Interprétation
AccordingtoEngels'spointofview, fromtheperspectiveoforigin, productivityistheabilitytotransformnatureformedbythecombinationofpeoplewithlaborabilityandthemeansofproduction.Thetransformationoftheancientapesintohumanstoproducelaborproductivityisthesymboloftheformationofproductivityandthebeginningofhistory.Therefore, productivityistheabilityofpeopletoactuallycarryoutproductionactivities, theabilitytoproducelabor, andtheproductivityofspecificlabor.Theperformanceofproductivityistheexistenceofthesubject'sbehaviorinproductionandtheresultofthesebehaviors, thatis, theproductoflabor.Accordingtothenatureofthesubject, productivitycanbedividedintonaturalproductivityandsocialproductivity.
Inscientificresearchactivities, theresearchonproductivityisconductedintwoparts.Thefirstisthestudyofthematerialcontentofproductionbytechnology, graspingthematerialmovementinthematerialworldandthephysiologicalmovementandpracticemodeofhumanbeings.Thisisthevariousnaturaldisciplinesbasedonthepracticalscienceofproductivity.Thesecondisthetheoryofproductivity.Thelatterresearchesthemovementmodeandmovementstructureofproductiveforces.Theworkinthisareaistheresultofcross-penetrationofmultipledisciplines, suchasgeography, culture, andarchaeology.Therefore, itisnotonlynaturalscience, butalsoincludessomebasicfieldsofsocialscience.
Inanarrowsense, itreferstoregenerativeproductivity, thatis, theabilityofhumanbeingstocreatenewwealth.Fromahorizontalperspective, productivityisdividedintopersonalproductivity, enterpriseproductivity, andsocialproductivity; fromaverticalperspective, productivityisdividedintoshort-termproductivityandlong-termproductivity; fromahierarchicalperspective, productivityisdividedintomaterialproductivityandspiritualproductivity.Productivityisthefunctionoftheproductivitysystem.Theelementsthatmakeuptheproductivitysystemincludeworkers, labormaterials, andlaborobjects.Thesocialculturalsystemsystemenvironment-thestructureoftheproductivitysystemistherelationshipbetweentheelementsthatmakeuptheproductivitysystem.Ifthestructureoftheproductivitysystemissymmetrical, therateofproductivitydevelopmentwillbefaster; ifthestructureoftheproductivitysystemisasymmetric, therateofproductivitydevelopmentwillbeslow.Thedegreeofsymmetryoftheproductivitysystemstructuredeterminesthespeedofproductivitydevelopment, soproductivitédéveloppement c'est le résultat de l'interaction du sujet et de l'objet et de la régénération des ressources, et c'est la fonction globale du système social.
Le niveau de développement de la productivité est le résultat de l'agrégation et de l'adéquation du système constitué par les éléments de productivité et du système constitué par l'environnement politique, économique, social, culturel et écologique.
Origineetdéveloppement
La productivité de la société primitive se manifeste dans la collecte ou la chasse des animaux. Le travail produit les fruits du travail de la collecte ou de la chasse, qui permettent aux animaux de survivre et de faire de l'exercice.
Withthedevelopmentofproductivity, whetherhumanlaborbehaviorinthe21stcenturyisamanifestationofproductivityandwhetherithasthemeaningofproductivityitselfdependsonwhethertheoutputofhumanlaborreflectshumanexistenceItsownmeaningandvalue.Asfarasitsproductivityisconcerned, itisalsowithinthecapacityoflabortoproducevalue.Theproductivityofthefuturesocietystillcannotbeseparatedfromthecategoryoflabor'sabilitytoproducevalue.Mostoftheotheranimalsmaintaintheformofprimitivesociety.Onlytheproductivityofanimalslikeantshasreachedtheancientlevelofhumanbeings.Antshavelearnedtofarmandbreed.
Avant Marx et Engels, le médecin français Quesnay (1694-1774) proposa d'abord le concept de productivité ; plus tard, les économistes britanniques Adam Smith (1723-1789) et David Ricardo (1772)—1823) et les économistes français JeanBaptiste Say (1767-1832) et Sismondi (1773-1842) ont consacré la richesse — l'héritage allemand .
MarxandEngelscametothehistoricalstageofstudyingproductivityandendedthehistoryofpurelystudyingproductivity.Theycorrectedtheshortcomingsofthepredecessorsinthestudyofproductivityandraisedtheresearchonproductivitytotoday'slevel.TheoutstandingcontributionofMarxandEngelsinthestudyofproductivityliesinthefactthatMarxnolongerexaminesproductivityinisolation, butregardsproductivityasthereasonfordeterminingproductionrelations, d'autre part, heestablishedtheconceptofeconomicfoundation, takingtheeconomicfoundationasthereasonfordeterminingthesuperstructure.Thisrevealsthemostfundamentallawofsocialproblems.
(1)L'évolutionduconceptdeproductivitéavantMarx
Queenywasthefirsttoputforwardtheconceptof "productivité" .Hesaid: "... alargepopulationandalargewealthcanmakeproductiveforcesplaywell. "[1] 74Quinaybelievedthatproductivelaborisonlyagriculturallabor, andtheproductivityhesaidactuallyreferstolandproductivity.Subsequently, le concept de" landproductivity "" de labourproductivity "de viewandSmith de AdamSmithgaveplaytothisview.OnthebasisofinheritingQuesnay, Ricardofurtherproposedtheconceptof" labourproductivity" .Almostatthesametime, Saywasinspiredbyhispredecessorsandputforwardhisowntheoryof "capitalproductivity"; whileSismondiinheritedSmith'spointofview Au début du XIXe siècle,Friedrich Liszt a réfuté la théorie de la valeur-travail des économistes britanniques classiques et a avancé sa propre théorie de la productivité, qui mettait l'accent sur l'importance du développement de la productivité d'un pays et sur la manière de développer la productivité.
Liszestdifférentdeplus tardMarx.Saproductivitésefaitréféreràla"capacitédeproduction",ouonpourraitêtrelacapacitéprésentéeparlemodedeproductionspécifique,dontlarelationdeproductionn'apasétéextraite..Leconceptdeproductivitédeséconomistesclassiquesbourgeoisenest encore à ses balbutiements.
(2) L'évolution du concept de productivité de Marx
L'évolution des pensées de productivité de Marx et Engels peut se diviser en une grossesse, une petite enfance, une transformation et une maturité. Attendez quatre étapes. Vous trouverez ci-dessous une brève description de ces quatre périodes.
En 1844, influencé par le « National SystemofPoliticalEconomy », Marx a largement utilisé le concept de productivité de Liszt dans ses écrits.
Entre 1845 et 1846, Marx et Engels co-écrit " German Ideology ". Dans cet ouvrage, le concept de productivité utilisé par Marx et Engel est très variable.
Parexemple, "Anynewproductivity, aslongasitisnotamereexpansionofproductivityknownsofar (Parexemple, landreclamation), willcausefurtherdevelopmentofthedivisionoflabor." [2] 147" ... Thepremiseoforganizingacommonfamilyeconomyisthedevelopmentofmachines, theuseofnaturalforcesandmanyotherproductiveforces, suchastapwater, gaslighting, steamheating, etc., aswellastheeliminationof [antagonisme] betweenurbanandruralareas. "[2] TheconceptofproductivityusedhereissimilartoQuesnayandSay'sarethesame.
Foranotherexample, "Thesedifferentformsarealsoformsoflabororganization, andthereforeformsofownership.Thecombinationofexistingproductivityoccursineachperiod, becausedemandmakesthiscombinationnecessary" [2] 195Theproductivityhereisindependentoftheproductionrelationship, anditcanformaspecificmodeofproductionwiththeproductionrelationship. "Thecommonactivitiesofdifferentindividualsrestrictedbythedivisionoflaborproduceasocialforce, thatis, multiplyingproductivity." [2] 165Thissentenceisoftenquotedasthebasisofthe "capabilitytheory" ou "powertheory" bythecurrentviews .. "Commonactivities" canindeedproducereal "socialforces", butthis » productivité" comprend les relations de production.
