Friedrich Engels

ThesynonymEngelsgenerallyreferstoFriedrichEngels

Characterrelationship

errorcorrection

Turnofferrorcorrection

• WifeMaryBaines

  Anerror3386049hasbeenreported

• FriendKarl·Marx

  Anerror158728hasbeenfeedbacked

Character'slife

Earlyexperience

OnNovember28,1820,EngelswasborninBamen,anindustrialcityintheRhineProvinceofGermany(nowWuppertal).EngelsstudiedatBarmenMunicipalSchoolwhenhewasyoung,andin1834hetransferredtoAbbeyfieldHighSchoolofScience.FatherFriedrichtheoldisafactoryowner,adevoutChristian,withPrussiannobleblood.Motheriskind-hearted,obeysetiquetteandlovesliteratureandhistory.

Engels(5photos)

InSeptember1837,hisfatherinsistedthathedropoutofschooltodobusiness(Engelswasinmiddleschoolatthetime).Oneyearlater,heworkedasaclerkinafirminBremen.AtthattimeGermanywasfacingthetaskofnationalreunificationanddemocraticrevolution.EngelswasattractedbydemocraticpoliticalideasandcontactedtheYouthGermanMovement.

Inthespringof1839,"LettersfromtheWupeiValley"waspublishedinthepublication"DeutscheTelekom"ofthefaction,exposingthedarknessoffeudaldespotismandreligiouspiety,andpouredsympathyfortheworkingpeople.

FromSeptember1841toOctober1842,heservedintheBerlinArtilleryCorps,attendedphilosophicallecturesattheUniversityofBerlin,andparticipatedintheactivitiesoftheyoungHegelianschool.Duringthisperiod,hepublished"SchellingonHegel","SchellingandRevelation"and"Schelling-ChristianPhilosopher"andotherpamphlets,sharplycriticizingtheidealistphilosopherXieXiewhopreached"ApocalypticPhilosophy"Lin,healsowroteanarticleexposingthattheGermanfeudalautocracyrepresentedbyKaiserWilhelmIVbecameastaunchrevolutionarydemocrat.

AfterFeuerbach's"TheEssenceofChristianity"waspublishedin1841,EngelsacceptedFeuerbach'smaterialism.

LifelongFriend

InFebruary1844,the"CriticalOutlineofPoliticalEconomy"waspublishedinthe"GermanyandFranceYearbook"editedbyMarx,whichinitiallyrevealedtheabsoluteirreconcilabilityofcapitalistprivateownershipTheinherentcontradiction.AttheendofAugust,EngelsdetouredtoParistomeetwithMarxonhiswaybacktoChina,andtheybegantheirlifelongcooperation.FromSeptembertoMarch1845,hewrote"TheConditionoftheBritishWorkingClass"inBarmen,describingthetragicsituationandhistoricalmissionoftheproletariat,showingthatEngelshadcompletedtwomajorchanges.

In1844,heco-wrote"TheHolyFamily"withMarx,andco-wrote"GermanIdeology"fromNovemberofthesameyeartoMayofthefollowingyear.Inthespringof1846,EngelsandMarxfoundedtheCommunistCommunicationCommitteeinBrussels.Intheautumnofthesameyear,hewenttoParistocarryoutactivitiestowinandeducatethemembersoftheAllianceofRighteousPeopletogetridoftheinfluenceof"truesocialism".

InJanuary1847,EngelsandMarxjoinedtheJusticeLeague.InJune,afterdiscussingwithMarx,heattendedthefirstcongressoftheCommunistLeagueinLondonandfoundedthefirstproletarianrevolutionarypartyundertheguidanceofscientificsocialism.InOctoberofthesameyear,hewaselectedtotheParisDistrictCommitteeoftheLeague,andwascommissionedtodrafttheLeague’sdraftprogram(ie"QuestionsandAnswersonPrinciplesofCommunism"),usingaquestion-and-answergenretopreliminarilyclarifythebasicprinciplesofscientificcommunism.InNovember,heattendedthesecondcongressoftheLeaguewithMarxandservedasthesecretaryofthecongress.TheCongressacceptedtheideasofMarxandEngels,formulatedacharterinlinewiththeprinciplesofdemocracy,andentrustedthemtodrafttheprogramofthealliance.

Inmid-February1848,basedonthe"PrinciplesofCommunism",the"CommunistManifesto"draftedbyMarxandEngelswaspublishedinLondon.InFebruaryandMarch,EuropeanbourgeoisrevolutionsbrokeoutincitiessuchasParis,Berlin,andVienna;inMarch,EngelswaselectedasamemberoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistLeagueandjointlydrafted"TheCommunistParty'sRequirementsinGermany"inPariswithMarx.InApril,theyarrivedinCologne,Germany.EngelsservedastheeditoroftheNeueRheinnewspaperandassistedMarxinpresidingovertheeditorialdepartmentofthenewspaper.HehasalsotraveledtoBarmenandothercitiesintheRhineProvince.Fromtheautumnof1848tothebeginningof1849,inordertoavoidofficialpursuit,hewentintoexileinBelgiumandSwitzerland,andhelpedorganizetheworkers'associationinSwitzerland.

InMay1849,hetookpartinanarmeduprisinginEbeifit.InJune,heservedasdeputyoftheWillichVolunteerCorpsinBaden-Palatinateandwenttothefronttotakepartinthebattle.Afterthefailureoftheuprising,hewentintoexileinSwitzerland.ArrivedinLondoninNovember,waselectedasamemberoftheCentralCommitteeoftheLeague,responsibleforthereorganizationoftheLeague.

