Renaissance

Connotation

TheRenaissance (Anglais: RenaissanceItalian: Rinascimento, composedofri- "re" andnascere "naissance", en français: LaRenaissance) isfromthemiddleofthe14thcenturytothe16thcenturyTheideologicalandculturalmovementthattookplaceinEuropeprofoundlyaffectedtheintellectuallifeinEuropeintheearlymodernperiod.ItisgenerallybelievedthatitoriginatedinFlorenceinthelateMiddleAges, butthereareobjections.OtherimportantcentersinItalyareVenice, Gênes, Milan, Naples, Bologne, andfinallythePope'sRome.BeginninginItalyandspreadingtootherpartsofEuropeinthe16thcentury, itsinfluencewasreflectedinart, architecture, philosophie, La littérature, la musique, la science et la technologie, la politique, la religion et d'autres aspects de la recherche intellectuelle.

Coeur

L'esprit humaniste, le noyau de l'esprit humaniste pour placer les gens comme le centre au lieu de Dieu comme le centre, et affirmer la valeur et la dignité des personnes.

La cause-racine

Le développement de la productivité, la bourgeoisie émergente est insatisfaite du contrôle de l'Église sur le monde spirituel.

Essence

La bourgeoisie émergente a lancé un nouveau mouvement culturel anti-féodal pour promouvoir l'idéologie et la culture bourgeoises au nom de la renaissance de la culture classique grecque et romaine.

Contexte historique

Lastructuresocialeetpolitiquede l'Italie

BasedontheuniquepoliticalstructureofItalyinthelateMiddleAges, somescholarsreasoned: ThedistinctivelocalsocialatmosphereprovidesthenecessaryconditionsforarareculturalprosperityinItaly.Intheearlymodernperiod, Italywasnotaunifiedpoliticalentity, butcomposedofanumberofcity-statesandterritories: theKingdomofNaplesinthesouth, theRepublicofFlorenceandthePapalStatesinthecenter, theRepublicofGenoaandtheDuchyofMilaninthenorthandwestrespectively, andLocatedintheeasternpartoftheRepublicofVenice.Italyinthe15thcenturywasthemosturbanizedregioninEurope.ManyItaliancitieswerebuiltontheruinsofancientRomanbuildings, onthesurface, thistiestogethertheclassicalityoftheRenaissanceandthefactthatitoriginatedintheheartoftheRomanEmpire.

ThehistoricalandpoliticalphilosopherQuentinSkinnerpointedoutthatwhenBishopOttoofFreising (1114-1158) cametoItalyinthe12thcentury, henoticedthattherewasaNewformsofpoliticalandsocialorganization, andtheobservationthatItalyseemstohavebeguntobreakawayfromthefeudalsystem, usingmerchantsandcommerceasitssocialfoundation.Relatedtothisistheanti-monarchyideologyexpressedinthemural "AllegoryofGoodandBadGovernment" (AllegoryofGoodandBadGovernment), thisfamousearlyRenaissancemuralislocatedinSienaandwascreatedbyAmbroGioLorenzettipaintedfrom1338to1340, throughthispaintingheconveyedastrongdesireforfairness, justice, republicandgoodgovernance.DespitebeingconstrainedbytheHolySeeandtheHolyRomanEmpire, theseurbanrepublicsarestillpursuingtheideaof freedomunremittingly.Skinnerpointedoutthattherearemanylocalpeoplewhoaretryingtheirbesttosafeguardfreedom.Forexample, MatteoPalmieri (1406-1475) notonlypraisedthetalentedartistsinFlorentineart ,sculpture,etarchitecture,maiségalementexpriméLaprospéritédemorale,socialeetpolitiquep hilosophie à Florence"a délivré un compliment.

Pays européens

TheMiddleAgesinWesternEuropewasaparticularly "darkage" .TheChristianchurchbecamethespiritualpillarofthefeudalsocietyatthattime.ItestablishedastricthierarchyandregardedGodastheabsoluteauthority.Allliterature, art, andphilosophymustfollowthedoctrinesoftheChristianclassics-la "Bible", andnoonecanviolatethem.Otherwise, religiouscourtswillimposesanctionsonhim, orevenimposedeathpenalty.TheBiblesays, "TheancestorsofmankindareAdamandEve.BecausetheyviolatedGod'sprohibitionandatetheforbiddenfruitoftheparadise, theycommittedagreatsin, andthesinhascometotheworldfromthenon." Underthecontrolofthechurch, theMiddleAgesHisliteratureandartarelifeless, andscienceandtechnologyhavenotmademuchprogress.ThespreadoftheBlackDeathinEuropehasalsoaggravatedthepanicinpeople » cœurs, faisant commencer à douter de l'autorité absolue de la théologie religieuse.

InthelaterperiodoftheMiddleAges, thesproutofcapitalismfirstappearedinItalyinEurope, drivenbythedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandotherconditions.Thebuddingofcapitalismistheproductofthedevelopmentofthecommodityeconomytoacertainstage.Thecommodityeconomyoperatesthroughthemarket, andthechoiceofpurchase, négociation, andcontractsigninginthemarketareallvoluntarybehaviorsaftercarefulconsideration.Thisistheembodimentoffreedom.Ofcourse, ifwewanttohavethese "libertés", wemusthavethefreedomofownershipofthemeansofproduction, andthecommonprerequisiteforallthesefreedomsishumanfreedom.AtthistimeItalyiscallingforhumanfreedom, andthestaleEuropeneedsanewideologicalmovementthatadvocateshumanfreedom.

Theemergenceofthebuddingcapitalismalsoprovidedthepossibilityfortheriseofthisideologicalmovement.Theprosperityoftheurbaneconomyhasmadewealthybusinessmen, workshopowners, andbankerswithgreatwealthandsuccessintheircareersbelievemoreinpersonalvalueandpower, andtheyaremorefullofinnovation, entreprenants, andadventurousspirits.Theversatile, elegantandknowledgeablepeopleareuniversallyrespected.Thisprovidedasolidmaterialfoundationandasuitablesocialenvironment, aswellastalentsfortheoccurrenceoftheRenaissance.

InancientGreeceandRome, theachievementsofliteratureandartwereveryhigh, andpeoplewerefreetoexpressvariousacademicthoughts.ThisisasharpcontrasttothedarkMiddleAges.Attheendofthe14thcentury, astheOttomanEmpire, whichbelievedinIslam, continuedtoinvadetheEasternRomanEmpire (Byzance), theEasternRomansfledtoWesternEuropewithalargenumberofancientGreekandRomanarttreasuresandbooksonliterature, histoire, andphilosophy.SomeEasternRomanscholarssetupaschoolcalledthe "HellenicAcademy" inFlorence, Italie, toteachabouttheglorioushistoricalcivilizationandcultureofGreece.Afterthisbrilliantachievementandthebuddingofcapitalismcameintobeing, thecomparisonbetweenitssuperiorityanddarknessmakespeople'spursuitofthespiritualrealmconsistent.Asaresult, manyWesternEuropeanscholarsdemandedtherestorationofancientGreekandRomancultureandart.Thisrequirementislikeaspringbreeze, slowlyblowingacrossWesternEurope.TheRenaissancemovementarosefromthis .