Foranotherexample, "everystageofhistoryhasencounteredcertainmaterialresults, acertainsumofproductiveforces, andthehistoricalrelationshipbetweenhumansandnatureandbetweenindividualshasbeenpasseddownfromthepreviousgenerationtothenext.Thelargeamountofproductivity, capitalandenvironmentofthenewgeneration.Althoughontheonehandtheseproductivity, capitalandenvironmentarechangedbythenewgeneration, ontheotherhand, theyalsoprescribethelivingconditionsofthenewgenerationitself, sothatitcanbedevelopedandpossessed.Specialnature." [2] 172The "materialresult" herehasbeenveryclosetothe "historicalresult" concludedbyMarxin "Daskapital", whichcanbesaidtobethebuddingofthe "historicalresulttheory".
OnDecember28,1846, althoughMarx'sproductivitythoughtstilllefttracesofitspredecessors, itbeganaturningpointafterall.InhislettertoAnenkov, hesaid: "... peoplecannotfreelychoosetheirownproductiveforces-thisisthebasisoftheirentirehistory, becauseanyproductiveforcesareavestedforceandaproductofpreviousactivities.Itcanbeseenthatproductivityistheresultofpeople'sabilitytoapply. "[3] 408-409alsosaid:". Inordernottolosetheresultsthathavebeenachieved, inordernottolosethefruitsofcivilization, peoplehavetochangethewaytheycommunicatewhentheyarenolongersuitablefortheestablishedproductivity.Allsocialformsofsociety" [3] Thepreviousparagraphof409affirmedthatproductivityisa « produitd'activitésprécédentes »et dit qu'il s'agit d'une sorte de« pouvoir acquis »,maisenfin,laproductivitéestdéterminéecomme« résultatdelacapacitédespersonnesàappliquer ». -il rompt avec l'ancien concept de productivité de Liszt.
January1847markedthematurityofMarx'sthoughtsonproductivity.As "thefirsttwoworksofmatureMarxism" ThePovertyofPhilosophy "etla" CommunistManifesto "[4] 128in" ThePovertyofPhilosophy "theWord "productivité" appearsonlyseventimesinthe "GermanIdeology" .Onepart, butthethoughtisclearanddiscernible.Marxsaid:" Therelationsinwhichtheproductiveforcesdeveloparenoteternallaws, butthingsthatarecompatiblewiththecertaindevelopmentofpeopleandtheirproductiveforces.Willallchangesinpeople'sproductiveforcesinevitablyleadtochangesintheirproductionrelations Theimportantthingisnottodeprivethefruitsofcivilization-theproductiveforcesthathavebeenobtained, alors nous devons briser les formes traditionnelles sous lesquelles les forces productives sont produites. il "fruitdecivilisation"; troisièmement, le concept de productivité de Marx n'inclut plus les relations de production, et critique qu'il existe des relations de production dans le concept de productivité de Prudence et autres.
Après décembre 1847, la pensée de Marx sur la productivité a fait des progrès constants. » .En "Daskapital", thereisnolongera "capacité" thatisconfusedwith "résultat" .Marxsaid: "Likeanyothercertainmodeofproduction, itregardsapredeterminedstageofsocialproductivityanditsdevelopmentformasitsownhistoricalcondition, andthisconditionisthehistoricalresultandproductofanadvancedprocess, anditisnew.Theestablishedbasisfortheproductionofthemodeofproduction"[6] 994TheevolutionofMarx'sconceptofproductivityissignificantlydifferentfromthatofLisztetal:.. Marx'soriginalintentionwastoseekthereasonsfordeterminingproductionrelations productivité; LisztanditspreviouspoliticaleconomyThepurposeof la famille détermine l'enjeu central du développement de l'économie-productivité nationale. Ces deux « forces productives » ne sont pas la même chose.
Éléments constitutifs
Les éléments de base qui constituent la productivité sont : les matériaux de travail basés sur les outils de production, les objets de travail introduits dans le processus de production et les travailleurs ayant une certaine expérience de production et des compétences de travail.
Productivityalsocontainsscienceandtechnology.Scienceandtechnologycanbeappliedtotheproductionprocess, penetratedintothebasicelementsofproductivity, andtransformedintoactualproductioncapacity.Inventionsandcreationsinscienceandtechnologywillcauseprofoundchangesandgreatprogressinlabormaterials, laborobjects, andthequalityoflabor, theapplicationofsciencetotheorganizationandmanagementofproductioncangreatlyimprovemanagementefficiency, scienceandtechnologyaremasteredbylaborersandcanbeextremelyGreatlyimprovelaborproductivity.Withtherapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology, thecycleappliedtotheproductionprocessisshorteningdaybyday, anditplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinthedevelopmentofproduction, andhasincreasinglybecomeadecisivefactorinthedevelopmentofproduction.Inthissense, scienceandtechnologyaretheconcentratedexpressionandimportantsymbolofadvancedproductiveforces, andaretheprimaryproductiveforces.
Discrimination du concept de productivité de Marx
Les expressions de la productivité de Marx et Engels dans des articles de périodes différentes sont souvent différentes, parfois dans le même article. Alors, quel concept est le concept de productivité au sens marxiste ?
Firstofall, thepursuitofMarxandEngelsthroughouthislifeistoeliminateprivateownershipandbuildasocialistandcommunistsociety.Therefore, theconceptcontrarytothispursuitisbynomeansaconceptofproductivityintheMarxistsense, d'autre part, itisrelatedtoMarx'sFundamentalcontribution-theconceptofproductivity, whichcontradictshistoricalmaterialismandsurplusvaluetheory, isbynomeansaconceptofproductivityintheMarxistsense.ThisarticlewillusethisasabasistoanalyzewhatistheconceptofproductivityintheMarxistsense.
IntheworksofMarxandEngelsinhislife, theformulationofproductivitycanbesaidtobeextremelyrich, productive, laborproductivity, socialproductivity, laborsocialproductivity, sociallaborproductivity, modernproductivity, livinglaborproductivity, deathLaborproductivity, subjectiveproductivity, objectiveproductivity, personalproductivity, capitalproductivity, materializedproductivity, actualproductivity, potentialproductivity, directproductivity, jointproductivity, naturalproductivity, generalproductivity, materialproductivity (therearetwotermsformaterialproductivity, butthemeaningFundamentallydifferent) andspiritualproductivity. Cependant, les fondamentaux ne sont rien de plus que la définition de « capacité » ou la définition de « résultats ».
La nature
La productivité n'est pas seulement verticale mais aussi horizontale.
Sincetheprimitivesocialform, laborersandlaborobjectshavehardlyundergoneessentialchanges (laborershavenotcompletelyseparatedfromanimals, laborobjectsarestillwater, landandplants), onlylabortoolshaveoccurredStonetools, bronzes, ferronnerie, machines, andelectricalappliancesarefivekindsof Stoneware, dinanderie, andironwarecanbejudgedaccordingtothematerialsofthemanufacturingtools "materialchangesthatcanbespecifiedwiththeaccuracyofnaturalscience.", Machinesaredevicesthatusemechanicalenergytodowork, electricalappliancesaredevicesthatuseelectromagneticenergytodowork.Theproductivityofmaturestonetoolsdeterminestheformofprimitivesociety, theproductivityofmaturecopperwaredeterminestheformofslavesociety, theproductivityofmatureironwaredeterminestheformoffeudalsociety, theproductivityofmaturemachinerydeterminestheformofcapitalsociety; andtheproductivityofmatureelectricalappliancesdeterminestheformofcommunistsociety.
