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La viedupersonnage
Première expérience
Mozi(5photos)
L'ancêtre de Mozi appartenait à la famille royale des Yin et des Shang, et il était le descendant du frère de Song Xianggong, l'empereur de la dynastie Song, Muyi, MuYi était DaSima de Song Xianggong avant sa mort, et ses descendants furent par la suite réduits d'aristocrates à des gens ordinaires pour une raison quelconque.MoZi est né durant les quarante ans du roi Zhou Jing à la fin du printemps et à l'automne (environ 480 av. J.-C.), ou dans les quarante-quatre ans du roi Zhou Jing (476 av. J.-C.).
En tant que roturier, Mozi a travaillé comme berger et a appris la menuiserie dans sa jeunesse.
MoZi est un érudit aux connaissances culturelles considérables et proche des petits producteurs d'ouvriers et de paysans.
Un enseignant confucianiste
Portant des sandales de paille, Mozi a parcouru le monde et a commencé à étudier dans divers endroits.
FondationduMohisme
Mozi a finalement abandonné le confucianisme et créé une nouvelle théorie.
Avant la montée du légalisme, qui représentait les intérêts de la nouvelle classe des propriétaires terriens, le mohisme était la plus grande école d'opposition au confucianisme pendant la période pré-Qin, et elle était répertoriée comme "l'école manifeste".
Mozi fait activement la promotion de sa doctrine.
Voyager autour du monde
Mozi était médecin de la dynastie Song lorsqu'il était Song Zhaogong. Mais plus tard, son statut a décliné et il a approché des ouvriers.
MoZioncepreventedLuyangWenjunfromattackingZhengGuoandpersuadedLuBantostopChufromattackingSong.MozivisitedChucountrymanytimesandpresentedbookstoKingChuHui.KingChuHuiplannedtosealMoziwithapublishinghouse, butMozididnotacceptitintheend.Later, herejectedthefiefgrantedtohimbythekingofChuandleftthekingdomofChu.ThekingofYueinvitedMozitobeanofficialandpromisedhimafiefoffivehundredli.Moziused "listentomyadviceandactaccordingtomyprinciples" asaconditiontogo, regardlessofthefiefandjuelu.Thepurposewastorealizehispoliticalambitionsandideologicalpropositions, butwasrejectedbytheKingofYue.MozicametoQiinhislateryearsandtriedtopersuadeXiangZiniutocrusadeagainstLu, buthewasunsuccessful.
TroispointsdeMohistschool
InMozi'slateryears, ConfucianismandMohismwereequallyfamous.AfterMozi'sdeath, theMohistdisciplesstill "filledtheworld" andwere "innombrable" .Par conséquent, althoughtherewerehundredsofscholarsintheWarringStatesPeriod, le "ConfucianismandMoxie" wasthefirstofthehundreds.AfterthedeathofMozi, theMohistschoolwasdividedintothreeschoolsofinkoftheXianglifamily, theinkoftheXiangfufamily, andtheinkoftheDenglingfamily.