Enfait, inthemodernWesternworld, itshumanisticspiritandnationalsystemarenothingbutacopyoftheancientGreekandRomaneras.TheItalianRenaissanceera, inadditiontotheadditionofadvancedscienceandtechnology, andtheancientGreekcity-statesThetimesarenodifferent.Inotherwords, iftheeraofGreeceorRomelastsmoretime, mankindwillbemoreadvanced.ThisisthesameinbothEastandWest.Unlessscienceandtechnologyhaveanoverwhelmingadvantage, highercivilizationswilloftenbeconqueredbylowerones.Whentheselowercivilizationsdevelopagain, itisnolongerknownhowmuchtimehaspassed.TheGermanicbarbariansenteredRomeonlytoplunderwealth, justastheCrusadersenteredConstantinopleandJerusalem.Theso-calledbourgeoisieisnothingmorethanbusinessmen, doingbusiness, exchanginggoods, hasemergedfromthetimehumanscan'tfinishtheirfood.Thesebusinessmentraveledaroundtheknownworldatthetime, broadenedtheirhorizons, compris les différences entre les différentes civilisations et compris que le monde n'est pas qu'une seule voix et que le renouveau de l'humanisme est inévitable.

Histoire

Origine

MosthistoriansbelievethattheinterpretationoftheconceptofRenaissanceoriginatedinFlorenceinthelate13thcentury, especiallyinTheerawhentheworksofDante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374) andGiotto (1267-1337) wereborn.SomescholarsclearlygavethebeginningoftheRenaissance.OneofthemproposedthatLorenzoGhibertiandFilippoBrunelleschishouldcompeteforFlorencein1401.ThecontractforthebronzedooroftheBaptisteryoftheCathedralofSantaMariadelFioreisasign.Otherscholarsbelievethatitwasthegeneralcompetitionbetweenartistsandpolymaths (includingBrunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, andMasaccio) toobtaincommissionsforartworks, whichinspiredtheRenaissance.Creativity.

Causer

Cependant, il existe encore de nombreuses controverses dans les milieux académiques sur la raison pour laquelle la Renaissance a émergé en Italie ; en conséquence, il existe également de nombreuses théories utilisées pour expliquer l'origine du problème de la Renaissance.

• La plupart des savants pensent qu'à la fin du 14ème siècle, en raison de l'invasion de l'Empire ottoman, qui croyait en l'Islam, de nombreux savants de l'Empire romain d'Orient (Byzance) ont amené un grand nombre de Grecs anciens avec eux.

• Certains ont également dit : Ils étaient les souvenirs ramenés par la 3e Croisade (bien qu'ils aient été abandonnés à mi-chemin de la troisième croisade). Ils ont trouvé ces livres sur la route et les ont déplacés pour les cacher.

• In1295, MarcoPolo, whowasborninthemerchantofVenice, publié "OrientalExperiences" whichseemedabsurdbutfulloftemptationinEuropeansocietyatthetime.ThistriggeredastrongdesireforEuropeanstoexplorethehighlycivilizedandfertileEasternworld, whicheventuallybroadenedthehorizonsofEuropeans.Atthesametime, from1405to1434, ZhengHeintheMingDynastymadesevenvoyagestotheWest, whichfurtherpromotedtheexchangeofEasternandWesterncultures.Therapiddevelopmentofliteratureandart.

Développement

Inthe14thcentury, withthedevelopmentofhandicraftindustryandcommodityeconomy, capitalistrelationshavegraduallyformedwithintheEuropeanfeudalsystem, Sur le plan politique, thefeudalseparatismhascausedwidespreaddissatisfaction, nationalconsciousnesshasbeguntoawaken, andthepeopleofEuropeancountrieshaveexpressedastrongdesirefornationalunity.Asaresult, anewerareflectingtheinterestsandrequirementsoftheemergingcapitalistforcesbegantoappearincultureandart.Theemergingbourgeoisiebelievesthatmedievalcultureisaretrogression, whileGreekandRomanclassicalculturearebrightanddevelopedmodels.Theyaretryingtoreviveclassicalculture-andtheso appelle isactuallyanunprecedentedliberationandcreationofknowledgeandspirit.Onthesurface "renaissance", itistorestoretheprogressiveideasofancientRome, enfait, itisthespiritualinnovationoftheemergingbourgeoisie.

Atthetime, Italywasinastateofcity-states.Eachcitywasanindependentorsemi-independentcountry, thatis, acité-state.Afterthe14thcentury, thecitiesgraduallymovedfromarepublictoadictatorship.Dictatorsindulgeinpleasure, believeinNeo-platonisme, hopetogetridoftheshacklesofreligiousasceticism, andvigorouslyprotectartists'depictionsofsecularlife.Atthesametime, thereligiousradicalismoftheFranciscanstriedtoabandonthescholasticphilosophyoforthodoxreligionandpraisedthebeautyofnatureandthespiritualvalueofman.TheHolySeeisalsogoingintocorruption.Thehedonisticscaleofsuccessivepopesisgreaterthanthatofseculardictators.Theyarealsoprotectingartistsandallowingarttodeviatefromorthodoxreligiousdogma.Philosophyandsciencearegraduallydevelopinginamorerelaxedatmosphere, andapreludetoreligiousreformisalsobrewing.

Ainsi, la Renaissance a commencé en Italie. Dantewrotethe "DivineComedy" asearlyas1300andopposedthedictatorshipofthePope, butwasimprisonedanddiedofpoverty.Dante'sworkinfluencedPetrarch, andBoccacciowasbornin1313.Beginningin1338, Petrarchtookfouryearsonandofftowritethefamousnarrativeepic "Afrique" .ThispoemiswritteninpureLatinfollowingthestyleoftheancientRomanwriterVirgil.TheauthorusedbeautifullanguagetovividlydescribetheSecondPunicWar.Inthepoem, hesangScipiopassionately, praisinghimforbeingsuperiortothesky, comparabletoPompeyandCaesar.Theepic "Afrique" madePetrarchfamousinthepoetryworld, andmadehimthehonorof "poète lauréat" .Later, Petrarchgavespeecheseverywhere. Il qualifiait ici ses pensées littéraires et universitaires d'"études humaines" ou de "humanités", par opposition à la "théologie". Par conséquent, Pétrarchie est l'initiateur de la Renaissance et est connu comme le « père de l'humanisme ».

En 1348, La Mort Noire était populaire. Cela incita Boccace à écrire Le Décaméron , " Le Décaméron " est le premier chef-d'œuvre réaliste de l'histoire de la littérature européenne ; Ce travail a rendu la Renaissance de plus en plus imparable en Italie. Du milieu du XIVe siècle au milieu du XVe siècle, seule l'Italie a produit la Renaissance, et un grand nombre de figures marquantes sont apparues. Mais les Renaissances se sont propagées vite et lentement.

Épidémie

Avec l'extension de la Renaissance, elle s'étend successivement au pays d'Europe, et un grand nombre de talents font leur apparition, ce qui déclenche aussi l'ère de la grande navigation.

Beforetheendofthe15thcentury, therewerethreemaintraderoutesfromtheWesttotheEast.Oneisthelandroute, thetraditional "SilkRoad", landingfromConstantinople, passingthroughAsiaMinor, theBlackSeaandthesoutherncoastoftheCaspianSeatoCentralAsia, andthencrossingthePamirstoChina.Theothertwoaresearoutes: onerunsfromSyriaandtheeastcoastoftheMediterranean, throughthetworiverbasinstothePersianGulf, andtheotherrunsfromEgyptthroughtheRedSeatotheGulfofAden, andthentransferstoIndiaandChina.ThesetraderouteshadpassedthroughmerchantsinItaly, Arabie, ByzantiumandPersiamanytimesbeforetheycouldtransportgoodstoWesternEurope.Inthemid-15thcentury, theOttomanTurkEmpireemergedandsuccessivelyoccupiedAsiaMinorandtheBalkans, controlledtraditionaltraderoutes, andimposedheavytaxesonpastcommodities, whichmadethequantityofgoodsarrivinginWesternEuropenotonlysmall, butalso8-10timeshigherthantheoriginalprice En conséquence, les marchands et les nobles de l'Europe de l'Ouest étaient impatients de créer une nouvelle route qui contournerait la côte orientale de la Méditerranée et dInde.