Concepts connexes
Relations de production
Productionrelationsarealsoanobjectivematerialrelationship.Inthematerialrelationshipofproduction, therelationshipbetweenindividuals, thegroupandthenaturalenvironment, andthesocietyisthespecificcontentoftheproductionrelationship.Therelationshipbetweenanimalsandproductivityiscomplex.Generallyspeaking, homme madepeopledeterminetheirproductionrelationsbasedontheirownproductivity, andthefinalproductionrelationsarealsocreatedbymankind.Nomatterwhatkindofsociety, whatkindofproductioncapacitythereis, thereareallkindsofmaterialproductionrelationsandliferelations.Theoccurrenceofthephenomenonofproductivityisahistoricalandsocialevolutionarystructure, justlikebiologicalevolution, itgraduallyevolvesanddevelopscumulatively.
Ce qui détermine le processus de développement d'une certaine forme sociale, c'est la capacité et la qualité des travailleurs eux-mêmes.
La productivité est la généralisation et la norme globale du pouvoir de développement et de changement.
Le développement des relations de production
Inhumanhistory, wehaveexperiencedprimitivecommunism, l'esclavage, la féodalité, andcapitalisminorderfromlowtohigh.5kindsofproductionrelationswithcommunism.Asthelowerstageofcommunistproductionrelations, socialistproductionrelationsarebyfarthemostadvancedproductionrelationsinhumanhistory.Theyhavegreatadvantagesandopenupbroadprospectsforthedevelopmentofproductiveforces.Onthebasisofthehighlydevelopedproductiveforces, itwillgraduallygrowintoahigh-levelcommunistproductionrelationshipthat "everyonedoeshisbestanddistributesaccordingtohisneeds" .Theconceptofproductionrelationsoccupiesaveryimportantpositioninthehistoricalmaterialistsystem.Theproductionrelationshipisamaterialsocialrelationshipthatisdeterminedbyproductiveforcesandisnottransferredfromconsciousness.Itdeterminesthesocialrelationshipofthought, thatis, thesocialrelationshipformedthroughconsciousness.Chinesetheoreticalcircleshavedifferentviewsonthecontentofproductionrelations.
Le contenu principal de la relation de production : La relation de production comprend trois contenus : la forme de propriété des moyens de production, la position de l'ouvrier dans la production et sa relation mutuelle, et le mode de distribution des produits.
Le noyau de l'ajustement par les anciens dirigeants féodaux chinois de leur politique dominante est l'ajustement principal des relations de production.
(1) L'ajustement de la forme de propriété des moyens de production consiste principalement à réformer la politique foncière.
(2) Ajuster la forme de distribution des produits, c'est-à-dire réformer la fiscalité.
(3) L'ajustement de la relation entre les individus se manifeste principalement dans la rectification de la gestion des fonctionnaires, l'ajustement du régime du peuple et le renforcement de la constitution de l'armée.
La productivité et les rapports de production de la plupart des autres animaux n'ont pas changé.
La relation entre la productivité et les relations de production
Marx croit que les relations sociales et la productivité sont étroitement liées.
ThebipolarworldtheoryinheritsanddevelopsthebasicprinciplesofMarxism, andcomprehensivelyusesmaterialistdialectics, géo-économie, la géopolitique, andsocialmorphologytostudyandanalyzethestructureoftheworld'shistory.Look, theadvancednatureofnaturalpractice (productivité) determinestheunifiedscopeofsocialpractice (productionrelations); fromtheperspectiveofeachgenerationprocessandthemacrointegrationwithineachgenerationprocess, theEastandtheWestinteractinsocialpracticeandnaturalpractice.Promoterelations, fromtheperspectiveofthemicro-mechanismoftheinternalintegrationofeachgenerationprocess, acountry'ssocialpracticechangesandnaturalpracticechangesaredeterminedbythegeneralpatternofthebipolarworldorderofeachgeneration, socialpracticeisbecomingmoreandmoreadvanced, andsocialpracticedifferencesarebecomingmoreandmoreadvancedSmalluntilthedeathofsocialpractice, naturalpracticeisbecomingmoreandmoreadvanced, andthedifferencebetweennaturalpracticeisgettingsmallerandsmaller; therearefewerandfewerintermediatelinksinthebipolar processus, le cycle est de plus en plus court, et l'intégration géographique devient de plus en plus ; le nombre de zones de défaut ordonnées augmente.
Activités collaboratives
. People'sproductionactivitiesrefertotheprocessbywhichworkersuserawmaterialsandtoolstocreateproducts.Intheproductionprocess, thelaborpaidislabor.Inotherwords, laborisanindispensableelementofproduction.InmanyMarxisttextbooks, productivityisdefinedinthisway "Theabilityofapersonwiththeabilitytoworktoconquerandtransformnaturecombinedwiththemeansofproduction (toolsofproductionandobjectsoflabor) iscalledproductivity" Thesameistrueforotheranimals.Itcanbeseenthatatleastwecansee: ontheonehandproductivityreferstoability, whichisprobablynotcontroversial; ontheotherhand, thedefinitionofproductivityemphasizestheprocessofproductionactivities, whichisalsoeasytosee.However, peoplecan'thelpbutthink: thepurposeofproductionorwhatistheresultofproduction.Thepurposeofproductionistocreatematerialmaterials, andatthesametimehumanscreatewealth. On peut aussi comprendre que le but de la conquête et de la transformation de la nature est d'obtenir des matériaux matériels et des richesses, c'est-à-dire qu'il est dit que l'inutilisable peut être utilisé par la conquête et la transformation, et l'utilisation esscanbemanufacturedthroughconquestandtransformation, andtheproductsmanufacturedwillserveus.Forexample: thetreesintheforestareatacertaindistancefromtheplacewherewelive, whichmeansthattheycannotbeused.Utilization.Ifwecutdownthewoodsandtransportthemback, thenwecansaythatthewoodismadetocreatewealth; ifweprocesswoodintofurniture, thenitcanbesaidthattheproductionoffurniturecreateswealth.Visible, conquerandtransformnatureThepurposeistoobtainwealth, andtheprocessofconqueringandtransformingnatureistheprocessofcreatingwealth.Inshort, thepurposeofproductionistocreatewealth.
Travail productif
Labororproductivelabor, Isadescriptionofthebehaviorofthesubject.Thedescriptionofthebehaviorofthesubjectmeansthatwhetheritislabororproductionlabor, thereisasubjectofbehavior.Withoutasubjectofbehavior, behaviorwillhavenothingtodependonandoccur, andthereisnopossibilityoflabor.Ortheactofproductivelabor.Withthesubjectofthebehavior, thesubjectmustperformacertainbehavior.Thesubjectdoesnotperformacertainbehavior, norcanitbesaidthatithasperformedlabororproductivelabor.Onlythesubjectofthebehaviorexistsandexists.Thesubjecthasperformedcertainbehaviorsbeforeitcanbesaidtobelabororproductivelabor.Bothlabororproductivelabormustbeestablishedonthebasisoftheexistingsubjectandthebehaviorofthesubject.
Il y a des acteurs, et le sujet a eu certains comportements, qui sont des similitudes entre le travail et le travail productif.
Le travail et le travail productif sont deux concepts de nature différente et de contenu différent.
1Société primitive laborieuse
Dans la période initiale de la société primitive, le comportement d'activité des animaux est un comportement de travail plutôt qu'un comportement de production.