InMarchandJune1850,heworkedwithMarxtwicetodraftthe"CentralCommitteetotheCommunistLeague".InordertosupporttheMarxfamilytrappedinextremepoverty,EngelshadtomovetoManchesterthatyearandonceagainstartedbusinessinthe"Oumen-EngelsCompany".DuringhisstayinManchester,EngelsmaintainedfrequentcorrespondencewithMarx,discussingthetheoriesandstrategiesoftheinternationallabormovement,discussingacademicissuesinvariousfields,andexchangingopinions.Inthewordsofhistutor,itissomethingwrittenbyonepersonandanother.Peoplemusthavereaditandfullyagreewithit.Engelsconductedextensivetheoreticalresearch,especiallyin-depthdiscussiononmilitaryscience,linguisticsanddialecticsofnature.

FromNovember1851toNovember1852,Engelswroteasetofarticlesentitled"RevolutionandCounter-revolutioninGermany"forthe"NewYorkDailyTribune",whichdeeplysummarizedGermanyfrom1848to1849.Therevolutionaryexperienceputsforwardthefamousthesisthatarmeduprisingisakindofart.

From1857to1859,hewrotemanymilitaryarticlesforthe"NewAmericanEncyclopedia".From1861to1865,EngelswrotemanyarticlesabouttheAmericanCivilWar.In1864,afterthefoundingoftheFirstInternational,EngelsparticipatedininternationalleadershipwithMarxandfoughtlinestruggleswiththeProudhon,Bakunin,TradeUnion,andLassallefactions,andhelpedMarxismintheinternationallabormovementLaythefoundationforitsdominance.Afterthepublicationofthefirstvolumeof"DasKapital"in1867,hewrotemanywarreviewsforworkers'newspapersandnewspapersusingthebourgeoisie,accuratelyanalyzingandpredictingthecourseandresultsofthewar.

InJuly1869,Engelsfinallygotridofhiscareerasabusinessman.InOctober1870,hemovedtoLondonandreunitedwithMarx.InSeptember1870,Engelsendedhistwodecadesof"Egyptianimprisoned"businesslife,movedfromManchestertoLondon,andparticipatedintheleadershipoftheInternationalWorkers'AssociationwithMarx.InOctober,atthesuggestionofMarx,hewaselectedasamemberoftheInternationalGeneralCommittee,servingasthecommunicationssecretaryandfinancialcommitteememberoftheGeneralCommitteeinBelgium,Italy,Spain,PortugalandDenmark.DuringtheParisCommune,heandMarxorganizedactivitiesinsolidaritywiththeCommune.

AftertheestablishmentoftheParisCommuneinMarch1871,togetherwithMarx,hesupportedtheCommuneandspokehighlyoftherevolutionaryspiritandheroismoftheParisworkersinspeechesandletters,andclarifiedthehistoricalsignificanceoftheCommune.AttheInternationalConferenceofRepresentativesinLondoninSeptember,EngelsproposedbasedontheexperienceoftheParisCommunethattheworkingclassmustparticipateintheclassstruggleandestablishanindependentproletarianpartyopposedtoalloldparties.

DuringtheInternationalHagueConferenceinSeptember1872,EngelsandMarxmadeimportantcontributionstodefeatingtheBakuninCabalandpassingresolutionsonpoliticalandorganizationalissues.AccordingtoEngels'proposal,theInternationalGeneralCommitteemovedtoNewYork.AftertheHagueConference,hewrote"OnAuthority","TheSocialistDemocraticLeagueandtheInternationalWorkers'Association"(co-writtenwithMarx)andothertreatises,exposingandcriticizingBakuninGroup'spolitically,theoreticallyandorganizationally.Anarchismandseparatismhaveprofoundlyexpoundedthedialecticalrelationshipbetweendemocracyandcentralism,andbetweendemocracyanddictatorship.AfterthedissolutionoftheInternationalWorkers'Association,EngelsandMarxworkedhardtodisseminatescientificsocialisttheoryandestablishanddevelopsocialistpoliticalpartiesinvariouscountries.

InMarch1875,inalettertoBebel,heclarifiedhisprincipledpositiononthemergerofthetwofactionsintheGermanlabormovementandcriticizedthemistakeofcertainleadersinthepartyinpursuinganunprincipledmerger..

From1876to1878,hewroteaseriesofarticlesentitled"Mr.EugenDohring'sReforminScience"(ie,"Anti-DuhringTheory"),criticizingDohring’sIdealisttranscendentalismandpetty-bourgeoissocialismarethefirsttosystematicallyexpoundthethreemaincomponentsofMarxism-philosophy,politicaleconomy,andscientificsocialisttheory,aswellasmanybasictheoriesofnaturalscience.Thisisaprofoundscientificencyclopediathateverythoughtfulpersoncanunderstand.

Inthesummerof1880,attherequestoftheleaderoftheFrenchWorkers’Party,Lafarge,certainchaptersinthe"Anti-DuhringTheory"wereadaptedinto"UtopianSocialismandScientificSocialism"(ie,"SocialDoctrinefromUtopiatotheDevelopmentofScience").Thispamphlet,called"IntroductiontoScientificSocialism"byMarx,playedanimportantroleinpopularizingthebasictheoriesofMarxism.Between1873and1883,EngelsdrewupawritingoutlineforDialecticsofNature,completedseveralchaptersandfragments,andlaidthefoundationforthestudyofDialecticsofNature.