Au XVe siècle, le perfectionnement de la science et de la technologie et l'avancée des connaissances géographiques ont rendu possible la navigation maritime et créé les conditions nécessaires à l'ouverture de nouvelles routes.

Finir

Au fur et à mesure que la pensée de la Renaissance s'est enracinée dans le cœur du peuple, elle a annoncé l'achèvement de la transition du Moyen Âge vers la capitale.

Chiffres représentatifs

Trois Maîtres de Littérature (Dante, Pétrarque, Giovanni Boccace)

Dante (Dante) (1265-1321). Pionnier de la Renaissance, le mouvement de la Renaissance est originaire du nord de l'Italie. On pense généralement que le premier représentant est Dante, dont le représentant est la " Divine Comédie ".

Dante est connu comme le dernier poète du Moyen Âge et en même temps le premier poète de la nouvelle ère. Son long poème « La Divine Comédie » (l'ensemble du poème se compose de trois parties : « L'Enfer », « Le Purgatoire » et « Le Paradis ») exprime clairement sa réversion envers l'Église catholique, qui fut le premier à critiquer l'Église.

Dans cette épopée de plus de 14 000 lignes, Dante s'est résolument opposé à l'obscurantisme du Moyen Âge et a exprimé sa recherche persistante de la vérité, qui a eu une profonde influence sur la création poétique des générations plus plates en Europe.

"La Divine Comédie" s'appelait à l'origine " Comédie ". Dans la " Biographie de Dante ", Boccace a donné à cette œuvre le titre de " sacré " afin d'exprimer son respect pour le poète.

Pétrarque (1304-1374) est un poète italien. Né à Arezzo le 20 juillet 1304 et mort à Alquaon le 19 juillet 1374. Il est non seulement le fondateur de l'humanisme, mais aussi le fondateur de la poésie moderne, connu sous le nom de " père de l'humanisme ".

GiovanniBoccace (1313—1375) est une traduction de Boccace, un représentant exceptionnel de la Renaissance italienne et humaniste.

Threemastersoffinearts(DaVinci,RafaelSanci,Michelangelo )

LeonardoDiSerPiero Da Vinci (LeonardodiserPierodaVinci) (April15,1452-May15192nd), isthemostprestigiousartist, sculpteur, architecte, géographe, ingénieur, scientifique, scientificmaster, literarytheorist, greatphilosopher, poète, musicien, andinventoroftheItalianRenaissance.Becauseheisanall polyvalent, heisalsoknownas "themostperfectrepresentativeoftheRenaissance." HewasborninVinci, asuburbofFlorence, La peinture murale "La Cène", le tableau d'autel "La Vierge aux Rochers" et le portrait " MonaLisa " sont les trois chefs-d'œuvre de sa vie.

RaphaelCenci (RaphaelCenci) (1483-1520) Italianpainter.BorninUrbinoonApril6,1483, anddiedinRomeonApril6,1520.FormerlyknownasRafaeloSanJoo.HisseriesofportraitsoftheVirginaredifferentfromsimilarsubjectspaintedbymedievalpainters.Theyallembodyhumanisticideaswithmaternaltendernessandyouthfulness.Themostfamousoftheseare "TheMadonnawiththeOrioles" (inthecollectionoftheUffiziGalleryinFlorence), "TheMadonnaontheGrass" (inthecollectionoftheKunsthistorischesMuseuminVienna) et "TheMadonnaintheGarden" (intheLouvreMuseum) .Representedas "PortraitofCastiglione "et"PortraitofaFemmeVoile".

MichelangeloBonarotti (MichelangeloBothatRorty) (1475-1564),grandpeintredelaRenaissanceitalienne,sculpteuretarchitecte,représentantduplushautpointdelaRenaissancesculptureart.

Shakespeare (anglais). Il a été un maître littéraire à la Renaissance et a écrit plus de 30 pièces de théâtre et de nombreux poèmes populaires au cours de sa vie.

Les raisons

1.Base matérielle

Dans l'Europe médiévale, le centre commercial était concentré sur la côte méditerranéenne. L'Italie était la première à avoir le bourgeon du capitalisme, et la bourgeoisie espérait percer l'esclavage de la théologie ecclésiastique. L'essor des villes marchandes, le développement des ateliers d'artisanat et la prospérité économique.

2.Base culturelle

Un grand nombre d'anciens classiques culturels grecs et romains ont été transmis à l'Italie à partir de l'Empire romain d'Orient.

Troisièmement, la fondation de la classe

La croissance de la bourgeoisie émergente.

Quatrièmement, l'avantage du talent

Des talents italiens se sont réunis en un seul lieu au cours de la Renaissance.

V.EmplacementGéographique

L'Italie est relativement proche de l'Est et a embrassé la culture orientale (fabrication du papier, impression) plus tôt.

Sixièmement, le fusible

La Mort Noire est répandue en Europe.

Sept, profondes

L'église contrôle strictement la pensée des gens, ce qui suscite le mécontentement entre la bourgeoisie et le peuple.

influence principale

Fonction principale

1.La Renaissance est le premier mouvement de libération idéologique bourgeois de l'histoire.

2.Promouvoirledéveloppementdelaculturemondiale,promouvoirl'éveildespeuples,entamerlevoyagedemodernisationetfairelespréparationsidéologiquesetculturellesnécessairesaudéveloppementducapitalisme.

3.Fabriqué une mobilisation idéologique et les préparatifs de la révolution bourgeoise.

Influence sociale

Originalaccumulationofcapital: Asanideologicalemancipationmovementtopromotetheemergingbourgeoisculture, theRenaissancemovementisanearlystageintheprocessofdissemination.Thebuddingdevelopmentofcapitalismlaidasolidfoundation, andatthesametimeaccumulatedprimitivewealthfortheearlybourgeoisie.TheRenaissancemovementfirstappearedinItaly, andlaterspreadfromtheMediterraneancoasttotheAtlanticcoast.Famouscitiesappeared, suchasRome, Florence, Venise, andtheNetherlands.Aseriesofnewcitiesappeared.Capitalistindustryandcommercebegantothriveandcapitalbegantoflow.Intothebagoftheemergingbourgeoisieprovidesthenecessaryconditionsforthesimultaneousopeningofnewroutes, religiousreforms, andfuturebourgeoisrevolutionsorreforms.

Explorationanddiscoveryofhumannature: TheRenaissanceslowlyliberatedfromtheshacklesoftraditionalfeudaltheology, andpeoplebegantoslowlyexplorehumanityunderthecloakofreligion.Value, asaperson, isanewconcreteexistence, notaneweraofpersonalandspiritualattachmentoffeudalandreligiouslords.TheRenaissancemovementfullyaffirmedthevalueofhumanbeingsandemphasizedhumannature, whichbecameapowerfulcallforpeopletobreakthroughthelayersofthemedievalveil.TheRenaissancehadagreatinfluenceonthepolitical, scientifiques, économiques, philosophiques, andtheologicalworldviewsofthetime.Itisarevolutionarystormintheideologicalrealmoftheemergingbourgeoisie, alsoknownasthe "ageofgiants."

Influence négative : dans le processus de diffusion, la Renaissance a trop insisté sur la valeur des personnes, ce qui a provoqué l'expansion des désirs personnels, la jouissance matérielle et l'extravagance dans la dernière étape de la diffusion, qui a eu une série d'influences négatives.

Réalisations scientifiques

Littérature

Partout, les écrivains ont commencé à utiliser leurs propres dialectes au lieu du latin pour les créations littéraires, afin d'animer le public.