Laborisanimagegeneralizationofspecificbehavior.Mobilityisadescriptionofthestateofthebehaviorsubjectpresentedduringbehavior.LaborisTheconceptofthenatureofthesubject'sbehavioristhestatethatthesubjectpresentswhenthisconceptofnatureoccurs.Thebehaviorofthesubjectiscalledlabor, "travail" de andthestateoftheactingsubjectiscalledmotion.Thenatureofthebehaviorofthesubject showsThepurposeofthesubject'sbehavior.Inotherwords, thepurposefulbehaviorperformedbythesubjectiscalledlabor.
Le comportement du travail n'est pas propre à l'homme, pas plus que la fabrication et l'utilisation d'outils propres à l'homme.
Utilisationd'outils(5photos)
Beesbuildhivestomultiply, spidersformwebstosurvive, woodpeckerspickcactianddigoutinsectsintreeholes, breakbrancheswiththeirbeakstoremovethemBranchesandleavesreplacecactusthorns, seaottersgatherstonesasstoneanvils, andchimpanzeesprocessgrassstemsandbranchestofishfortermites.Theseareallbehaviorsofanimalsmakingandusingtoolsaccordingtotheirownbehavioralcapabilities.Thesepurposefulbehaviorsusingsimpletoolsaretheanimalsthemselves.Theperformanceoflaborbehaviorisnotinfactdifferentfromthelaborbehaviorofgatheringorhuntingwithsticksatthebeginningofmankind.Thereasonwhytheseworkinganimalsdidnotgrowintohumansisthattheseanimalsdidnothavetheinnatequalificationsofancientapes, andnaturedidnotprovidetimeandspaceforthegrowthoftheseanimals.Thevastmajorityofanimalsocietiesarestillintheprimitivestage, soproductivityandproductionrelationsarerelativelyprimitive.Onlytheproductivityandproductionrelationsofantshavereachedtheancientlevelofhumans.Inprimitivesocieties, humansareengagedincollectivegatheringorjointhunting.Themainlaborforcethatexistsisthefirsthumanbeingwhohasjustliberatedtheforelimbsandstoodupfromtheworldofadvancedanimals.Itistheancestorofmankindwhoevolvedfromtheancientapes.Duringthisperiod, people'sindividuallaborcapacityisquitelimited, andthenaturalenvironmentthatexistshasnotundergoneanytransformation.Peoplewhohavejustemergedfromtheanimalworldcanonlygainsomethingthroughcollectivecooperation, andonlythroughcollectivelabor.Behaviorenablesoneselftosurviveintheprimitivenaturalenvironment.Peoplehaveacommonanduniqueobjectoflabor.Thecommonanduniqueobjectoflaboristheobjectofgatheringorhunting.Theacquisitionoftheobjectoflaboristheincomeoflabor.Allthelaborincomeofthepeopleintheprimitivesocietyisnotproducedbyhumanbeings.Allthelaborresultsobtainedbygatheringorhuntingareproducedbynature.Peopleonlyusetheirownlaborbehaviortoinfluencethelifeproducedbynatureonhumanlifeitself.Theextremelyusefulfinishedproductsareonlydirectlyharvested. Cette récolte n'est pas basée sur le comportement de production mais sur le résultat du comportement du travail.
Les comportements de travail accomplis par les animaux au stade initial de la société primitive ne sont que du travail de subsistance plutôt que du travail productif, et la coopération des collectifs n'est que la limitation de leur propre capacité de travail et le besoin du milieu de vie naturel. Le collectif est aussi une combinaison de la nature primitive.
2 : Le travail productif de la société primitive
La société primitive s'est développée jusqu'à un certain stade, et sur la base du comportement du travail, il y a le comportement du travail productif.
Le comportement du travail productif est basé sur le comportement du travail, et uniquement sur la base du comportement du travail.
Thephenomenonofbiologicalreproductioniscalledproduction, anditisthemanifestationofbiologicalphenomenaonconcreteobjects.Productionreferstoallthebehaviorsofnaturalobjectstoreproducethemselvesthroughthereproductivepowertheypossess.Productivelabormeansthatthelaborsubjectusesthelawsofnature, transformsthenaturalenvironment, andreproducesordomesticatesthingsthroughtheirownlaborcapabilities, whichisforproductivelabor.Laboronlyusestheconditionsofnaturalexistence.Productivelabornotonlyusestheconditionsofnaturalexistence, butalsotransformstheconditionsofnaturalexistencebythesubject'swill, sothatthenaturalenvironmentiscarriedoutaccordingtothesubject'swill.LaborisnotnecessarilyIntransformingnature, productivelaborisbuiltonthebasisoftransformingnature.Thisisthedifferencebetweenlaborandproductivelabor.
Le travail est le début des animaux utilisant l'environnement naturel, et le travail productif est le début des animaux qui transforment la nature, et c'est aussi le début des animaux qui transforment la nature.
Theliberationoftheforelimbstowalkuprightsignifiesthatpeoplehavestoodupfromtheanimalworld.Peoplewhohavejuststoodupusetheirforelimbsmorefrequently, andtherearenotmanyancientapesclimbingintheforestduringthisperiod.Theessentialdifference.Thefrequentuseofforelimbshasfundamentallytransformedtheforelimbsintorealhands.Peopleusetheiropponentsflexiblyandperformmorecomplexandchangeablebehaviorsinlaborbehavior, sothatpeoplenolongerneedtobenddown.Afteralongperiodofprimitivelabor, humanbeingsnotonlyhavefurtherdevelopmentandchangesinphysique, butalsohaveaconsiderableimprovementinintelligence. "Laborcreatesmankinditself", andindividuallaborabilityandcollectiveperformanceTheabilitytoworkcollaborativelyisnotwhatitusedtobe.Onthebasisoftheinstinctivelaborbehaviorforsurvival, peoplehavecertainideologicallaborbehavior, andthelaborabilityofhumanbeingshasalsomadegreatprogress.Withthefrequentcollectionandexcessivehuntingofnaturalproductsbyhumanbeings, naturalThefinishedproductsoflaborcannotmeetthesurvivalneedsofhumanbe eux-mêmes, et les fruits de la production naturelle ne peuvent satisfaire le développement des êtres humains eux-mêmes.
Underthecombinedeffectofchangesinnaturalconditionsandhumanthoughts, humanshavebegunartificialplanting, artificialbreedingorartificialgrazingofhumanwillbehaviors.Thesearethebehaviorsperformedbyhumansaccordingtotheirownwill.ThesebehaviorsBegintochangethesurvivalfactorsinthenaturalenvironmentforhumanexistence.Thenaturallyexistinghumanlivingenvironmenthasalsoslowlychangedduetohumanbeingsthemselvesaftersuchvolitionalbehaviors.Theobjectsoncecollectedhavebecomehumanbeingsunderthefunctionofhumanwill.Theobjectsofcultivation, theobjectsthatwereoncehunted, havebecometheobjectsofdomesticationandbreeding.Thiskindofbehaviorofmultiplyingordomesticatingthingsbyhumansusingthelawsofnatureandtheconditionsofnaturalexistencethroughtheirownlaborabilityisthefirstproductionandlaborbehaviorofhumanbeings.Thisbehaviorofvolitionallaborisbasedonlabor, andonlyhumanbeingsusesimpletoolstocarryoutcollectiveandcooperativelabor, andhavethereproductionordomesticationofnaturalobjectsaccordingtothewillofthelaborsubject.Onthebasi Avec un travail productif, la civilisation humaine d'aujourd'hui s'est créée. À partir de cette période où les humains dans la société primitive ont commencé à transformer l'environnement naturel, les activités humaines sont passées d'un simple travail de récolte à un travail productif ciblé et planifié.
Les stades de travail et de production sont des stades inévitables du progrès de la société humaine, et leurs effets sur les êtres humains sont différents.