Principale influence
Pensée politique
En politique, Mozi a proposé le festival " amour universel ", " non-attaque ", " ShangXian " et " ShangTong ". Utilisez " festival enterrement ", " non-le " et d'autres propositions. "shouldbechosen, ifthecountryispoorandweak, weshouldchoose" savinguse "et" festivalburial ";. andsoon" Easytoleaveatthesametime "isthecoreofhissocialandpoliticalthinking, et" non-attaque "ishisspecificprogramofaction.Hebelievesthataslongaseveryone" loveseachotherandbenefitseachother », therewillbenobullying, l'arrogance, l'infériorité, la sagesse, la fraude, andmutualattacksamongnationsinsociety.Hesharplyexposedandcriticizedthescourgecausedbythewarbytherulerandtheextravaganceandpleasureofordinaryetiquetteandcustoms.Intermsoftheprincipleofemployment, Mozi prône la nomination de personnes selon leurs mérites, s'oppose à la nomination de personnes par copinage et prône que "les fonctionnaires ne sont pas toujours chers,a Il a également recommandé que de l'empereur, des princes et des monarques aux principaux dirigeants à tous les niveaux, nous devions « choisir les sages du monde » pour agir ;
Jianaiisnotattack
Mozi'stheoryof "non-destin" et "universallove" issimilartotheConfucian "destin" et "loveisequal." Contrarytothebeliefthat "governmentsareimpermanentandexpensive, andthepeoplearenevercheap", anddemandthat "thehungrygetfood, thecoldgetclothing, andthelaborergetrest" .Manyofthemhavenaivematerialism.Theso-calleduniversalloveincludesthemeaningofequalityandfraternity.Mozidemandedthatemperors, pères, fils, andbrothersallloveeachotheronanequalbasis ,aimer les autres comme s'aimer soi-même, et croit que le phénomène des forts et des faibles, des riches et des pauvres insultants, des fiers et des arrogants dans la société est dû au fait que les gens dans le monde ne s'aiment pas.
TianzhimingFantômes
PublishingtheTianzhighostsandgodsisamajorfeatureofMozi'sthought.Mozibelievesthattheheavenshaveambitions-andlovethepeopleoftheworld.Because "peopleareministersofheaven, regardlessofage, nobleorinferior," et "heavenlovesthepeoplesothickly", themonarchwillbepunishedbyheavenifheviolatesthewillofheaven, otherwisehewillberewardedbyheaven.Mozinotonlybelievedintheexistenceofghostsandgods, butalsobelievedthattheywouldrewardandpunishviolentmonarchsornobles.ThenaturalhumanrightsandthethoughtofrestrictingthemonarchinMozi'sreligiousphilosophyareahighlightinMozi'sphilosophy.
ShangtongShangxian
Shangtongasksthepeopleandtheemperortobethesameastheheavenlywill, andtopracticerighteousgovernment.Thesageincludestheelectionofsagesasofficials, andtheelectionofsagesastheemperor.Mozibelievesthatthemonarchmustelectthesagesofthecountry, andthepeopleshouldobeythemonarchinpublicadministration.Moziaskedthetoptounderstandthesituation, becauseonlyinthiswaycanherewardthegoodandpunishtheviolence.Moziaskedtheemperortobeabletohonorthesages, thatis, toappointsagesandabolishthosewhoareunscrupulous.MoziregardedShangxianveryseriouslyandthoughtitwasthefoundationofpoliticalaffairs.Heparticularlyopposedthemonarch'suseofrelativesoffleshandblood, andforwisemenregardlessoftheirorigin, heputforwardthepropositionthat "theofficialsarenotalwaysexpensive, andthepeoplearenotcheap".
Usagesecondaireetfunérailles
L'utilisation secondaire est un point de vue souligné par l'école mohiste.
FeiLeFeiMing
MoZiisextremelyopposedtomusic, andevenononetrip, whenheheardthatthecarwasheadingtowardsthesong, heimmediatelyturnedaround.Hebelievesthatalthoughmusicsoundsgood, itwillaffectfarmers'farming, women'stextiles, andtheminister'shandlingofgovernmentaffairs.ItdoesnotconformtotheprinciplesoftheHolyKingandthepeople'sinterests, soheopposesmusic.Ontheonehand, Moziaffirmedthatheavenhasthewill, canrewardgoodandpunishevil, andusetheexternalpersonalitygodtoservehis "universallove", ontheotherhand, hedeniedthedestinyadvocatedbyConfucianismandadvocated "non-destin" .Hebelievesthatrecognizinglife, richandpoor, thesafetyoftheworld, andfightingchaosarenotdeterminedby "sort" .Aslongaspeople'sactiveefforts, thegoalsofwealth, la richesse, la sécurité, andgovernancecanbeachieved.MoziopposedtheConfuciansayingthat "lifeanddeatharedestined, wealthandwealthareinthesky", andbelievedthatsuchastatement "pretendstobedestinedtoteachthestupidpeople." Moziseesthatthiskindofthinkingwearsawayanddamagespeople'screativity, Soit'snotfate.