En Italie, le "ThreeMastersofLiterature "appearedintheearlyRenaissance.Dantewrotemanyacademicworksandpoemsthroughouthislife, amongwhichthefamous" nouveau - né "et" TheDivineComedy" .Petrarchistheoriginatorofhumanismandisknownasthe "fatherofhumanism." Hewasthefirsttocallfortherevivalofclassicalculture, proposingtouse "humanstudies" tooppose "théologie" .Petrarchmainlycomposedmanypoems, andhisrepresentativeworkisthecollectionoflyricalsonnetpoems.BoccaccioisthefounderofItaliannationalliterature, andthecollectionofshortstories "Decameron" ishisrepresentativework.

En France, theRenaissancemovementformedtwofactions.Onefactionwasthe Aristocraticfaction representedbythe "SevenStarPoetrySociety", andtheotherwastheEla démocrates representedbyBurley.The "SevenStarPoetrySociety" representedbyLonzaandDuBellecontributedtothetheoryoflanguageandpoetry.Theyfirstproposedtheunificationofnationallanguages, whichpromotedthedevelopmentofFrenchnationallanguages andnationalliterature.However, theyrejectedfolkpoetryandonlyservedafewnobles.RabelaisisahumanistwriterafterBoccaccioandarepresentativeoftheFrenchRenaissanceDemocrats.The "BiographyoftheGiant" hecreatedin20yearsisarealistworkintertwinedwithrealityandfantasy, whichoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofEuropeanliteratureandeducation.

En UnitedKingdom, therepresentativefiguresareThomasMooreandShakespeare.ThomasMoreisafamoushumanistthinkerandthefounderofutopiansocialism.His "Utopia" writteninLatinin1516wasthefirstworkofutopiansocialism.Shakespeareisageniusdramatistandpoet.TogetherwithHomer, DanteandGoethe, heisknownasthefourepoch-makingEuropeanwriters.Hisworkshaveacompletestructure, livelyplots, richandrefinedlanguage, andprominentpersonalitiessuchas: "Hamlet", "KingLear", etc., whichcollectivelyrepresentthehighestachievementsofEuropeanRenaissanceliteratureandhaveaprofoundeffectonthedevelopmentofEuropeanrealistliterature.Impact.

En Espagne, themostoutstandingrepresentativesareCervantesandVega.Cervantesisarealistwriter, dramatistandpoet.Hewrotealargenumberofpoems, playsandnovels, amongwhichthefull-lengthsatiricalnovel "DONQUIXOTE" wasthemostfamous, whichhadasignificantimpactonthedevelopmentofEuropeanliterature.Vegaisadramatist, novelistandpoet, thefounderofSpanishnationaldrama, andisknownasthe "fatherofSpanishdrama." Heisarareandprolificwriterintheworld.Hehascreatedmorethan2,000scriptsinhislife, andmorethan600havebeenpasseddowntothepresent.Therearereligiousdramas, historicaldramas, mythicaldramas, swordoperas, opéras pastoraux et autres formes, qui reflètent profondément La réalité sociale de l'Espagne est profondément aimée par les masses. Le chef-d'œuvre le plus remarquable est " Yangquan Village ".

Beaux-Arts

Les peintres italiens de la Renaissance sont principalement Giottodi Bondona, Masaccio, Paul Uccello, DomiNico Kirandao, Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo DaVinci, Rafael Sanzio, Titian Vercellian et Michelangelo.

GiottodiBondone (vers 1267-8 janvier 1337) était un peintre et architecte italien et reconnu comme le pionnier de la Renaissance italienne. Connu sous le nom de « père de la peinture européenne ».

ListedestableauxcélèbresdelaRenaissance(18photos)

Masaccio (Masaccio, December21,1401-Fall1428), formerlyknownasTommasoCassai (TommasoCassai), fullnameTommasodiserGiovannidiMoneCassai (TommasodiserGiovannidiMoneCassai), wasthefirstgreatItalianRenaissanceinthe15thcenturyApainter, hismuralsareoneoftheearliestmilestonesofhumanism.Hewasthefirstpaintertouseperspective.Heintroducedvanishingpointsforthefirsttimeinhispaintings.Thecharactersinhispaintingsappearedinnaturethathadneverbeenseeninhistory.Thefigure.Hisrepresentativepaintingsinclude "TriplePaintingsoftheAltarofCassia", "TheVirgin, SantaAnaandtheHolyChild", "GoldOfferings", "AdamIsExiledfromtheGardenofEden ", et " Sainte Trinité ".

PaoloUccello (1397-10 décembre 1475), anciennement connu sous le nom de Paolodi Dono (Paolodi Dono), était un peintre italien, célèbre pour sa perspective artistique pionnière.

Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449-11 janvier 1494) était un peintre de la Renaissance italienne, et Michel-Ange est un apprenti.

Sandro Botticelli (1er mars 1445-17 mai 1510), anciennement connu sous le nom d'AlessandroFilipepi (Alessandro Filipepi), était un artiste de l'école florentine du début de la Renaissance européenne. Pallas et Ken Tauros.

RaffaelloSanzio (6 avril 1483-6 avril 1520), un peintre italien. Ses tableaux représentatifs comprennent " L'école d'Athènes ", " La Vierge Et L'Enfant " " Le Triomphe De Galatea " " Saint Georges. le Dragon " " La Vierge Et L'Enfant " " La Vierge De Connor " "La Vierge Sixtine", "Le Christ est désinstallé de la croix", "Fables", "Portraitd'un gentilhomme", "Le baptême du désert de Saint-Jean", "Le Pape JulioII", "Pérugi" Portrait de Noble", "La Vierge à l'herbe", "Le Christ crucifié", "La Vierge de Follino", "La Vierge d'Anci," "Sainte Catherine d'Alexandrie", "La Madone Rose".

Tiziano Vecelli (vers 1477-27 août 1576) était un grand peintre de la Renaissance italienne tardive et un représentant de l'école vénitienne.

Michel-Ange (March6,1475-February18,1564), hisfullnameisMichelangeloDiRodovicioBuonarrotiSimoNi (MichelangelodiLodovicoBuonarrotiSimoni), bornin1475inGabriels, Florence, isasculptor, architecte, painterandpoet.Hisrepresentativepaintingsincludethe "Genesis" ceilingpaintingoftheSistineChapelintheVatican, thefresco "TheLastJudgment", theoilpainting "inhumation", "PortraitoftheVirgin", "HolyFamilyandSt.John ".

Musique

Les œuvres musicales classiques de la période Renaissance ont été principalement produites entre 1400 et 1600 après JC. La fin de cette période est plus clairement définie que le début, contrairement aux autres catégories d'art.

Il est certain que la musique de la première Renaissance s'appuie principalement sur l'harmonie du troisième intervalle.

A la fin du XVe siècle, la musique religieuse polyphonique commence à se compliquer, dans un sens lié au développement extrême de la peinture à l'époque ;

La musique à la fin du XVIe siècle, en particulier les petits airs, tendait à être plus complexe et chromatique. A cette époque, à Florence, les musiciens commencèrent également à se tourner vers le genre classique.

Astronomie

ThePolishastronomerCopernicuspublished "OntheMovementofCelestialBodies" in1543, inwhichheproposedthatthesystemisdifferentfromPtolemy'sgeocentrictheory.Theheliocentrictheoryofthesystem.TheItalianthinkerBrunodeclaredin "OnInfinity, theUniverseandWorlds" et "OntheCause, OriginandUnity" andotherbooksthattheuniverseisinfiniteinspaceandtime, andthesunisonlythesolarsystem, notthecenteroftheuniverse.Galileoinventedtheastronomicaltelescopein1609, publié "AstralMessenger" in1610, andpublished "ADialogueontheTwoWorldSystemsofPtolemyandCopernicus" in1632.TheGermanastronomerKeplerputforwardthreelawsofplanetarymotioninthe "NewAstronomy" in1609and » L'Harmonie du Monde" en 1619 en étudiant les données d'observation de son collègue astronome danois Tycho.