Thefirstharvestinglaborperformedbyhumanswasanobjectiveexistenceofbiologicalevolution.Undertheconditionsatthetime,therewasnowaytochangeorsurpassit.Theactofharvestinglaboristhebeginningofmankind'srisetogettoknownatureandtheworld,thebeginningoftheformationofsociety,thebeginningofhumanhistory,andthebeginningofsociety.Thefirstproductivelaborcarriedoutbyhumanbeingswillinevitablyappearunderobjectiveconditionsafterthedevelopmentofhuman'sownlaborabilitytoacertainperiod.Intheprocessofplanting,breeding,grazingandotherproductionlabor,humanshaveadeeperunderstandingoftheconditionsofnaturalexistence,amoreprofoundunderstandingofthelawsandphenomenaofnaturalexistence,andmorerapidexerciseofhumanbrainsandenrichmentofhumans.Thinkingandimaginationability.Humanlaborandproductivelaborhavedifferenteffectsonthedevelopmentofhumanbeings.Laborbehaviorismoreimportantthanphysicalexercise.Thebiggestroleofproductivelaborisnotonlytoexercisethebody,butalsotodiscoverhumanthoughts,andgodeeper.Toexercisepeople'sthinkingability.
Theproductionandlaborbehaviorofhumansandthetransformationbehaviorofthenaturalenvironmentbyhumansoccursimultaneously.Theproductionlaborisbasedonthetransformationofnature,anditisalsotheproductionlaboronthebasisofthetransformationofnature.Theprocessofmankind'stransformationfromgathering,fishingandhuntingtoanimalhusbandryandfarmingistheprocessofmankind'sprogressfromlabortoproduction.
Theideologicalexplorationofpeoplebythebehaviorofproductivelaboristhemodernizationofpeoplethemselves.People'splantingbehaviorrequiresscreeningandpreservingtheoriginalcollectedseeds,understandingthecharacteristicsoftheirownplants,andsummarizingandusingnaturalphenomenasuchasspring,long,andwinter.People'sbreedingbehaviorrequiresartificialbreedingofvariousanimalsthattheyhunt,whichrequiresanartificialunderstandingofthelivinghabitsofvariousanimals.People'sgrazingbehaviorrequirespeopletobefamiliarwiththenaturalenvironment.Everystepforwardintheprimitiveproductionandlaborbehaviorcarriedoutbyhumanbeingsisaccompaniedbythetransformationoftheunderstandingofthenaturalenvironmentbyhumanbeings.Mankind'scognitionofexistenceisbasedontheaccumulationandapplicationofhumanlaborexperiencefromthemomentoflabor.
Theinitiallaborbehaviorofmankinddidnottransformnature.Thelaborbehaviorexercisedthehumanbodyandimprovedthehumanphysique.Productivelaboristhebeginningofmankind'stransformationofnature.Itisbasedonlabor.Productivelabordevelopshumanthinking.Thebehaviorofproductivelaboristhebeginningofmankind'sinitiativetotransformnaturewithitsowningenuity.
Inshort,laborandproductivelaborarebothindispensableconditionsforthetransformationfromapestohumans,andtheyarealsoindispensableconditionsforhumanbeingstogrowintotheheadofallthings.Laborbehaviorisnotuniquetohumans,andcollectivecooperationbehaviorisnotuniquetohumans.Onlythebehaviorofproductivelaborisuniquetohumans.Whetherornottoengageinproductivelaboristheessentialdifferencebetweenhumansandanimals.Thelaborofhumansandapesinprimitivesocietyisverysimilar.
Asforproductionlabor,amongotheranimals,onlyantshavethiskindoflabor.Theantswillsprinklesoilinthecracksofthebuilding,andsprinklesomeplantseedsinthesoil,andthentheseseedswillbeTakeroots,sprout,growleaves,bloomandsetfruit,andthentheantswillcarrytheresultingseedsbacktothenest.Andantswillraiselivestock.Ofcourse,theirlivestockareinsects.Theywillraiseaphids,scaleinsectsandotherinsectstogettheirhoneydew,andantswillalsoraisenymphstogetthesugaryliquidintheirbodies.Sometypesofants(suchasleaf-cuttingants)alsoraiseotherkindsoflepidopteranlarvaetoobtaintheirfeces,whichareusedtocultivatefungi.Afterthefungusgrows,itusesthedungoftheselepidopteraninsectstofertilizeit.
3:Therelationshipbetweenlaborandproductionandproductionlabor
Labor,production,andproductionlaborallcontaintheactivitybehaviorofthesubject,andtheirnatureisdifferent.Thelaborcarriedoutbythesubjectisnotnecessarilyinproduction,buttheproductioncarriedoutbythesubjectmustbelabor,andproductivelaborincludesboththebehaviorofthesubjectandthenatureofthebehavior.
Laborrepresentsthebehaviorofthesubject,andproductionrepresentsthenatureofthebehavior,whichiswhetherthepurposefulbehaviorperformedbythesubjectisjustlabororlaborinproduction.Regardlessofwhetheritislabororproductionlabor,itsactorshaveaclearpurpose,andtheymusthavelaborbeforetheycanbesaidtobemoved.Onlywhenthereislabor,canthenatureofthislaborbedefinedaslabor.Orproductionlabor.Therefore,productionorproductionlabormustbebuiltonthebasisoflabor.
Laboristhecornerstoneofproductionorproductivelabor,andproductionisthedefinitionofthenatureoflaborbehavior,whichisoneofitsrelationships.
Accordingtotheobjectoflabor,laborisdividedintoproductivitylaborandoutputlabor.Inlaborbehavior,itsbehaviordoesnotproducetheoutputoflaborvalue,butthislaborbehaviorcanservetheoutputoflaborvalue.Itisthelaborbehaviorthatisnecessaryornecessaryfortheproductionoflabor.Workforproductioncapacity.Forexample,inthelaboractivitiesofbuildingfactories,processingormanufacturinglabortools,thetoolsthemselvesonlyservethefinallaboroutput.Theconductoflaborbehaviorcanproducelabor-valuedoutput,andalllaborbehaviorsthatdirectlyaffectthelaborresultofproductivelaborarelaborforproduction.Forexample,whenplantingriceandvaluingtheresultsoflabor,thelaborbehaviorscarriedoutdirectlyaffectthefinallaboroutput.Accordingtothenatureoflabor,thereisadifferencebetweenharvestinglaborbehaviorandproductivelaborbehavior.Forexample,primitivegatheringorhuntingbehaviorisharvestinglaborbehavior,andtheoutputoflaborisderivedfromnaturalproduction.Theoutputoflaboronlyneedstobecarriedoutintermsofoutputandseldomiscarriedoutinexcessivecapacity.Thetransformationofnaturalanimalhusbandryandfarmingbyhumansandantsisaproductivelaborbehavior,andthisbehaviorneedstobecombinedwithproductivityandoutput.
Nomatterwhatkindoflaborbehaviororproductionbehavior,thebehaviorofthesubjectiscoveredundertheconceptoflabor,andthesubjectofthebehaviormusthavelaborbehavior.Theconceptoflaboronlyexpressesthebehaviorofthesubjectinitsoriginalmeaning,andcannotreflectthenatureoftheresultofthebehavior.Theconceptofproductionnotonlyimpliesthebehaviorofthesubject,butalsoincludesthenatureandresultofthebehavior.Therefore,theconceptsoflabor,production,andproductivelaborareallincludedintheconceptoflabor.Thescopeoftheconceptoflaborismuchlargerthanlabor,production,andproductivelabor,andthenatureofproductionimplieslaborandproductivelabor.
Anyactofproductionorlaborisundertheconceptoflabor.Atthesametime,withtheexistenceofproduction,theactoflabormustbecarriedout.Withtheactofproducinglabor,itmustbeinseparablefromtheconceptoflabor.,Theconceptofproductionisalwaysundertheconceptoflabor,whichitselfimplieslaborbehavior.Anyactoflaborservestheoutputoflaborandisfortheoutputoflabor.