Internationalleaders

AfterthedeathofMarxin1883,Engelsalonetookontheresponsibilityofdirectingtheinternationallabormovement,sortingoutandpublishing(orreprinting)Marx’slegacy,defendinganddevelopingMarxisttheory,andtrainingTheimportanttaskofyoungsocialistactivistsandtheoristsinvariouscountries.

InJuly1885,EngelsundertookthehugeworkofcollatingandpublishingthemanuscriptsofthesecondandthirdvolumesofMarx'sunfinished"DasKapital"inhislateryears,andthesecondvolumeof"DasKapital"waspublished.

InJanuary1887,theEnglishversionofthefirstvolumeofCapitalwaspublished.HealsorepublishedotherworksofMarx,aswellastheworksoffamousactivistsoftheCommunistLeague,WilliamWolfe,GeorgWiltandothers,andpreparedtopublishthecompleteworksofMarx.

In1888,hewrote"LudwigFeuerbachandtheEndofGermanClassicalPhilosophy",whichrevealedtherelationshipbetweenMarxismandthephilosophyofHegelandFeuerbachandexplainedthedialecticalmaterialismThebasicprinciplesofismandhistoricalmaterialism.

InJuly1889,undertheguidanceandpromotionofEngels,theInternationalSocialistWorkers'Congress(theSecondInternational)washeldinParis.Underhiscareandguidance,theSecondInternationalunitedtheworkers'partiesofvariouscountriestolaunchastruggleagainstanarchismandrevisionisttendencies.

InAugust1893,EngelsattendedtheThirdCongressoftheSecondInternationalheldinZurichduringhistriptotheEuropeancontinent.Intheclosingspeechoftheconference,hehopedthattheproletariatofallcountrieswouldstrengthenunityandlearnfromeachotherinthestruggleagainstthecommonenemyandstriveforliberation,andabidebythecommonrevolutionaryprinciples.Atthesametime,theproletariatofallcountriesshould"organizeinanindependentmanner"andinsiston"freedom".Theprincipleof"joint"and"voluntarycontact".Inotherarticlesandletters,heemphasizedtheestablishmentofanindependent,autonomousandequalrelationshipbetweensocialistpartiesinvariouscountries.Thepartiesandtheproletariatofvariouscountriesshoulddeterminetheirownrevolutionarystrategiesaccordingtolocalconditions.HeopposesanypartyspeakingonbehalfoftheEuropeanproletariatanddoesnotrecognizeit.Whichpartyenjoysthe"rightoffirstborn"toleadtheinternationalcommunistmovement,andopposesanypartyleadertogiveorderstosocialistsinothercountries.In1894,inresponsetotheGermanSocialDemocraticPartyandtheFrenchWorkersParty'spositiononthepeasantissue,hewrotethe"French-GermanPeasantProblem",criticizingtheirlineofaccommodatingthepeasants'pettyprivatetendencies.InDecember1894,thethirdvolumeofCapitalwaspublished.

Inhislateryears

Inhislateryears,Engelslivedinathree-storyunitbuildingat122RegentParkRoad,NorthwestLondon,England.AfterthedeathofMarx,thishousesurroundedbygreentreesbecamethehomeofrevolutionariesfromallcountriesandtheholylandofsocialistsallovertheworld.EngelswarmlyreceivedleadersoftheBritishlabormovement,poorIrishworkers,Frenchfleeingfarmersanduniversitystudentsinexileathome,allowingthemtorecuperateand"refuge"here.Atthesametime,hetreatsvisitingdemocratsandconservativeswithsincerity.RudolfMeyer,aGermanConservativeandeconomist,oftenstayeddrunkathomewithEngels.

Inordertopromotethedevelopmentoftheworldlabormovement,EngelsinhislateryearstraveledalloverEurope,buthealsohopedtovisitAmerica.OnAugust8,1888,Engels,hisoldfriend,thechemistScholema,Marx’sdaughterElenaandherhusbandEvelynsetofffromtheportofLiverpool,Englandonthe"Berlin"ship,andembarkedonatriptotheUnitedStatesacrosstheAtlantic.OnAugust17,EngelsandhispartyarrivedinNewYork.ThiswasthefirsttimehesetfootonAmericansoil.EngelsmetwithleadersoftheAmericanlabormovement,visitedNewYorkandBoston,andwatchedtheworld-famousNiagaraFalls.InConcord,hevisitedtheprisonandsawthattheprisonershadtheirownclubs,theycouldreadbooksandnewspapers,theycouldeatfishandbreadeveryday,andtheirclotheswerenodifferentfromordinaryworkers.Headmiredthisverymuchandsaid:"EuropeansThereisnocouragetodothis.”ThistriptotheUnitedStateslastedmorethan50daysandleftadeepimpressiononEngels.BackinLondon,hewrotetoafriendandsaid:"IamveryinterestedintheUnitedStates.Thehistoryofthiscountryisnotlongerthanthatofcommodityproduction.Itisaparadiseforcapitalistproduction.Youshouldseeitwithyourowneyes."