Mathématiques

AlgebramadeimportantdevelopmentsduringtheRenaissance, andsolutionstothirdandfourthdegreeequationswerediscovered.TheItalianCardanopublishedtheformulaforfindingtherootsofthecubicequationinhisbook "Dashu", butthediscoveryofthisformulashouldbeattributedtoanotherscholar, Tartaglia.ThesolutionofthequarticequationwasdiscoveredbyFerrari, astudentofCardano, anditisalsorecordedinDashu.InhisbookBombelliexplainedtheirreducibilityofcubicequations, usedimaginarynumbers, andimprovedthepopularalgebraicsymbolsatthetime.SymbolicalgebrawasestablishedbytheFrenchmathematicianVedainthe16thcentury.Hepublished "IntroductiontoAnalyticalMethods" in1591, systematicallyorganizingalgebra, andforthefirsttimeconsciouslyusedletterstorepresentunknownandknownnumbers.Inhisotherbook "OntheRecognitionandCorrectionofEquations", WeiDaimprovedthesolutionofthirdandfourthdegreeequations, andestablishedtherelationshipbetweentherootsandcoefficientsofquadraticandcubicequations, whichiscalledinmoderntimesVeda'stheorem. La trigonométrie a également atteint terdevelopmentduringtheRenaissance.TheGermanmathematicianRegMontanus' "OnVariousTriangles" isEurope'sfirsttrigonometricworkindependentofastronomy.Thebooksystematicallyexpoundsplanetrianglesandsphericaltriangles, aswellasaveryprecisetableoftrigonometricfunctions.Onthebasisofredefiningtrigonometricfunctions, Copernicus'sstudentReticusmademoresophisticatedtablesoftrigonometricfunctions.TheFrenchmanDescartessuccessfullycreatedanalyticgeometryin1637afterestablishingthecoordinatesystem.Fermatestablishedmethodsforfindingtangents, findingmaximaandminima, anddefiniteintegrals, andmadesignificantcontributionstocalculus.Itrestrictedthestudyofindefiniteequationstotherangeofintegers, thusstartingthebranchofmathematicsofnumbertheory.InhiscommunicationwithPascalandhiswritings, heestablishedthebasicprincipleofprobabilitytheory-theconceptofmathematicalexpectation

La physique

Intermsofphysics, Galileodiscoveredthethreelawsoffreefall, parabolicandpendulumthroughmanyexperiments, givingpeopleanewunderstandingoftheuniverse.HisstudentTorriZellyprovedtheairpressurethroughexperimentsandinventedthemercurybarometer, theFrenchscientistPascaldiscoveredthelawofpropagationofpressureinliquidsandgases, theBritishscientistBoylediscoveredthelawofgaspressure.Descartesusedhiscoordinategeometrytoengageinopticalresearch, andforthefirsttimein "RefractiveOptics", heputforwardatheoreticaldeductionforthelawofrefraction.Healsoclearlyproposedthelawofconservationofmomentumforthefirsttime: thetotalamountofmatterandmotionwillalwaysremainthesame.Descartesdidpreliminaryresearchonissuessuchascollisionandcentrifugalforce, whichcreatedconditionsforHuygens'success.

Physiologie et médecine

TheBelgiandoctorVisaliuspublished"TheStructureoftheHumanBody"oneThebookchallengesGalen's"Trinity"theory.TheSpanishdoctorServetediscoveredthesmallcirculatorysystemoftheblood,whichprovedthatthebloodflowsfromtherightventricletothelungsandreachestheleftventriclethroughatortuousroute.BritishanatomistHarveyhaspublished"HeartandBloodMovementTheory"andotherworksthroughalargenumberofanimalanatomyexperiments,systematicallyexplainingthelawofbloodmovementandtheworkingprincipleoftheheart.Hepointedoutthattheheartisthecenterofbloodmovementandthesourceofpower.Thismajordiscoverymadehimtheoriginatorofmodernphysiology.

Geography

Navigationtechnologyhasproducedarevolutionaryleap.ExplorersfromPortugal,Spain,andItalystartedaseriesoflong-distancenavigationactivities.ThegeographicaldiscoveriesofColumbus,Magellanandothersprovidestrongevidenceforthetheoryofearthcircle.

TherediscoveryofprintinginEurope,aswellasthepapermaking,compass,andgunpowder(fourgreatinventionsofChina)thatcamefromtheEast,promotedtherapidspreadofscientificideas.

Architecture

RenaissancearchitectureisanarchitecturalstylethatwasborninItalyinthe14thcenturywiththeRenaissanceculturalmovement.BasedonthecriticismofthesupremacyofthetheocracyintheMiddleAgesandtheaffirmationofhumanitarianism,thearchitecthopestoreshapethecoordinatedorderoftheidealclassicalsocietywiththehelpofclassicalproportions.Therefore,generallyspeaking,Renaissancearchitecturepaysattentiontoorderandproportion,withrigorousfacadeandplancomposition,andacolumnarsysteminheritedfromclassicalarchitecture.Thereisastrongpursuitoftheproportionofthebuilding,forexample,itmustbeamultipleof3and2.Symmetricalshapesareusedtorestore"naturalness"inacentralizedmanner,andtherulerisusedfordrawinganddrawing,andcirclesandsquaresaremainlyopposedtoGothicarchitecture.

Psychology

AftertheRenaissance,theforgottenpsychologycontinuedtodevelopinthe17thcentury.Inthe19thcentury(1879),"FatherofModernPsychology"Wundtfoundedpsychology.Sincethen,psychologyhasdevelopedasanindependentdiscipline.

Historicalinfluence

EssenceofRenaissance :Theoriginalmeaningoftheterm"Renaissance"referstothe"rebirthofclassicalGreekandRomanculture".However,theculturalrevolutionmovementoftheemergingbourgeoisieinWesternEuropeancountriesatthattimeincludedaseriesofmajorhistoricalevents.Themainoneswere:theriseof"humanism",therenewalofartisticstyles,theemergenceofutopiansocialism,andthebeginningofthedevelopmentofmodernnaturalsciences.Theapplicationofprintingandthedisseminationofscientificandculturalknowledgeandsoon.Thisseriesofmajoreventsisnotsomuchthe"rebirthofclassicalculture"asitisthe"beginningofmodernculture";itisnotsomucha"renaissance"asitisan"innovation".The"Renaissance"markedagreatturningpointinthedevelopmentofhumancivilization.Itisanewculture,areflectionofthenewpoliticalandeconomicrequirementsofthesocietyatthattime,andananti-feudalstruggleoftheemergingbourgeoisieintheideologicalandculturalfields.Toputitsimply,theessenceoftheRenaissanceisthebourgeoisideologicalemancipationmovement.

Thecoreideaof​​theRenaissanceis Humanism .HumanismoriginatedinItalyinthesecondhalfofthe14thcentury,andthenspreadthroughoutWesternEurope.Humanistsuse"humannature"tooppose"divinenature"anduse"humanrights"tooppose"theocraticpower."Theyputforwardtheslogan" ".Theyareverydissatisfiedwiththechurch'scontrolofthespiritualworld.Theydemandthattheybecenteredonpeopleratherthangods.Theyextolhumanwisdomandpower,praisetheperfectionandsublimeofhumannature,opposereligioustyrannyandfeudalhierarchy,andadvocateindividuality.Emancipation,equalityandfreedom,promotethedevelopmentofhumanpersonality,demandworldlyhappinessandjoyintheworld,andpromotescientificandculturalknowledge.Therefore,theconceptofhumanismfocuseson"people",thedisplayof"people"'sinstincts,andthemotivationfor"people"topursuetruth,goodness,andbeauty.