Laborincludesproductionorproductionlabor,andproductionimplieslaborandproductionlabor.Nomatterlabor,productionorproductionlabor,thereislaboroutput.Thisisthesecondrelationship.
Thefirstbehaviorofanimalsislaborbehavior.Onthebasisoflaborbehavior,thereisthebehaviorofproductivelabor.Inthebehaviorofproductivelabor,thereistheconceptofproductivelabor.Thefirstlaborbehaviorisdeterminedbynaturalconditionsandone'sownlaborability,anditexistsobjectively.Inhistory,thesequenceofthebehavioralconceptsoflaborandproductioncannotbereversed.Laboronlysummarizesthebehaviorofthesubject.Productionnotonlyimpliesthebehaviorofthelaborsubject,butalsosummarizesandimpliesthenatureofthesubject'sbehaviorandtheresultofthesubject'sbehavior.Therefore,laborandproductioncannotbereversedinhistory,andtheconceptofproductionismoreprogressivethanlabor.
Productionandlaborhaveanorder.Productionistheprogressoflabor.Productionlaborisageneralsummaryoftherelationshipbetweenlaborandproduction.Itismainlyusedfortheidentificationanddefinitionofsocialactivities.Productivelaboristhecompletedefinitionofbehaviorandnature,andthisisthethirdrelationship.
Inshort,withoutlabor,itisimpossibletotalkaboutproduction,withoutproduction,itisimpossibletotalkaboutproductivelabor.Thisistherelationshipbetweenthethree.
Toolsandobjects
Toolsandobjectsareproductiontoolsandlaborobjects.Productiontoolsandlaborobjectsarethetoolsusedbyanimalstoproducelaborandthelaborobjectsthatexistwiththehumanspeciesasthelaborsubject.
Productiontools,thatis,allthespecificdevicesusedbyanimalsinproductionandlabor.
Theobjectoflaboristheobjectoflabor,whichreferstoallthespecificthingsinvolvedinthelaborsubjectinlabororproductionlaborbehavior,collectivelyreferredtoasthelaborobject,andthelaborobjectisrelatedtotheoccurrenceoflaborbehavior.Allthingscollectively.
Asthemainbodyofproductionandlabor,animalsincreasewiththesociallivingstandards.However,whendemonstratingtheobjectoflabor,thespeciesitselfisnotregardedastheobjectoflabor.Thespeciesitselfbecomestheobjectoflabor.Then,theoppositeoftheobjectoflaborisdifficulttostipulate.
1:Bodyorgansarethefirstproductiontoolsusedbyanimals.
Forprimates,especiallyhumansandapes,thehandisafunctionalorganofhumans.Itiscalledhandbecauseitisdifferentfromtheforelimbsofordinaryanimals.Itisaproductioninthesense.tool.Thehandsaretrainedthroughlabor,andthesticksusedforgatheringorhuntingareprocessedfromthehandstothesticks.Thehanditselfisalsoaconcreteobject,andtheprocessingofthestoneorstickbythehandisalsotheprocessingoftheobjecttotheobject.Theprocessoftransformingtheforelimbsoftheancientgreatapesintohandsisitselfaneedtochangetheenvironmentforlivingandlabor,andisalsoaninnateconditionoftheancientgreatapesthemselves.Inthecaseofsurvivalneeds,theforelimbsofhumansandapesthemselvesarefirstusedastoolsforlabor.Itisthisuseofforelimbsaspurelabortoolsthatpromotestheformationofhandsandwalkingupright.,Hasacceleratedthefundamentaltransformationofhumanandapebodiesintheirphysique.Therefore,handsarethefirstlabortoolsusedbyhumansandapes.Theuseofhandlabortoolsandtheexistenceofthenaturalenvironmentmakehumansandapeshavetowalkuprightwiththeirwaistsupright.Underthecombinedeffectofinnateconditions,theexistingnaturalenvironmentandtheuseofhandtools,humansandapesfinallystoodupfromtheanimalgroup.
Standup,thisisthegreatestadvancementforhumansandapes.
Forallmammalianclimbinganimals,onlytheancientapescancompletelyliberatetheforelimbsforlabororproductivelabor.Theliberatedforelimbsnolongeractonthesupportingbodyandbecomeatoolforlabor..
Forotheranimals,taketheantasanexample.Theant'spalateisaproductiontool,andtheantusesitspalatetoprey,carryanddefend.
2:Productiontoolsgraduallyincreasewiththeimprovementofanimallaborcapacity.
Theemergenceofmanufacturingandusingadvancedproductiontoolsandproductionlaborisitselfamanifestationoftheimprovementofhumanlaborabilitytoacertainextent.Fromasubjectivepointofview,thereasonwhyprimitivesocietiesexistforsolongisnotdeterminedbythenaturalenvironmentandprimitiveconditions,butbythelaborabilityoftheanimalsthemselves,andthelaborqualityoftheanimalsthemselves.Humansandapes,whohavejustemergedfromtheanimalworld,havetheabilitytoproducelaborassoonaspossible,sotheirownlivingenvironmentwillchangeassoonaspossible,andtheproductivityofsocietywillincreaseassoonaspossible,andthesocietyofhumansandapeswillbeasearlyaspossible.Movingforwardoneday,theprogressofanysocietyistheresultofitsowndevelopment.Withtheuseofhandlabortools,humansandapeshavegraduallyimprovedtheirownlaborcapabilities,andpeopleandapeshavegraduallyproducedcorrespondingproductiontoolsforproductionneedsaccordingtoproductionneeds.
Thesticksorpolishedstonetoolsoriginallyusedbyhumansandapesforgatheringorhuntingactivitiesarethefirstproductiontoolsmanufacturedthroughthelaborofhumansandapes.Apesstillusethosesimpletools,whilehumanshavecreatedmorecomplextools.
Fireitselfisnotatoolmadebyhumans,butatoolusedbyhumans,butlikehumanhands,theyarealltoolsusedbyhumansforproductionandplayanextremelyimportantroleinhumanlife.Thehandisderivedfromtheforelimbsoftheancientapes.Fireisequivalenttotheforelimbsofnature.Thecontrolanduseoffirebyhumansistoturntheforelimbsofnatureintohands.Firebelongstothecategoryofproductiontools.
Thenaturalforelimbsturnedintohands,andsincethentheyhavenaturallystoodup.
Thelabortoolsofotheranimalsareusuallythesame,usuallybodyorgans.
3:Naturallyproducedproductsaretheinitialobjectsoflaborforanimals.
Takehumansandapesasexamples.Intermsoftheorderinwhichthestickstonetoolsandnaturalproductsoriginallyusedbyhumansandapesbecametheobjectsoflaborforhumansandapes,naturalproductsprecededthestickstonetools.Becomethefirstobjectoflaborforhumansandapes.Thisisbecausethefinishedproductisthesurvivalfunctionforhumansandapes,andthestickstonetoolsareonlyfortheachievementofthisfunction.Humansandapesusethestickstonetoolsintheneedfornaturalproductstoproducelabor.Toolof.
Aslongastheanimalsperformpurposefulbehaviors,everythingistheobjectofanimallabor.Theobjectsofanimallaborincludenotonlyproductiontools,butalsodailynecessitiesusedindailylife.Notonlydoesitincludeeverythingthatexistsinnature,theobjectsofanimallaboralsoexistoutsidethenaturalenvironment.