Pensée militaire
La pensée militaire de Mozi est la doctrine de l'autodéfense en position de faible.
Non offensive : la guerre injuste contre l'offensive et le pillage
Mozibelievesthatthewarsatthetimewereallpredatoryunjustwars.Inthearticlesof "FeiGong", repeatedlycomplainedabouttherighteousnessofnon-attaque, believingthatwarisaterriblething.Hesaidthatthevastmajorityoftheancientnationsdiedoutintheoffensive, andonlyahandfulofcountriessurvived.Thisislikeadoctorwhohastreatedtensofthousandsofpeople, andonlyafewpeoplehaverecovered.Thisdoctorisnotworthytobecalledagooddoctor, arelativeorfriend, andwarisalsonotagoodcure.Therehavebeencountlessrulerswhodiedofwarinhistory.Thisistantamounttogivingaheadstarttothosewhoaretryingtoopenupfrontiersandconquertheworldthroughoffensivewars.Therefore, Moziadvocatedtosubduetheworldwithvirtueandrighteousness, andtoeliminatemisfortuneswithlove.InMozi'seyes, Jianaicanstopoffenseandgetridofchaos.Universalloveistheethicalandmoralbasisofnon-attaque, andnon-attackistheinevitableresultofuniversallove .
Moziadvocatesnon-attaque, andhespecificallyopposesthethen "bigattackagainstthesmall, thestrongoneinsultstheweak, thecrowdisthethieves, thedeceitfulisdeceived, andtheexpensiveisthearrogantandinferior." Apredatorywarinwhichrichnessleadstoarroganceandpoverty.Moziusedthecriterionofuniversalloveandstrictlydistinguishedwarsintotwocategories: "Zhu" (ZhuWuDao) et "Gong" (Attackinnocence), namelyjusticeandinjustice.Thewarsof "lovingthepeopleoftheworld", suchasYu'sattackonSanMiao, ShangTang'sdefeatofJie, et la défaite de Zhou par WuWang sont en accord avec les conquêtes du ciel, des fantômes et des gens.
Mozi a aussi résolument et impitoyablement exposé les catastrophes lourdes et interminables apportées aux gens par la guerre à cette époque : ① c'était une perte de temps agricole et une production perturbée. ② Voler des richesses en obtenant quelque chose pour rien. Mozi a souligné que le monarque d'un grand pays a ordonné à l'armée d'attaquer un petit pays. « Ceux qui ont le caractère du peuple les tueront. Ceux qui ne sont pas qualifiés seront renvoyés.
Sauvetage :soutenirlajustebataillededéfenseetdecondamnation
Mozi "onlynon-offensive, istostressthemethodofdefense", startingfrom "non-offensive", "mozi" discussedhowtoactivelydefendasaweakcountry.Moziknewwellthatthemonarchsofgreatpowerswouldnotabandonwarsonlybyreasoning, soheadvocated "deeplycontemplatingandpreparingfordefense" andusingactivedefensetostoplargeandsmallaggressivewars.Theseresearchesondefenseoperationsareconcentratedinthefollowingelevenchaptersof "Beichengmen", formingadefensetheorysystemwithcitydefenseasthecore.Insummary, itincludesthreeaspects.Thefirstistoadvocateactivepreparationandstrivetobeprepared "Theonewhoispreparedistheweightofthecountry.Theeateristhetreasureofthecountry;. Thesoldieristheclawofthecountry; thecityisalsoself -vaincre. "La droiture ne peut pas vaincre l'injustice ; si le mur de la ville n'est pas complet, on ne peut pas se défendre ; il ne faut pas être préparé et ne peut pas répondre à la mort." . Itionindefensivebattlesandwindefensivebattles.Thesecondistheguidingideologyofactivedefensethat "thedefendersofthecityputtheenemyfirst" Mozibelievedthatinthedefenseofthecity, thereshouldbeanoffensivewhiledefendingandactivelyannihilatetheenemy "Extendthedayforalongtimetoberescued" isthebottomline.Thespecificmeasuresto "immediatelyhurttheenemy" sont: usetheterrain, relyonthecity, andcorrectlyarrangethetroops; takethenationalcapitalasthecenter, formamulti-leveldefenseindepthofbordertowns, comtés, andnationalcapitals, blocklayersandconsumetheenemy; persevereandattackinatimelymannerCombine.Third, intermsofspecificmethodsofdefensiveoperations, asetofprinciplesofdefensiveoperationstacticshavebeenproposed.In » Préparation de la porte de la ville "et d'autres chapitres, Mozi a utilisé les questions de Qinhuali pour se défendre efficacement contre douze méthodes de siège, une par une. thodsanduseskillsofdefenseequipment.