ThehistoricalroleoftheRenaissance:Engelsoncespokehighlyoftheprogressiveroleofthe"Renaissance"inhistory.Hewrote:"Thisisthegreatestandprogressivechangethatmankindhasneverexperienced.Itneedsgiantsandhasproducedgiants-intermsofthinkingability,enthusiasmandcharacter,intermsofversatilityandknowledge.Times."[GiantreferstotheThreeGreatRenaissances]

Firstofall,itisthediscoveryofman.IntheMiddleAges,theidealpersonshouldbeinferior,passive,anddonothing.Thesignificanceofpeopleintheworldisnotcommendable.TheRenaissancediscoveredthegreatnessofmanandman,affirmedman'svalueandcreativity,andproposedthatifmanistobeliberated,hispersonalityshouldbefree.

(1)Emphasizethevalueofpeople,requiretheuseofpeople'singenuityandcreativepotential,opposeapassiveinactioninlife,andpromoteapositiveadventurousspirit.

(2)Payattentiontolifeinthisworldanddespisemythsabouttheemptinessoftheafterlifeorparadise,thuspursuingmaterialhappinessandcarnalsatisfaction,andopposingreligiousasceticism.Inliteratureandart,itisrequiredtoexpresshumanfeelingsandopposehypocrisyandpretentiousness.Suchas:Petrarch's"SongCollection",Boccaccio's"Decameron".

(3)Attachimportancetoscientificexperimentsandopposetranscendentalism;emphasizetheuseofhumanintellectandopposeblindobedience;requirethedevelopmentofindividualityandopposetheimprisonmentofhumannature;demandindulgenceinmoralconceptsandopposeself-restraint;advocate"civilmorality",Believesthatcareersuccessandmakingafortuneareethicalbehaviors.

(4)Promoteanoptimisticattitudetowardslife.Theseunstoppablethirstforknowledgeandthespiritofinquisitiveexploration,theoptimisticandenterprisingspiritofstrugglingtocreatehappinessinthisworld,liberatedpeoplefromtheshacklesofmedievalChristiantheology.ItispreciselyundertheguidanceofthisspiritthatthebourgeoisiecreatesInthemoderncapitalistworld.

Secondly,theRenaissancebrokethedominanceofreligiousmysticism,stronglypromotedandinfluencedthereligiousreformmovement,andprovidedanimportantboosttothismovement.TheRenaissanceadvocatedemphasizinglifeintheworldandopposingauthority,whicharousedsuspicionanddislikeoftheCatholicChurchandtheologyamongcontemporarypeople.HumanistsintheRenaissancesatirizedandexposedthecorruptionanduglinessoftheCatholicChurchthroughliteratureandart.

Thirdly,theRenaissancebroketheunificationofscholasticphilosophywiththeologyasthecore,clearedthewayforfutureideologicalemancipationandprogress,andgaverisetovarioussecularphilosophies.AmongthemisBritishempiricistmaterialism(Bacon).Italsopromotedthedevelopmentofpoliticaltheory.MachiavellilaidthefoundationforthelaterEnlightenment.AlargenumberofthinkerssuchasHobbesandLockedeveloped"naturalrights","socialcontract","people'ssovereignty"and"threepowers"."Discrete"andothertheories.

Fourth,itdeniesfeudalprivileges.IntheMiddleAges,feudalprivilegeswerejustified,andtheconceptoffamilystatuswasdeeplyrooted.TheRenaissancemadethesethingslosetheirweightinthescaleofhumanbeings.Thenobilityofpeoplehasbeengivennewconnotations.Petrarchsaid:"Therealaristocracyisnotborn,butself-made."InItaliansociallifeatthattime,talents,meansandmoneyreplacedthefamilybackgroundandbecameanypersonofbackgroundtoclimbtheladderofhighsociety.

Fifth,getridofsuperstitionandemancipatethemind.TheRenaissancerestoredthevalueofreason,dignity,andthinking.AlthoughtheRenaissancedidnotachievemuchinphilosophy,itdestroyedtherigidscholasticphilosophysystem,advocatedscientificmethodsandscientificexperiments,proposed"knowledgeispower",andcreatedanewtrendofexploringpeopleandtherealworld.Peoplefirmlybelieveintheirowneyesandtheirownminds,andbelievethatexperimentsandexperiencearereliablesourcesofknowledge.Thisrealisticattitude,wayofthinkingandscientificmethodlaidasolidfoundationforthegreatdevelopmentofnaturalscienceinthe17thto19thcenturies.

Sixth,theRenaissancecreatedalargenumberofcharmingandexquisiteartworksandliterarymasterpieces,whichbecamepricelesstreasuresinthetreasurehouseofhumanart.IntheMiddleAges,biblicallegendsfloodedtheartworld,suffocatingthelifeofart.TheRenaissancenotonlyturnedtheVirginintoahumanwoman(Raphael),andturnedtheimageintoatributetothehumanbody,butalsobeganadirectdescriptionofdailylifeandrealpeople.Forthefirsttime,sciencessuchasanatomyandperspectivewerecombinedwithart.Fromthenon,modernrealistartinWesternEuropebegan.

Thisextensiveandlastingideologicalandculturalmovementbrokethroughthefeudalautocracyandreligioustheologyinthefieldofideology,breakingthroughtheshacklesoffeudaldictatorshipandreligioustheology,liberatingpeople'sminds,andpromotingtheprosperityofEuropeanculturalandideologicalfields.ItlaidtheideologicalandculturalfoundationfortheemergenceofEuropeancapitalistsociety.

EuropeanRepresentatives

Italy

AsthebirthplaceoftheRenaissance,Florence,Italyhasachievedoutstandingresultsinpoetry,painting,sculpture,architecture,andmusic.Achievement.ThefamousMedicifamilyinFlorencewasthemostimportantpatronofartatthattime.ThethreefamousfineartssuchasJeRaphael,MichelangeloandLeonardodaVinciwereallborninItaly.

Representatives:

TheimageoftheVirgin(17photos)

Poets:Dante,Petrarch

Philosophers:MarcilioFicino,PicodelaMirandola

History:LeonardoBruni,LorenzoVala,MachiaWilly,QuiciaDini

Authors:Dante,Boccaccio,Petrarch,

Painters:Leonardo,Raphael,Titian,BottiCelli

Sculptor:Michelangelo

Architect:Brunelleschi

Musician:Palestrina,LaSo

Spain

TheSpanishRenaissanceinthesecondhalfofthe16thcenturyandthebeginningofthe17thcenturyenteredthe"goldenage",withoutstandingachievementsinnovelsanddramas.

Representatives: writerCervantes,dramatistRobdeVega

Allemagne

InGermany,Themainachievementsaremanifestedinpeasantwars,satiricalliterature,andscientificandtechnologicalinventions.

Representatives: Dürerandothers.

La France

InFrance,freethoughtandskepticismarequitedeveloped.

Representatives: Essayist:Montaigne,Novelist:Rabelais,etc.

Britain

InBritain,poetryanddramahaveunprecedentedprosperity.

Representatives: Author:Shakespeare,Philosopher:ThomasMore

Netherlands

Erasmus,Boss

Importantcontributions

ManyachievementsintheMiddleAgesareContributetothiseraofsymbolicrebirth.Oneofthemistoregaininterestinlearning.ThefirstcollegeofOxfordUniversitywasestablishedin1264.By1400,thereweremorethanfiftyuniversitiesinEurope.AncientdocumentsoriginallypreservedbytheArabsaretranslatedintoLatin.Throughtheseancientdocuments,theatmosphereofeducationanddebatecanbepromoted.EuropeanshadcontactwithArabsintheHolyLand,Sicily,Spainandotherplaces,andrediscoveredmanytreasuresthroughthis.TheancientGreekmathematicianEuclid'sworkisanexample,whichwasEuropeanuntilthenineteenthcentury.Standardmathematicstextbook.TheArabsalsospreadthenewnumbersystem,theconceptofdecimalpointandtheconceptofzero,andtheseconceptsweredevelopedinIndia.Around1450,thespreadofknowledgeacceleratedwiththeinventionoftheprintingpress.

