeverycorneroftheworld,broughtwisdomandmiraclestothewildandbackwardcontinents,andbecameabridgeforculturalexchangesandconnectionsbetweeneachother.Buthowcouldthiscivilizationsuddenlydisappearfromtheearthwithoutleavingatrace?Basedonthis,scientistsputforwardthreespeculations:First,itmaybethattheearth'scrustsuddenlychanged,whichcausedahugedisaster.Thefloodfloodedtheentireworld,andalsofloodedthekingdomsandpeoplethatoncespreadcivilization.Inaddition,somescientistsbelievethattheprehistoriccivilizationofAntarcticahasnotcompletelydisappeared.Perhapsbecauseofchangesintheearth’sclimate,theAntarcticcontinentwasgraduallycoveredbyiceandsnow,andtheformerprehistoriccivilizationwasburiedforeverbyathicklayerofice.Thethirdpossibilityisthatthiscivilizationstillexists,andtheymayhavespreadtheiradvancedknowledgetotheEgyptiansortheSemites.
Thefundamentaldrivingforce
Learningthehistoryoftheworld,youcanclearlyrealizethatscienceandtechnologyarethefundamentaldrivingforcefortheprogressofhumancivilization.
FromthethirdcenturyBCtothefifteenthcentury,itwasthedarkyearsoftheEuropeanMiddleAges.Religionruledmankindandsciencebecamethehandmaidoftheology.Itwasindustrialtechnologicalrevolutionagainandagain,whichenabledmankindtounderstandtheobjectiveworld.Ahugeleaphastakenplace,andtheabilitytotransformtheworldhasundergonearevolutionarychange.Thefirstindustrialrevolutionoccurredfrom1750to1850,whichledtothewidespreadapplicationofcoalasanewenergysource.Textilemachines,steamengines,wiredcommunicationsandinorganicchemicalmaterials,blastfurnacesteelmakingtechnology,etc.cameoutoneafteranother,openinguptechnologicalprogressandindustrialinnovation.NewEra.From1850totheeveofWorldWarII,theSecondIndustrialRevolutionmadeoilandelectricitynewenergysources.Engines,internalcombustionengines,automobiles,airplanes,convertersteelmaking,organicchemicalmaterials,telephonesandradiocommunicationsbecameeconomicdevelopmentandAstrongdrivingforceforsocialdevelopment.FromtheSecondWorldWartothe1980s,thethirdindustrialrevolutiontookplace.Newenergysourcessuchasatomicenergycametothefore.Computers,integratedcircuits,opticalfibercommunications,geneticengineering,automationtechnology,andflexibleprocessingsystemsmadetheworld'sscienceandtechnologyhappen.Withaleapinenergylevels,profoundchangeshavetakenplaceintheindustrialstructure.Sincethe1980s,thenewtechnologicalrevolutionispromotingthesurgingandimpactofthefourthindustrialrevolution.Thefrontierofcontemporaryscienceisgestatingnewmajorbreakthroughs,suchasmicroelectronicstechnology,informationtechnology,biotechnology,newmaterialtechnology,High-techindustrygroupssuchasnewenergytechnology,spacetechnology,marinetechnology,humanlifesciencetechnology,andmannedspacetechnologyarerisingrapidly.Thecontributionrateoftechnologytoeconomicgrowthhasrisenfrom5-10%intheearlytwentiethcenturytoaround80%.Asthelocomotiveofhistoryinthenewera,hightechnologyasapowerfullevertopromotefutureeconomicgrowth,socialdevelopmentandcivilizationprogresshasattractedtheattentionoftheentiremankind.Thesuccessofmycountry'sfirstmannedspaceflightonOctober15,2003markedanothermajorstepforwardformycountryinclimbingthepeakofhumanscienceandtechnology.