Thenaturalconditionssuchastheearth,mountainsandriverswerenottheobjectsofanimallaborinprimitivesociety.Thesearejustplacesforanimalactivities.Animalsdonotyethavetheabilitytoworkontheseexistingnaturalenvironments.Abilitycanonlyworkonthefoodthatgrowsnaturally.Therefore,theinitialobjectoftheanimal'slaborissingleandpure.Animalscanonlyworkonthesenaturallyproducedproductsthatareextremelyusefulandnecessaryfortheanimal'sownlife.labor.Mostanimalsarestillatthisstage,andonlyhumanscanusetheseastheobjectsoflabor.
4:Theobjectsoflaborgraduallyincreasewiththeimprovementofanimallaborability.
Takehumansandapesasexamples.Thegorillasalsousetheirforelimbsastoolsduringtermitefishingorotherlabor.However,thegorilla'sforelimbshavetobeusedtosupportthebalanceofthebody.Theuseofforelimbsastoolsistemporary.Inessence,theforelimbsofgorillashavenotbeentransformedintohumanhands.Therefore,thelaborobjectsofgorillasorotheranimalswithsimilarbehaviorsalwaysstayintheacquisitionofnaturalproducts.
Withtheformationofhands,humanbeingshavemovedfromasingleobjectoflaborforgatheringorhuntingtothemanufactureanduseofsimplesticksandstonetools.Thesetoolsforlabororproductionalsobegantobecomehumanlabor.Object.Withtheemergenceofproductionandlaborbehaviorandtheexcavationandapplicationofpeople'sthinkingandthinking,land,forests,andmountainshavealsobecometheobjectsofpeople'slabor.Peoplehavebeguntocultivatelandtobuildfields,cutlogstobuildhouses,andbuildcanalstodivertwater.Withtheimprovementofpeople'sproductionandlivingstandards,decorativeobjectsmadeofstonebeadsandseacockleshellshavebecometheobjectsofpeople'slabor.Theincreaseinpeople'slaborobjects,somearenecessaryforsurvival,andsomeareneededforlife,aretheresultofhumanbehavior,thoughtandbehavior.
Inthe21stcentury,humanbeingsexploretheuniverseandspace,andthecosmicenvironmenthasalsobeguntobecometheobjectofhumanlabor.
Inshort,theproductionofalllaborobjectsofhumansandapescannotbeseparatedfromtheparticipationofhands.Thethinkingofanimalsincreaseswiththeimprovementoftheirownlaborability.Intheconceptoflabor,theproductiontoolsthemselveswereoriginallytheobjectsofanimallabor.Theproduction,transformation,processinganduseofproductiontoolsbyanimalsalsoreflectedproductivitytoacertainextent,andtheproductiontoolsthemselvesalsoshowedproductivitytoacertainextent.Productiontoolsandlaborobjectsarecollectivelyreferredtoasmeansofproduction,andworkersandmeansofproductionareessentialconditionsforproductivelabor.
Powerandability
Powerandabilityarelaborforce,laborabilityandproductivity,productioncapacity.
1:Laborforceandlaborability
Thebehavioralabilityshownbylaborersinthelaborprocessiscalledlaborforce.Thelabordisplayedbytheanimalthroughthelaborer,theidentificationorestimationofthepotentialbehavioralabilityofthelaboringindividualthathasnotyetbeenshownreferstothelaborabilityofanindividual.
Laboristhebehavioralabilitythatindividuallaborershaveshown,andthisbehavioralpowerisreflectedthroughthelaboroutputoflaborers.Laborabilityisthepotentialbehavioralabilitythatthelaborindividualhasnotshown.Thisbehavioralabilityisanestimateoftheindividual'sbehavioralabilitybasedonthelaboroutputembodiedbytheindividuallaborer.Laborforceorlaborabilityreferstotheconceptofthedegreetowhichalllaborbehaviorsoflaborindividualsarerecognizedbythelaborcollective.Itistheresultexpressionoftherelationshipbetweentheindividuallaborbehaviorandthecollectivelaborbehavior.Laborforceandlaborcapacityaretheproductsoftherelationshipbetweenindividuallaborandindividuallaborbehaviorandlaborcollectiveandcollectivelaborbehavior.ThedegreeofidentificationoflaborindividualsandindividuallaborbehaviorbythecollectivelaborcollectiveistheobjectiveexistenceoflabororThesizeoflaborcapacity.
Sociallabor,thatis,thenameforalltherelationshipsthatexistincollectivelabor,andallworkerswhoworktogetherarecollectivelabor.Societycomesfromnatureandcomesintobeingwiththeemergenceofsocialanimals.Inaworldwithoutsocialanimals,itisnature,andinaworldwithsocialanimals,itissociety.Theobjectivelawsofbiologicalevolutiondeterminethatthenatureofanimallaborisindistinguishableinthebeginning.
Laborisgenerallyusedforconstantinputoflabororlaborintensityevaluationofcompletedlaborresults.Forexample,howmuchlaborisneededtomoveastone,howmuchlaborisneededtobuildariverembankment.Laborabilityisgenerallyusedtoexpressthepotentialbehavioralcapabilitiesofindividuallaborers.Forexample,thisworkerhastheabilitytoengageinfarming,andthatworkerhastheabilitytoengageinhunting.Thelaborforcereferstothelaborbehaviorthatisinputorrequiresinput,andreferstotheamountoflaborproducedbylabor.Theabilitytoworkreferstothedegreeofpotentialbehavioralcapabilitiesofindividuallaborers,andreferstothebehavioralcapabilitiesoflaborers.Theextentofthepotentialbehavioralpowerofthelaborerortheamountoflaborachievedbythelaborbehaviorarenotdeterminedbythelaborerhimself.Thelaborabilityorlaborforcepossessedbythelaborerisonlyaconditionforachievingthisconcept.Thisisbecausethereisnoconstantunitstandardforlaborforceorlaborability.Itisonlythefunctionalresponseofindividuallaborbehaviorinthelaborbehaviorofcollectivesociety.Itisthevalueconceptgeneratedbytheindividual'sidentitybythecollectiverelationship,thespecificdegreeorcertaindegreeThequantityexistsbecauseoftherelationshipidentificationofthelaborcollective,andthedegreeorquantityofthelaborindividualistheresultoftheexpressionoftherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthecollective.
Theexpressionoftheresultoftherelationshipbetweentheexistenceoflaborersandthelaborcollectiveistheexistenceoftherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthecollective.Theexistenceoftherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthecollectiveismanifestedinthecollective'sidentificationwiththeindividual,andthecollective'sidentificationwiththeindividual'sexistenceisthevalueofindividualexistenceManifestation.
Existenceisvalue,andthelowestvalueofexistenceistobeperceivedasbeing.Themagnitudeofvaluedependsonthedegreeofidentity,andthedegreeofidentityeventuallyreturnstothestateofexistence.Laborforceandlaborcapacityarethevaluerecognitionoflaborindividualsbythelaborcollective,andlaborforceandlaborcapacityrepresentthevalueofindividuallaborersinthelaborcollective.
Thevalueexpressionoflaborindividualsinsociallaborrelationsislaborforceandlaborability.
2:Productivityandproductivecapacity
Laborandlaborcapacityareusedtomeasuretheindividualvalueofaworkerinsociallaborrelations.Thelaborcollectiveiscomposedoflaborindividuals,andthecollectivevalueofthelaborcollectiveinsociallaborrelationsistheproductivityandproductioncapacity.
Thelevelofcollectivebehavioralcapabilitiesofthelaborcollectiveinsociallaborrelationsisexpressedintermsofproductivity,andproductivityisusedtoexpressthelevelofcollectivebehaviorofasocialcollective.Theconceptualdifferencebetweenthecollectiveandthesocietyisthatthesocietyincludestherelationshipofthecollectiveexistence,andthecollectiveisthesocietywithouttherelationship.