OnNovember28,1890,Engels’70thbirthday,partyorganizationsandfriendsfromallovertheworldexpressedtheirwishtowishhimabirthday.ButEngelspolitelydeclinedthiskindness.HebelievedthatallthehonorshouldbeattributedtoMarx,andhecouldn'tbeartoomuchpraise.Later,attherepeatedrequestsoftheGermanSocialDemocratBebelandothers,Engelsreluctantlyagreedtoholdaprivatebanquetathome.

Afterhis74thbirthday,Engels'bodywentfrombadtoworse.Oneyearafterheturned,hefellill,alumpappearedontherightsideofhisneck,andthedoctordiagnosedhimwithadvancedesophagealcancer.Inthewill,hehandedoverallthemanuscriptsandlettersofMarx'sworkstoMarx'slegalheir-hisdaughterElenaMarx.TheentirecollectionofhimselfandMarxwasgiventotheleadersoftheGermanSocialDemocraticPartyBebelandSinger.Healsohasabout30,000poundsofproperty,3/8toMarx’sdaughtersLauraandElena,1/3tothechildrenofMarx’seldestdaughter,LittleJenny,and1/4tohimalongwithfurnitureSecretaryLouisa.PartoftheremainingpropertywasgiventotheGermanSocialDemocraticPartyasactivityfunds,andpartwasgiventohiswife'snieceMaryAllenRoscher.Inthewill,Engelsalsosaid:"Ihopetocrematemybody,andmyashes,ifpossible,sinkitintothesea."

Thingsbehindme

OnAugust5,1895,EngelsdiedofadvancedesophagealcancerinhisapartmentbytheThames.OnAugust10th,peopleheldamemorialserviceforEngelsintheWaterloostationhallofWestminsterBridge.OnAugust27th,inaccordancewithhiswill,asmallboatrowedintothedepthsoftheseaatEastbourne,England’sfavoritebeachduringEngels’slifetime,withElena,EvelynandEngels’comradeLesnasittingontheboat.WiththefourdisciplesEdwardBernstein,theyrecitedDante'sverses,tookuptheblackashespot,andgentlysankitintothesea,andhisasheswerescatteredintheseaof​​IsbornBay.

Althoughthereisnocemeteryforpeopletoadmire,peoplearoundtheworldhaveestablishedexhibitionhallsandmonumentstocommemorateEngels.OnNovember7,1918,ontheoccasionofcelebratingthefirstanniversaryofthe"OctoberRevolution",theSovietUnionestablishedamonumenttoMarxandEngelsinMoscow'sRevolutionSquare.TheMarx-EngelsSquarewasalsobuiltinBerlin,Germany,withstatuesofthetwoerectedonthesquare;inBrussels,Belgium,the"SwanHouse"whereMarxandEngelslivedtogetherwasturnedintoamemorialplace.

InEngels’hometownofWuppertal,Ruhr,Germany,hisformerresidencehasbeenmeticulouslyprotectedandrepaired.Thisisanindependentbaroquefour-storybuildingwiththeexceptionofEngels’lifestories.Intheexhibition,thereisalsoaChineseversionof"TheCompleteWorksofMarxandEngels".ThepeopleofhishometownrespectedEngelsverymuchandcalledhim"thefamoussonofWuppertal."HisformerresidencewaslistedbythegovernmentasaneducationbaseforGermanprimaryandsecondaryschoolstudents,andthestreetnexttotheformerresidencewasalsorenamed"FriedrichEngelsstrasse".Peoplefromallovertheworldhavecomehereinanendlessstreamallyearround.Withaheartofreverence,theyunderstandthegloriouslifeofEngels.

Mainachievements

Establishingthetheory

Mainentry:Marxism

InAugust1844,EngelsvisitedMarxwholivedinParis,Thetwoestablishedadeepfriendship.InSeptemberofthesameyear,heco-wrotethebook"TheHolyFamily"withMarx,criticizingtheidealisminHegel'sphilosophyandexpoundingsomeimportantprinciplesofdialecticalmaterialismandhistoricalmaterialism.Between1845and1846,thetwoco-authoredthebook"GermanIdeology",whichwasthefirstsystematicexpositionofhistoricalmaterialism.In1845,Engelswrotethebook"TheSituationoftheBritishWorkingClass",whichclearlypointedoutforthefirsttimethatthepoliticalandeconomicstatusoftheproletariatwouldinevitablypushittofightforitsownliberation;whilesocialismcouldonlybecomethegoaloftheworkingclass'spoliticalstruggle.Willbecomeapoliticalforce.

EngelsandMarxestablishedtheCommunistCommunicationCommitteeinBrusselsinearly1846toestablishcontactswithsocialistgroupsinvariouscountriestopromotescientificsocialism.In1847,MarxandEngelswereinvitedtojointheLeagueofJustice,asecretorganizationofGermanworkers,andactivelyparticipatedinitsreorganization.EngelsattendedthefirstcongressoftheLeagueinJune,expoundingtotheconferencethebasicprinciplesofscientificsocialism,andreorganizingtheoldleagueintoacommunistleague.FromDecember1847toJanuary1848,the"CommunistManifesto"co-authoredbyMarxandEngelspubliclysetupthebannerofthecommunistmovementforthefirsttime.Itwasadetailedtheoreticalandpracticalpartyprogram,markingthebirthofMarxism.