Thesecondimportantcontributionistheimprovementoflivingstandards,especiallyinlargecommercialcitiesinItaly.TheCrusadesopenedupEuropeans'horizonsandgaveaglimpseofthewealthoftheEast,especiallysilk,spices,andcotton.MerchantsfromVenice,Genoa,Florence,andothercitiesviefortradebetweenEuropeandtheEasternMediterranean.Afterthesebusinessmenaccumulatedsurpluswealthfromtheirbusinessactivities,theybegantousearttobeautifytheirhometownsandcities.Sculptures,paintings,architecture,music,poetry,andliteraturefindnewwaysofexpressinginterestingthemes,surpassingthereligiousthemesthathavebeendominantsincetheMiddleAges.Theygenerallyportraydailylife,knightstories,andadventureplots,andEuropeanculturehasbecomemorehuman,andreligiouselementshavealsodecreased.

Technologydevelopmenthasalsobeenupdated,andmoreeffectiveproductsandserviceshaveemerged.Manufacturing,farming,trade,andnavigationtechnologieshaveallbeenimprovedanddeveloped,greatlysurpassingancientachievements.Thedesireforprofitencouragescreativityandexploration.Asthedecliningaristocracydisappeared,middle-classmerchantsandcraftsmenbegantofightforpoliticalpowerequaltotheireconomicpower.

Bythe1500s,Europeancountrieshadledtheworldinmanyimportanttechnologies.Europeansunleashtheirvitalitythroughtheexplorationoftheworld,thesearchfortraderoutes,theReformationofProtestants,andtheconstantpoliticalcompetitioninEuropeitself,whichhasalsogiventhisregionapivotalpositionforcenturies.

ItisgenerallybelievedthattheRenaissanceoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcentury(thewordRenaissanceoriginatedfromRinascimentoinItalian,meaningregenerationorrevival).Fromthelate15thcentury,itexpandedtoWesternEuropeancountriesandreacheditspeakinthe16thcentury..In1550,Vasariofficiallyuseditasthenameofthenewcultureinhis"ArtistCelebrityBiography".ThiswordwastransliteratedinFrenchasRenaissance,anditwasusedinvariousEuropeancountriesafterthe17thcentury.Inthe19thcentury,WesternhistoriansfurthertookitasthegeneraltermforWesternEuropeanculturefromthe14thtothe16thcentury.WesternhistoriansoncethoughtitwastherevivalofancientGreekandRomancultureandart.

Thoughtsoftheworks

TheworksoftheRenaissanceperiodembodyhumanisticideas:advocatetheliberationofindividuality,opposethemedievalasceticismandreligiousviews;advocatescientificculture,opposeobscurantism,Getridoftheshacklesofpeople'sthoughtsbythechurch;affirmhumanrights,opposetheocraticrights,rejectallauthorityandtraditionaldogmasthatarethefoundationoftheologyandscholasticphilosophy;supportcentralizationandopposefeudalseparatism,thisisthemainideaof​​humanism.Amongthem,representativeworksinclude:Dante's"DivineComedy",Boccaccio's"Decameron",Petrarch's"SongCollection",Machiavelli's"Monarchy",Rabelais'"GiantBiography",etc.

TheartoftheRenaissancecelebratedthebeautyofthehumanbodyandadvocatedthattheproportionofthehumanbodyisthemostharmoniousproportionintheworld,andappliedittoarchitecture.Aseriesofpaintings,althoughstillbasedonreligiousstories,Sculptures,buttheyshowscenesofordinarypeople,dragginggodstotheground.

HumanistsbegantostudytheBiblewiththemethodofstudyingclassicalliterature,andtranslatedtheBibleintothelanguageofthenation,whichledtotheriseoftheReformationMovement.

Humanismextolsthesecularanddespiseheaven,advertisesreasontoreplaceenlightenment,affirmsthat"man"isthecreatorandenjoyeroflifeinthisworld,requiresliteratureandarttoexpresspeople'sthoughtsandfeelings,scienceforthewelfareofpeople,andeducationTodevelophumanpersonalityrequiresliberationofhumanthoughts,feelingsandwisdomfromtheshacklesoftheology.Advocatingthefreedomofindividuality,ithasplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofhistory.

EducationalDevelopment

TheEuropeanRenaissanceperiodgenerallyreferstothehistoricalperiodinwhichtheRenaissanceoccurredinWesternEuropefromthemiddleofthe14thcenturytotheendofthe16thcentury.Duringthisperiod,inWesternEurope,withthedeclineofthefeudalsystem,thebuddingofcapitalistproduction,andthedevelopmentofexchangesbetweentheEastandtheWest,anewbourgeoisieandnewaristocraticclassemerged.Inordertoseektheirowneconomicinterestsandpoliticalstatus,intheformofrevivingancientGreco-Romanculture,theysetoffamovementagainstfeudalcultureandcreatinganewbourgeoisculture.TheRenaissancemovementstartedinItalyinthe14thcentury;afterthemid-15thcentury,itspreadtoHolland,Spain,France,England,Germanyandotherplacessuccessively.

IntheRenaissance,progressivethinkersadvocatedananti-feudalandanti-theologicalhumanisticculture,advocatedthe"human"asthecenter,requiredindividualliberation,valuedlifeintheworld,andadvocatedreasonandknowledge.Thecoreofitsideologyisbourgeoisindividualism,anditstheoreticalbasisisthebourgeois"theoryofhumannature."However,itattackedthefeudalismandreligioustheocraticimprisonmentofpeople'sthoughtandspirit,andthuspromotedthereformofreligion,economy,politics,andeducationinsomeWesternEuropeancountries.

Inordertoopposefeudaleducationandchurcheducation,somehumanitiesscholarspaidmuchattentiontotheresearchandexcavationofancienteducationalthoughtsandeducationalmaterials. Italy PPVegelius,theearliesthumanisteducationthinker,wrote"OnGentleman'sDemeanorandLiberalEducation"basedonancientdocumentsasearlyasthe15thcentury,requiringeducationthatconformstothevalues​​offreemen.,Sothattheeducatedcangetgoodphysicalandmentaldevelopment.In1411,GuarinopublishedatranslationofPlutarch's"OnChildren'sEducation".In1417,thehumanistscholarPoggiodiscoveredtheoriginal"PrinciplesofOratory"byM.F.QuintiliangintheAbbeyofSt.Gallen.Fiveyearslater,Cicero's"Rhetoric"wasdiscoveredinLodi.Sincethen,otherbooksorreadingsaboutancienteducationhavealsoappeared.Bythe16thcentury,notonlydidallthemajorclassicalworksoneducationhavebeenfamiliartohumanistscholars,someteachers,educationalthinkersandpublishersalsopublishedmanytreatiseson"neweducation".Whattheywanttotrainisnolongermonksandclergy,butmainlysocial,political,literary,andcommercialactivistsandadventurers.Theydemandededucationalinnovationwiththeidealofcultivatingphysicalandmentalhealth,knowledgeable,andversatilenewcomers(seeHumanisticEducation).Thewidespreaddisseminationofhumanisticeducationalthoughtsgenerallyimpactedthefeudaleducationsystemandbrokethechurch'smonopolyofschooleducation.Varioustypesofnewschoolshaveappeared,andthetargetofeducationhasbeenexpanded.Inadditiontoeducatingthechildrenofprincesandnoblesandwealthybusinessmen,theschoolsrunbysomehumanisteducatorsalsoaccommodatethechildrenofindividualcivilians.