Takinghistoryasamirror,wecanclearlyseethateveryadvancementinscienceandtechnologyhasbroughtpeople’sunderstandingoftheworldtoanewheight,theabilitytotransformtheworldhasachievedanewleap,andtheeconomy,Societyandhumancivilizationhaverisentoanewlevel.Everyachievementofscienceandtechnologyistheproductofhumancreativelaborandthecrystallizationofscientificexplorationandtechnologicalinnovation.Promotingscientificandtechnologicalprogressisagreatpracticetoliberateanddevelopproductiveforces.Theapplicationofscientificandtechnologicalachievementsisthetransformationofpotentialproductivityintoactualproductivity.Itscycleisgettingshorterandshorter,andtheeconomicandsocialbenefitsgeneratedaregettingbiggerandbigger.Ithasplayedafirstroleinmoderneconomicandsocialdevelopment.
Today'sworldeconomiccompetitionandoverallnationalstrengthcompetitionareincreasinglymanifestedasacontestofscienceandtechnology.ThetwoGulfWarsfurtherdemonstratedthedeterrenceofhightechnologyinmodernwarfare.
In1988,ComradeDengXiaopinglookedattheworldsituationandputforwardthescientificthesisthat"scienceandtechnologyistheprimaryproductiveforce"withthemajesticcourageandtheoreticalcourageofthegreatproletarianrevolutionariesandMarxists,andformulateditforourcountryTheprinciplesandpoliciesofreformandopeningupandeconomicdevelopmentinthenewperiodhavelaidtheideologicalandtheoreticalfoundation.Topracticetheimportantthinkingofthe"ThreeRepresents"andbuildawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway,wemustrelyonscientificandtechnologicalprogress.
Evolutionprocess
Humansocietyhasexperiencedtheageofagriculturalcivilizationformorethan5,000years,andtheeraofindustrialcivilizationformorethan300years.So,whatnewcivilizationerawillitevolveinthefuture?
AccordingtoYuLuo·Hongye’sglobalcivilizationdevelopmentviewpoint:theevolutionofhumanindustrialcivilizationhasexperiencedtheEuropeanRenaissanceanddevelopedintotheeraofcolonialismandcapital;TherevivalofConfucianculturewillestablishapeople-orientederaofglobalcivilrights;therefore,humansocietyhasgonefromatheocracytoacapitalistsociety,fromanofficial-orientedsocietytoapeople-orientedsociety,andhasexperiencedthreeindustrialrevolutions.Theageofindustrialization.
PrimitiveCivilization
Primitivecivilizationisadevelopmentsystemthatiscompletelycontrolledbynature.Humanlifeiscompletelydependentonthegiftofnature.Hunting,huntingandgatheringarethemainactivitiesofthedevelopmentsystem,andthemostimportantproductionlabor.Theresultsofaccumulatedexperience:stonetools,bowsandarrows,andfireareimportantinventionsofprimitivecivilization.Thematerialproductionactivitiesofprimitivesocietydirectlyusednaturalobjectsaspeople'smeansofliving,andtheirabilitytodevelopandcontrolnaturewasextremelylimited.Agriculturalcivilizationisadevelopmentsysteminwhichmankindexploresnature.Manmadetheinitialdevelopmentofnature(about10,000yearsago),fromprimitivecivilizationtoagriculturalcivilization,scientificandtechnologicalachievementsbegantoappear:bronze,iron,pottery,writing,papermaking,printing,etc.Themainproductionactivitiesarefarmingandanimalhusbandry.Bycreatingappropriateconditions,humanscangrowandmultiplythespeciestheyneed,andnolongerrelyontheready-madefoodprovidedbynature.Theuseofnaturalforceshasbeenextendedtoanumberofrenewableenergysources(animalpower,waterpower,etc.).Ironfarmtoolshavetransformedhumanlaborproductsfrom“givenandaccepted”to“activelydemanded”.Economicactivitieshavebeguntoactivelyshifttothefieldofproductivitydevelopment,andtheyhavebeguntoexploreandmaximizethegains.Waysandmethodsoflaborresults.