Thelabormovement

ComparedtoMarx'stheoreticalperformance,Engelsismoreinclinedtoberesponsibleforrealizingrightsandinterestsfortheworkingclassthroughpracticalwork.AfterthedeathofMarxin1883,Engelscontinuedtoleadtheinternationallabormovementfor12yearsandestablishedtheSecondInternationalin1889.Inhislateryears,Engelsfocusedhisattentiononorganizingthesocialdemocraticparty,thelegalpartyoftheproletariat,inademocraticcountry,andstrivingforspecificeconomicinterestsandpoliticalstatusfortheworkersundertheframeworkoftheconstitution.However,herepeatedlyarguedthattheproletariatcannotgiveuptheviolentrevolution..EngelsreflectedonthelimitationsofMarx'sviolentrevolutionin"Introductionto"ClassStruggleinFrance".HepointedoutthattheGermanworkingclassmustusevotingrightstocompetewiththebourgeoisieforeveryseatandusevotestoprovethepoweroftheproletariatinordertowinthedecisivebattleinthefuture.ThisideawasfurtherelaboratedbyBernsteinafterhisdeath,andlatercriticizedbyLenin,whichwascalledrevisionism.LegalstruggleandviolentrevolutionbecamethewatershedbetweenBernsteinandLenin.ItisworthnotingthattheSocialDemocraticParty,whichwasnotfoundedbyEngelsandlatersublimeMarxism,stillexistsinmostEuropeancountries,andhasbecomeamajorcongressionalpartyinmanycountries.PartoftheSocialDemocraticPartyintheEngelserawaslaterchangedtotheCommunistParty,orfromTheoriginalSocialDemocraticPartysplitup,andtheCommunistInternationalwasfoundedundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion.Leninwastheinitiator.Inthe1940s,theCommunistPartyoftheSovietUniondisbandedtheCommunistInternationalbecauseoftheanti-fasciststruggle.Inthe1920sand1930s,Germany'sSocialDemocraticPartyandtheCommunistPartyfoughtfiercelyaroundrevisionistissues,whichwasoneofthereasonswhytheNaziPartytookadvantageofitsemptinessandbecametherulingparty.GermanlawdoesnotallowtheestablishmentofaCommunistParty.Sofar,theMarxist-LeninistCommunistPartyhasmostlychangedtheprincipleofviolentrevolution.Infact,thisisacover-upmethodforcontinuingthestruggleinthecountrywhereitislocated.

OnMarch6,1895,EngelsmadeafinalreflectionandrevisionoftheentiretheoreticalsystemofMarxisminthe"IntroductiontotheClassStruggleinFrance":"Historyshowsthatwehavealsobeenwrong.WeTheviewheldatthattimewasonlyanillusion.Historydidmore:itnotonlyeliminatedourmistakesatthetime,butalsocompletelychangedtheconditionsfortheproletariattofight.Themethodofstrugglein1848,althoughithasbeeninallrespectsItisold,butthispointisworthyofmorecarefulstudyhere.HistoryclearlyshowsthattheeconomicdevelopmentoftheEuropeancontinentatthattimewasfarfrommatureenoughtoeradicatecapitalism...In1848,asimpleHowimpossibleitistoachievesocialtransformationthroughasurpriseattack.Theold-styleuprisings,thefortificationstreetfightingthatplayedadecisiveroleeverywherebefore1848,aremostlyoutdated.IfwetalkabouttheconditionsforwarbetweencountriesChangeshavetakenplace,sotheconditionsofclassstrugglehavealsochanged.Theeraofsuddenattacksandtheeraofrevolutionsledbyaconsciousminorityledbyunconsciousmasseshaspassed.Abrand-newstruggleoftheproletariatThemethodbegantobeadopted,andquicklyobtainedfurtherdevelopment.Itturnedoutthatinthestateinstitutionsthatthebourgeoisieusestoorganizeitsrule,therearemanythingsthattheworkingclassmayusetofightagainsttheseinstitutionsthemselves.Workersbegantoparticipateinthestateparliaments.,Municipalcommitteesandindustrialandcommercialarbitrationcourts;theybegantocompetewiththebourgeoisieforeveryelectedposition,aslongastherewereenoughworkers’votestovotewhenthepositionwasreplaced.Asaresult,thebourgeoisieandthegovernmentwereafraidoftheworkers’partyLegalactivitiesaremoreafraidofitsillegalactivities,andelectionachievementsareevenmoreafraidofuprisings.InRomance-speakingcountries,peoplearebeginningtounderstandthattheoldstrategymustbemodified.Germany'suseofvotingrightstoseizeusTherolemodelsofallpositionsthatcanbecapturedareimitatedeverywhere;unpreparedattackshaveretreatedtoasecondarypositioneverywhere."

Economictheory

Researchhorizons

Inthelate1970s,Lukácsputforwardtheslogan"ReturntoMarx"inhisfinalwork"OntologyofSocialExistence"."BacktoMarx"isactuallytobetterdevelopMarx.Facingthenewcentury,ourfundamentalwaytoadvancethestudyofMarxismshouldbetostrivetoachievetheunityof"returningtoMarx"and"developingMarx."Because“returningtoMarx”canclearthesource,setthingsright,anddigdeeperintothesourceofMarxism’s“ancestors”,soastosurpasstheSovietmodeltextbooksystem;“developingMarx”meansthatwecan’tjuststicktoMarx’soriginaltextandthoughts.ItisnecessarytorestoretheinnovativespiritofMarxismadvancingwiththetimes,developandinnovateMarxisttheories,andanswernewissuesofthetimes."