Theproductivitypossessedbyaspecificlaborcollectivereferstotheproductivityofthislaborcollective,andthecollectiveproductivityisexpressedandsummarizedbythelevelofproductivity.Productivityissocial,whichisanabstractandgeneralexpressionofpeople'ssocialconditions,andproductivecapacityiscollective,whichisaconcreteandgeneralexpressionofpeople'scollectivebehavior.Theconceptofproductivityistoexpressthesocialproductionstatusandlevelofproductionwithinacertainsociallevel.Theproductivityitselfisalsotoshowthetotalproductionsituationofthesocialcollectiveinvarioussocialstagesintheprocessofsocialdevelopment,andtousethelevelofproductivity.Asameasureofthelevelofsocialprogress,productivityhasbecomeasignoftheprogressofsocialconditionsandsocialforms,andhasasocialnature.Itisaconceptualtoolforassessingthelevelofsocialdevelopment.
Productioncapacityisthedegreeofproductionlaborthataspecificlaborcollectiveorgroup'sproductionlaborbehaviorhasinsocialproductionrelations,anditreferstoaspecificunitorasingleproductionteamoracertainThelaborintensityandproductionlevelpossessedbyeachproductioncollective.Forexample,whatistheannualproductioncapacityofachemicalfertilizerplant,andacertainscientificresearchunithastheabilitytodevelopandproducehigh-techproductsintheworld.Asameasureofthesocialvalueofaproductionunit,productioncapacityisusedtoexpressthesocialvalueoftheproductioncollective,whichiscollective.Intheexpressionofthestatusorlevelofsocialproduction,productivityistheexpressionofthelevelofsocialproductionthathasalreadybeencarriedout.Theunrealizedlevelofsocialproductionthathasnotbeenshowninsocialproductionisnotincludedintheconceptofproductivity.ThecollectiveitselfTheavailableproductioncapacityiswithinthescopeofproductivity.Inotherwords,productivitycannotbeusedtoidentifythefuturestateofsocialproduction.Theproductioncapacityofallproductioncollectivesthemselvescanbesummarized.Thisisdeterminedbythenatureoftheconceptofproductivityitself.Basedonthisunderstanding,wehaveapreliminaryunderstandingofwhatproductivityisandtheconceptofproductivityitself.
Embodiment
Productivityisembodiedinnaturalproductivityandsocialproductivity.
1:Withnatureasthemainbody,theabilityofnaturetoproducevalueisnaturalproductivity.
Naturallygrownanimalsthatgatherorhuntobjects,andnature-createdcoaloroil,thesearenotsociallyproducedbutareoutputresultswithconsiderablevalue.TheseoutputvalueproductsarenaturalTheperformanceofproductiveforcesisproducedundertheactionofnaturalforcesandisanindispensablevalueresourceinthedevelopmentofsociety.
Alldevelopmentcannotbeseparatedfromnature,itallcomesfromnature.
Regardingnatureasthesubjectofexistence,thenaturalsubjectisalsoactivewhenproducingthesevalues.Animalscanperceivethenatural"movement",andpeoplecannotprovethebehaviorofnatural"labor".Withoutpurpose,thereisnopurposeinnature.Theexistenceoftheseresultsisthenaturalmanifestationofpurpose.Therefore,naturalbehaviorcanalsobesummarizedby"work"and"movement".Naturallaborbehaviorisbasedonnature.Thesubjectdefinesthenatureofnaturalbehavior.Naturalenergytoproduceallthesevalueproductsisalsotheabilityofnatureitself.Therefore,thereisnotheoreticalconflictbetweenthedefinitionofdevelopedproductivityandtheperformanceofnaturalproductivity.Itispreciselyundertheactionofnaturalproductivitythattheproductionisproduced.Animalbody.
2:Withsocietyasthemainbody,theabilityofsocietytoproducevalueissocialproductivity.
Theexistenceofnaturefirst,andthentheexistenceofthisspecies,themomentwhensocialanimalscametotheworld,thenatureoftheworldsplitintosociety.Theonlydifferencebetweensocietyandnatureisthattherearesocialanimalsinnature.Allthefruitsoflaborproducedbysocietyunderthedominanceofthisspeciesaremanifestationsofsocialproductivity.Thisspeciesistheleaderofsocialproductiveforces.Thisspeciesisthenatureofsociety.Everythinginsocietyiscontrolledbythisspecies.Thedevelopmentandliberationofproductiveforcesareultimatelydeterminedbythisspecies.Socialproductivitydevelopsonthebasisofnaturalproductivity.Naturalproductionitselfcanbecarriedoutwithouttheexistenceofthisspecies,whilesocialproductioncannotbecarriedoutintheroleofthisspeciesonthebasisofnaturalproduction.Withoutnaturalproductionandtheroleofthisspecies,therewouldbenosocialproduction,withoutnaturalproductivity,therewouldbenosuchspecies,letalonetheemergenceofsociety,andtherewouldbenoemergenceofsocialproductivity.
Socialproductivityisdevelopednaturalproductivity,andsocialproductivityisalsothetransformationofnaturalproductivityunderhumanfactors.Withouttheexistenceofsocialproductivity,naturalproductivitycannotbedevelopedandimproved.
Thetwomainconceptsofproductivity,natureandsociety,theconceptitselfencompassesnaturalproductivityandsocialproductivity.
Thepurposeoftransformingnatureisforthisspeciestohaveabetterlivingenvironmentandhappyandbeautifullivingconditions.Buildingabetterworldisthefundamentalmeaningoftransformingnature.
Résumé
Productivity,thatis,thedevelopmentofproductioncapacityanditselements,inthefinalanalysis,istheabilitytocombinethesubjectandtheobject,andthematerialpowerinspiredbyit,whichisapracticalstructure.Regulation.Thesameistrueforproductionrelations,whichreferstothedevelopmentofrelationsbetweensubjectswithpossessiveobjectsastheintermediary.Botharescientificexistentialregulationsproposedfromapracticalperspective.Theso-calledproductivityfocusesonthedevelopmentalrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandtheobjectintheinteractionofmaterialtechnology,butasthe"relationshipbetweentheobjectandtheobject",itseemstobetherelationshipbetweentheobjectandtheimage,whichconcealsthecognitiveattributeofthesubject'sdevelopment.Therefore,productivityshouldbegraspedasaspecificscientificresearchobject,aimingtoconductincreasinglyclearandsystematicexplorationandresearchonthemovementandstructureofproductivityentities(practicalcapabilities,suchaslaborprocesses).Theabstractrelationsofproductionhighlightthenecessityofstudyingthedevelopmentrelationsofthesubjectreflectedfromtheobject(development),whichmakestheresearchonthehistoricalmovementoftheentityofproductionrelations(ownershiprelations)moreurgent.ItfinallyrevealsThesocialandeconomicstructureoftheentity.
In1980,ProfessorWeiXinghuaofRenminUniversityofChinabrokethroughthepopulartwo-factororthree-factortheoryofproductivityandputforwardthemulti-factortheoryofproductivitythathasawideimpactineconomics.
Fromafullsense,theso-calledproductivityistheabilityofmantoconquernature,transformsocietyandshapehimself.Inthefinalanalysis,itistheentiredevelopmentofman'sessentialpowerinhistory.
Inshort,productivityistheessentialforceofhumanbeings,suchastheendlesstorrent.Theinternalforceofgallopingliesinthegravitationalforcebetweenthewaterandtheearth,theexternalforceofgallopingliesintheterrain,terrainandditches,andtheditchesareexternalforces.Thegeneralrepresentative.Wateristhesubjectofproductivity,theearthistheobjectofproductivity,andtheditchisthesocialformandshellofproductivity,namelytherelationsofproduction.Productivityisconstantlydevelopingandmovingforwardunderthejointactionandguidanceofthethree.