IndustrialSocialCivilization
Industrialcivilizationisadevelopmentsystemforhumanstoconquernature.Withtheunprecedenteddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandsocialproductivity,ithasshiftedfromagriculturalcivilizationtoindustrialcivilization.Mankindbegantoregarditselfasanatural"conqueror",andtheexcessivedevelopmentofnaturehascausedadeepenvironmentalcrisis.Inparticular,theriseofanalyticalandexperimentalmethodsinscientificexplorationactivitiesbeganto"interrogate"and"torture"nature.Atthistime,science,technologyandeducationfocusedonthepromotionanddevelopmentoftheeconomy,andcapitalistcountriesvigorouslypromotededucationandtechnology,forminganunprecedentedEconomicproductivity.Industrialcivilizationisanerainwhichmankindusestheweaponsofscienceandtechnologytocontrolandtransformnatureandachieveunprecedentedvictories.Withsteamengines,electricmotors,computers,andnuclearreactors,everytechnologicalrevolutionhasestablishedanewmonumentof"humanizingnature"andarmedagriculturewithindustry.Thesustainabledevelopmentactivitiesofindustrialcivilizationaremainlymanifestedinthematerialactivitiesofconqueringnature.Atthistime,ecological,resource,populationandotherissueshavealsoappearedunprecedentedcrises,whichhavebecomeimportantfunctionalfactorsofthesustainabledevelopmentsystem.
Ecologicalcivilization
Ecologicalcivilizationisasocialsysteminwhichhumansandnaturewillachievecoordinateddevelopment.Ecologicalcivilizationisthefourthstageofcivilizationin"socialmemory".Itisacivilizationbasedonhighlydevelopedknowledge,education,andtechnology.Itemphasizesthatthenaturalworldisthecornerstoneofhumansurvivalanddevelopment,anditisclearthathumansocietymustoccurwithnatureonanecologicalbasis.Onlythroughinteractionandcommondevelopmentcantheeconomyandsocietyofmankindcontinuetodevelop.Therefore,theco-evolutionofmankindandthelivingenvironmentisecologicalcivilization.Ecologicalcivilizationisnolongerapuredevelopmentsystem,butaharmoniousdevelopmentsocialsystem.Sincethesustainabledevelopmentsystemisauniversalcomplexcompositesystem,andanevolutionaryopensystem,itsevolutionarybasisistoinheritallthepositivefactorsofpreviouscivilizations,soecologicalcivilizationalsoencompassesalltheachievementsofhumancivilization,itstheoryandpracticeThefoundationisdirectlybasedonindustrialcivilization.Itistheresultofrethinkingtheeconomicbenefitsofindustrialcivilizationattheexpenseoftheenvironment.Itisaprofoundchangefromthedevelopmentoftraditionalindustrialcivilizationtothedevelopmentofmodernecologicalcivilization.Theconstructionofecologicalcivilizationrequireshumanbeingstogivefullplaytotheirrationaladjustmentandcontrolabilitythroughactivescientificpractices,toforeseethenaturalandsocialinfluencesthattheiractivitieswillinevitablybring,andtocontrolandadjusttheirbehavioratanytime.
Thescopeofhumancivilization
ThesolarsysteminthefourtharmoftheOrion’sarmintheMilkyWaygalaxy
RelatedQuotes
ThefollowingaresomecelebritiesabouthumansCivilization’sfamoussaying:
Beingabletoenrichleisuretimewiselyisthelatestachievementofhumancivilization.——Russell
Forscientists,theinsurmountableprincipleistoworkforhumancivilization.——Needham
Theincreaseinwealthandtheincreaseinleisurearethetwomajorelementsthatpromotehumancivilization.——Disraeli
WhetheritisChinesecivilizationorothercivilizationsintheworld,itistheresultofhumancivilization.——XiJinping
Protectingnationallanguagesisconducivetotheinheritanceanddevelopmentofhumancivilization,aswellasnationalunityandsocialstability.——ZhouHaizhong