MarxstudiescanneverbypassEngels,letalonemisinterpretEngels.ItisnotdifficulttounderstandwhyBernsteinpioneeredrevisionism,heneededtouseEngelsasashieldandcriticizedhim;LuCatchopenedupthepathofWesternMarxismandcondemnedhim;andwhenscholarstriedtoopenthewayforthedialecticsofthesubject,theyalsolikedtodegradehimasanoutdatednaturalsciencematerialist.Andeverythingisbasedondemeaninghistory.Onthepremiseofobjectivityandregularity,andwhetherthispremiseiscorrect,aslongaswecarefullyread"GermanIdeology"and"DasKapital",especiallythepartofthe"NatureandSociety"inthemanuscriptofEngels'DialecticsofNature,weallBeingabletomakecorrectjudgments,howuntenableisEngels’viewof“destroying”Marx’stheory.

WhenreadingMarxistliterature,Mr.Mikhailovskyoftenencountered“insocialsciences”."Dialecticalmethod",encountered"dialecticalthinking"withinthescopeofsocialissues(thisscopeisonlydiscussed),etc.Becauseofthesimplemind(ifitisonlysimple,that'sokay),hethoughtthatthismethodisbasedontheHegelianthree-stagemethod.Lawstosolveallsociologicalproblems.Aslongashelooksattheproblemsalittlemorecarefully,hecan’thelpbeingconvincedthatthisviewisabsurd.WhatMarxandEngelscallthedialecticalmethod(itistheoppositeofthemetaphysicalmethod)isnothingbutThescientificmethodinsociology.Thismethodregardssocietyasalivingorganismincontinuousdevelopment(ratherthanamechanicalcombinationsothatvarioussocialelementscanberandomlycombined),itisnecessarytostudythisorganismTherefore,itisnecessarytoobjectivelyanalyzetheproductionrelationsthatconstitutethesocialform,andstudythelawofactivityanddevelopmentofthesocialform...NoMarxisthaseverdemonstratedthatRussia“shouldhave”capitalism,“because”WesternEuropeThereisalreadycapitalism,etc.TherehasneverbeenaMarxistwhobelievesthatMarx’stheoryisahistoricalandphilosophicalformulathatmustbeuniversallyobeyed,somethingthatgoesbeyondthedescriptionofacertainsocio-economicform.OnlysubjectivephilosophersMr.MikhailovskydidnotunderstandMarxinthisway,andeventhoughtthatMarxmusthavesomegeneralphilosophicaltheory;therefore,hegotaveryclearanswerfromMarx:hehasfoundthewrongperson.TherehasneverbeenaMarx.Theactivistsdonotconformtotherealityandhistoryofthesocio-economicrelationshiponthebasisoftheory,butonthebasisofsomethingelse...andtheycannotjustifytheirviewsonthebasisofotherthings,becausethefounderof"Marxism"...Veryclearlystatedthisrequirementfortheory,anduseditasthebasisforalltheories.

LawofValue

Mainarticle:Capital

Whatisdecisiveisthepassageonpage196ofthethirdvolumeofMarx’sCapital:“Alldifficultiesarecausedbythefactthatcommoditiesarenotonlyexchangedascommodities,butasproductsofcapital.Toexchange.Thesecapitalrequirementsaredividedfromthetotalamountofsurplusvalueintoashareproportionaltotheirrespectivequantities,orwhentheirquantitiesareequal,theyarerequiredtobedividedintoanequalshare."

Inshort,aslongaseconomiclawswork,Marx’slawofvalueisuniversallyapplicabletotheentireperiodofsimplecommodityproduction,thatis,untilsimplecommodityproductionchangesduetotheemergenceofcapitalistformsofproductionItisuniversallyapplicable.Priortothis,priceswerecenteredonthevaluedeterminedbyMarx’slaw,andchangedaroundthisvalue,sothatthemorefullydevelopedthesimplecommodityproduction,themoreitwasnotinterruptedbyexternalviolentinterference.Theaveragepriceinthelongerperiodoftimewillbemoreconsistentwiththevalue,untilthedifferenceinquantityissmallenoughtobenegligible.Therefore,Marx’slawofvaluestartsfromthebeginningoftheexchangeofproductsintocommodities.Itwasuniversallyapplicableeconomicallyuntilthe15thcentury.However,theexchangeofcommoditiesbeganbeforethewrittenhistory.TheaboveisthesupplementaryexplanationmadebyEngelsforMarx’sCapital.

However,peopledonotdescribetheontologyofmethodology(thatis,dialectics)astheprovisionsofhistoricalmethods,onthecontrary,theydirectlyspeakoflogicalmethods,becausetheydidnotexpecttoexplorethe"how"ofthescientificmethod.,Theydon’tunderstandwhathistoryis.Historyisthefundamentalrequirementforcategoryproduction.Itisnotanontologicalcategoryinitself,butaspecificdevelopmentprocess.

Publishingbooks

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Historicalevaluation

Maininfluence

Afterthe1880s,theinternationallabormovementfurtherdevelopedinabroadaspect,spreadingtotheentireEuropeanandNorthAmericancontinent.TheelderlyEngelscloselyfollowedthesocialistmovementeverywhere.Wehaveabroadunderstandingofthehistoryandstatusquoofeachcountry,maintainregularcontactwithsocialistpartiesandlabormovementactivistsinvariouscountries,andgivethemsuggestionsandadvicefromtimetotime.EngelsrepeatedlytaughtsocialistsinvariouscountriestoproceedfromtheirownconditionsandpersistinAndusethebasicprinciplesofMarxismtoindependentlydeterminethepoliciesandstrategiesofthecountry’srevolution.Hesaid:"Marx’shistoricaltheoryisthebasicconditionofanyunswervingandconsistentrevolutionarystrategy;inordertofindsuchastrategy,allthatisneededisApplythistheorytotheeconomicandpoliticalconditionsofthecountry."