Inordertogetridofthechurch'scontrolovereducation,thehumanistsin Italy establishednewcourtschoolswiththesupportofsomeprinces,nobles,andlocalrulers.Themostfamousofthesearethecourtschoolcalled"HappyHouse"hostedbyVictorino,andthecourtschoolofFerrarahostedbyGuarino.Thesetwoschoolshadagreatinfluenceonearlyhumanismeducation.Theseschoolshirewell-knownscholarsandrecruitstudentsfromalloverEuropetoprovideso-calledgeneralisteducation.Aftertheforeignstudentsreturned,theyspreadItalianhumanismwidely.

TheNetherlands,wherecapitalistproductiondevelopedrapidlyatthattime,wasthefirstcountrytoreceivetheinfluenceoftheRenaissance.Sincethe14thcentury,educationintheNetherlandshasbeenrelativelydeveloped,themostsuccessfulofwhichistheschoolsponsoredbythe"CommonLifeBrotherhood".Bythe16thcentury,theseschoolswereinnovatedaccordingtothehumanisticeducationalideology.

France Asearlyas1458,alectureonGreekliteraturewasofferedattheUniversityofParis.However,duetotheobstaclesofconservatives,thespreadofhumanismwasslow.Itwasnotuntiltheendofthe15thcenturythattheRenaissancetrendgraduallyspreadinFrance.G.Bede,afamousscholarwhostudiedRomanlaw,oncevigorouslypromotedtheeducationalthoughtsofhumanism.Underhisactiveinitiative,KingFrancisIestablishedtheFrenchAcademyin1530topromoteanewstudyofhumanism.Inthe16thcenturyFrance,notonlydidoutstandinghumanisteducatorssuchasF.RabelaisandM.E.deMontaigneappear,butitalsobecamethecenteroftheWesternEuropeanRenaissancemovement.

TheRenaissancethoughtspreadto UK relativelylate.Itwasnotuntilthebeginningofthe16thcenturythatagroupofhumanistscholarsinfluencedbyItaliannewstudies,suchasT.Moore,J.Collet,W.Lily,etc.,carriedoutactivitiestopromotehumanisticcultureandeducationinLondon,andgainedSupportandencouragementfromtheroyalfamilyandimportantministers.D.Erasmus,whohasbeenteachingattheUniversityofCambridgeforalongtime,playedasignificantroleinpromotingthenewstudiesofhumanismintheUK,andpromotingthedevelopmentofOxfordandCambridgeuniversities,aswellasgrammarschoolsandpublicschoolsatthattime.ThehumanistpoliticianT.ElliottcombinedtheItalianhumanisticeducationalthoughtswiththespecificconditionsoftheUnitedKingdom,andadvocatedthecultivationofaristocraticgentlemenwithnewhumanisticthoughtsastheeducationalgoal.Hehastranslatedalotofbooks,amongwhichtheBookofRulers,publishedin1531,wasthefirsteducationalmonographinBritain.BecausehiseducationalthoughtsweremoreinlinewiththeinterestsandneedsoftheBritishrulingclassatthattime,awaveofdiscussionof"gentlemaneducation"emergedinBritain,andthehumanisticeducationinBritainwaspushedtothedirectionofnewaristocracy.

TheintroductionoftheRenaissanceto Germany beganwhenthehumanistscholarP.LutherreturnedtoChinafromstudyinginItalyin1456andtaughtnewstudiesatuniversitiessuchasHeidelbergandLeipzig.In1476,thefamousDutchscholarR.AgricolawenttoHeidelbergUniversitytoteachafterstudyinginItaly.Bythebeginningofthe16thcentury,newstudieswerealsoestablishedinuniversitiessuchasWittenbergandJena.Atthesametime,anewtypeofliberalartshighschoolfirstappearedinsomecommercialcities.Especiallysincethe1940s,duetotheinfluenceoftheeducationalreformofthehumanisteducatorJ.SturmoattheStrasbourgliberalartsmiddleschool,thiskindofliberalartsmiddleschoolhasbeenpromoted.

Variousviewpoints

Theterm"Renaissance"(Renaissance)wasfirstproposedbyFrenchhistorianMicheletin1855tosummarizethe"renaissanceoftheworldandhumanity"inthe16thcentury.Explore";sincethen,historianshavehadmanydifferentopinionsonitsinterpretation.

MostviewsbelievethattheRenaissanceoriginatedinItalyinthefifteenthcenturyandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.TheRenaissancerepresentstheclassicalculturalconnectionbetweentheWestandancienttimes(beforetheMiddleAges),andistheabsorptionofArabknowledge(especiallymathematicalknowledge).TheRenaissanceenabledpeopletofocusonthequalityoflifeintheworld(suchashumanism).TheRenaissanceisalsoanexplosionofknowledgeduetoprintingandtheapplicationofnewtechnologiesinthefieldsofart,poetry,andarchitecture.Thesenewtechnologieshavecausedfundamentalchangesintheformatandcontentofartandliterature.Duringthisperiod,thisviewbelievedthatwiththeriseofexchangesandexploration,theRenaissancerepresentedEurope'stransformationfromalongperiodofstagnantwaterintoaturbulentriver.Therefore,theItalianRenaissanceisoftenregardedasthebeginningofmodernity.

MarxisthistoriansbelievethattheRenaissanceisa"pseudo-revolution"(pseudo-revolution)inart,literatureandphilosophy.Thesechangesonlyaffectedasmallwealthyminority,andthelivesofmostoftheEuropeanpopulationremainedunchangedcomparedtotheMiddleAges.ThereforetheydonotrecognizetheRenaissanceasanimportantevent.

MosthistorianstodaybelievethattheRenaissancerepresentsagreatchangeinrationalthinkingandthinking,ratherthanagreatchangeinmaterial.PerhapsthemostimportantpointofviewoftheRenaissanceisthatthosewholivedintheRenaissancebelievedthattheywerelivinginanewera,anerathatcompletelybrokewiththeMiddleAges.

JohanHuizinga(1872-1945)acknowledgedtheRenaissance,butquestionedwhetheritbroughtbeneficialchanges.HebelievesthattheRenaissanceisanerathathasdeclinedfromtheMiddleAgesandhasdestroyedmanyimportantthings.Forexample,theLatinlanguageusedinthechurchandsomeotherpeopleatthattimehasdevelopedalotsincetheclassicaleraandisalivinglanguage.However,peopleobsessedwithclassicalpurityintheRenaissancebelievedthatLatinwasinconflictwithitsclassicalform,andthenaturalevolutionofLatinstopped.RobertS.LopezconsideredtheRenaissancetobeaperiodofeconomicdepression.However,GeorgeSartonandLynnThorndikebelievedthattheRenaissancesloweddowntheprogressofscience.

Relatedconcepts

InthehistoryofEuropeanhistoryandphilosophy,humanismwasmainlyusedtodescribethemoreadvancedideasfromthe14thto16thcenturiesthatweremoreadvancedthanthoseoftheMiddleAges.Generallyspeaking,historianstodaycalltheculturalandsocialchangesduringthistimetheRenaissance,andtheeducationalchangemovementashumanism.

Thewordhumanismactuallyappearedverylate.ItcamefromtheLatinhumanitas,whichwasusedbytheancientRomanwriterCicero.ThephilosophersoftheGermanEnlightenmenteracollectivelyreferredtohumanbeingsasHumanitt,whilethehumanistsatthetimecalledthemselveshumanista.

ThewordHumanismdidnotappearuntil1808.

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