Inthe1880sand90s,Engelscontinuedtoengageintheoreticalresearchinvariousfieldsofthought,comprehensivelyenrichinganddevelopingthetheoreticaltreasurehouseofMarxism.InOctober1884,"Family,PrivateOwnershipandThebook"TheOriginoftheCountry"waspublished,whichsystematicallyexplorestheprehistoryofhumansocietyforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofMarxism,revealingthelawoftheorigin,developmentanddemiseofprivateownership,classandthecountry,andthehistoryoffamilychanges.InthepublicationandreprintofMarxInhisworkonpoliticaleconomy,Engelsmadenewdiscussionsbasedonthenewphenomenaofcapitalisteconomicdevelopmentafterthe1980s,suchastheemergenceofmonopoly,thedevelopmentofstatecapitalism,thenewcharacteristicsofeconomiccrises,andtheunevendevelopmentofcapitalistcountries.Andgeneralization.In1890and1893,hepublished"TheForeignRelationsoftheTsaristRussianGovernment"and"CanEuropeDisarmament",analyzingthecharacteristicsandtrendsofEuropeaninternationalrelationsintheearly1990s,andexposingthatTsaristRussiawasareactionaryforceinEurope.Fortress,expoundstheproletariat’sbasicviewsandpoliciesonwar,peace,andrevolution.InresponsetotherisingtrendofrightopportunismwithintheGermanSocialDemocraticPartyandtheSecondInternational,Marx’sCriticismoftheGothaProgramwaspublishedinJanuary1891."CivilWarinFrance"wasrepublishedinMarchandanintroductionwaswritten.InJune,"CriticismoftheDraftSocialDemocraticProgramof1891"waswritten.Inearly1895,itwaspublishedasaseparateeditionofMarx's"ClassStruggleinFrancefrom1848to1850".Wroteanintroduction.Intheseintroductions,EngelsconcentratedondefendingandexertingtheMarxisttheoryofappealingtotheproletarianrevolution,classstruggle,andthedictatorshipoftheproletariat.InNovember1894,hewrotethe"French-GermanPeasantProblem"ontheproletariat.Theprinciples,principles,andpoliciesofthepoliticalpartyforfightingforthealliesofthepeasantsandguidingthepeasantstowardacooperativesystemcriticizedtheright-leaningerrorsoftheFrenchWorkers’PartyandtheGermanSocialDemocraticPartyontheissueofpeasants.Hepointedoutthatincountrieswherepeasantsaccountforthemajorityofthepopulation,"inordertocaptureRegime,thispoliticalpartyshouldfirstrunfromthecitytothecountrysideandbecomeaforceinthecountryside."Engelsalsowrotearticlessummarizingthehistoryoftheinternationallabormovement,includingMarxandhiscomradesin"HistoryoftheCommunistLeague."Inaddition,Healsoexpressedopinionsonissuesofreligion,women,literature,aesthetics,history,etc.,andhedeservestobeanencyclopedicthinker.

EngelsisworkingwithMarxtocreateMarxistphilosophyandpoliticaleconomy.Hemadecontributionstothetheoryofscientificsocialism,andatthesametimehaddeepattainmentsandoutstandingachievementsinthefieldofmilitarytheory.TogetherwithMarx,EngelsandMarxcriticallyinheritedthelegacyofpreviousmilitarytheoriesandsummarizedrevolutionarypractice.Thedoctrinesofmilitaryacademyandmilitaryhistorylaidthefoundationforproletarianmilitaryscience.

Characterevaluation

FrMerlin’sevaluation:"OneoftheachievementsofMarxandEngelsthatcannotbeunderestimatedisTheyliberatedusfromphilosophicaljargon,whichusedtobeverypopular,butintheworksof(some)Marxists(dogmatics)Itseemstobeacompletelybanalthing-itwillbeexactlylikeHeinewrotepoemsinGautschett'slanguageafterGoethe."

ThethreemajorcontributionsofEngels.Co-foundedanewmaterialistworldviewwithMarx;fullysupportedMarx’swriting"DasKapital";Engels'theoreticalinnovationinhislateryears(Author:WangDong,ZhaoYulanUnit:DepartmentofPhilosophy,PekingUniversity,SchoolofMarxism,RenminUniversityofChina)

PersonalWorks

1."Anti-DuhringTheory":Concentratingtheimportantachievementsofmanysciencesatthattime,refutingDuhring’stheory.UnderLiebknecht’ssuggestion,andwiththehelpofMarx,Engelspublishedthebook"Anti-Duhring"in1878.Thiscontroversialworkdealswiththeso-calledfromthethreeaspectsofphilosophy,politicaleconomyandsocialism."Socialistexpert"DuLinmadeafundamentalcriticismandfullyexplainedthebasicviewpointsofMarxism,therebyeliminatingtheinfluenceofDuLin'spetty-bourgeoissocialistthoughtinthepartyandensuringtheguidingpositionofMarxism.Knownasthe"EncyclopediaofMarxism".

2."LudwigFeuerbachandtheEndofGermanClassicalPhilosophy":aclassicsummaryofphilosophicalissues,dividingmaterialismandidealismMarxismputsforwardscientificstandards.ThebookprovidesahistoricalandprofounddiscussiononthehistoricalprocessofMarxandEngels’foundingofMarxism,especiallytheinfluenceofGermanclassicalphilosophyonMarxistphilosophy.TherelationshipwithHegelianphilosophyandFeuerbach’shumanismisofgreatsignificance.ThiscanbedescribedasEngels’self-clarificationandself-summarizationinhislateryears.

3."DialecticsofNature":embodyingMarxistphilosophyTheunityofworldoutlook,epistemology,andmethodologyconstitutesanintegralpartofMarxistphilosophy.AsEngelsemphasized,hedidnot“injectthelawsofdialecticsintonaturefromtheoutside”,but“findtheselawsfromthenaturalworldandlearnthemfromthenaturalworld.Elaborate.”ItcanbesaidthatEngels’DialecticsofNatureenrichedthecontentofmaterialistdialecticsandwasamajorinnovationinhislateryears.

4.“TheOriginofFamily,PrivateOwnership,andtheState”:UsingMaterialistHistoryViewclarifiedtheessenceofthecountryandtheinevitabilityofitsdemise,andbecamethemainworkofhistoricalphilosophyresearch.

AnecdotalAllusions

GreatFriendship

Marx’sthoughtsArichman,butaseverelypooreconomically,thisgreateconomistwiththoroughresearchoncapitalisteconomywasimpoverishedhimself,andhislifewasalmostspentinpoverty.Ifitweren’tforEngels’economicsWithlong-termselflessassistance,Marxwasunabletoleadtheinternationalproletarianmovementandconcentrateontheoreticalcreation.FromthelettertoEngelsonFebruary27,1852,wesawtheplightoftheworld-renownedtheorist.Marxwrote:"OneweekSincethen,Ihavereachedaverypainfulpoint:becausemycoatenteredthepawnshop,Ican’tgooutanymore,andbecauseI’mnotallowedtopay,Ican’teatmeatanymore.SoonhewrotetoEngelsandconfided:"Mywifeissick,XiaoYanniissick,LinHengsuffersfromakindofnervousfever,Ican'taskthedoctorinthepast,andIwon'tbeabletoaskforitinthefuture,becausethereisnomoneyformedicine.Foreighttotendays,breadandpotatoeshavebeeneatenathome.Whetherwecangettheseisstillaquestion."Hunger,povertyandhouseholdchoresbotheredMarx.Hewasangryandirritated,unabletoconcentratehisenergyandwisdomontheoreticalcreation.

ForMarx’sdilemma,Engelsregardeditashisowndifficulty.HewasgivingtoMarx.Theletterread:"Iwillsendyou£5inearlyFebruary,andyouwillreceivethisamounteverymonthfromnowon.EvenifIamindebtwhenIgettothenewaccountingyear,itdoesn'tmatter.…Ofcourse,youshouldn’tstopwritingtomeandaskformoneywhenit’sdifficultjustbecauseIpromisedtosend£5amonth,becauseI’lldoitaslongaspossible."Atthistime,EngelswasjustanordinarysmallclerkintheEumen-Engelscompany,andhisincomewasverylow.Helaterbecameamanagerofthecompany,andhismonthlysalaryincreased.Since1860,hissupporttoMarxincreasedtoItwas10poundsamonth,andsomesubsidieswereoftengiven"inaddition".From1851to1869,Marxreceivedatotalof3,121poundsinremittancesfromEngels.ForEngelsatthetime,thiswasalreadyahelpinghand.

Marriagelife

NotlongafterEngelscametoManchester,hemetMaryBarnes.MaryisasimpleyoungIrishweaverworkerwhoworksinacottonmillinManchester.Athisage,BiangelsOneyearyounger,herfatherwasadyeingworker.EngelsandMary,afemaleworkerwhohadbeenfamiliarwiththeproletarianstrugglesincechildhood,visitedManchester'sworkingquarters.Thisallowedhimtogetacquaintedwithmanyworkingfamiliesandwalkintotheirhouses.Andfamiliarwithmanydetailsoftheirlives.Engelsalsoparticipatedinworkers’socialactivitieswithMary.

Formanyyears,LixilivedwithMaryandEngelsinafamily,andshedeeplymournedher.Notonlydotheyhavebrotherhood,butalsobecauseofthesamepoliticalviews,theyhaveaverycloserelationship.Later,EngelsandLixigrewcloserandcaredforeachotheruntiltheyhadeternalloveduetomutualsympathyandadmiration,soLixibecameThesecondwifeofEngels.

InJuly1870,EngelsandLiximovedtoLondontogether.TheirresidenceinLondonisonlya15-minutewalkfromMarx’sapartment.

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After1876,Lixisufferedfromobviousasthmaandsciatica.Intheautumnof1877,Lixi'spainbecameworseandworse.Onthehospitalbed,Lixiaskedherhusbandtoperformformalmarriageprocedures.EngelsIthasalwaysbeenthoughtthatthemarriagewasapprovedbythestateandtheceremonyinthechurchwassuperfluousandunnecessary.However,heagreedtothefinalrequestofhisdyingwife,andheldaweddingceremonywithherontheeveningofSeptember11,1878.Afewhourslater,LiXidiedinEngels’arms.