MoZi estime que les guerres justes ne sont pas toutes des guerres de « défense » passives. L'envoi actif de troupes pour conquérir un pays coupable est aussi une guerre juste. pensée militaire.
Mozi'smilitarystrategyisadefensivestrategy, whichcanbesummarizedasa "non-attacktostopwar, todefeatthestrongwiththeweak". "Non-attackandstopwar" isthesupremestrategyandthepurposeofstrategy. "Non-offensive" requiresworldpeaceandfriendship. "Stoppingthewar" istostoptheenemy'sattemptstolaunchawarofaggression, anditmustbebackedbystrongarmaments. "Winningthestrongwiththeweak" isembodiedintheaspectsof "helpingtheweakandattackingthestrong", "takingoneasten", "takingcourageasthefoundation » et "allthepeoplearesoldiers Supportingtheweakandattackingthestrong "demonstratesthefearlessnessoftheMohistschooltosupportjustice, opposeaggression, andprotecttheweak; ""." Oneforten" showsthattheMohistrequiresthedefenderstomaximizetheirspiritualandcombatpower, "Beingbravery" reflectsTheMohist'sheroicspiritofsacrificeand "goingthroughfireandwater" et "deathwithoutrelenting"; thedefensiveprincipleof "madethecityanindestructibleandinvinciblesteelfortress de allthepeopleassoldiers".
Mozi'sdefensetheoryoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChinesemilitaryscience.Thedescriptionofdefenseprinciplesandtacticsinlatergenerations, manyancestorswrotein "Mosi", sothatallsoliddefensesarealsocollectivelycalled "moshou." ComparedwithFanLi'ssimpleactivedefensetheoryfromastrategicperspective, MoZidiscusseddefensemorefromacombatperspectiveandformedamorecompletedefensecombattheorysystem, whichcoincideswithSunTzu'soffensivecombattheory.Thecomplementaryrelationshiphasmadeapositivecontributiontothedevelopmentoftraditionalmilitaryscience.Moziopposesthe "attackinnocent" unjustwarandadvocatesthe "punishmentoftheinnocent" justwar.Onthebasisofthisconceptofwar, heproceededfromthestandpointofdefendingsmallandweakcountries, andputforwardthemilitarythinkingofall-roundactivedefense, whichstillhasimportantpracticalsignificancetothisday.
Pensées Philosophiques
Les réalisations philosophiques de Mozi sont les plus importantes dans l'épistémologie et la logique.
Théorie de l'épistémologie
ThemaincontributionofMozi'sphilosophyisintheaspectofepistemology.Hetakesthedirectfeelingexperienceof "earsandeyes" astheonlysourceofknowledge.Hebelievesthatjudgingtheexistenceofthingscannotbebasedonpersonalimagination, butshouldbebasedonwhateveryoneseesandhears.Startingfromthisnaivematerialistempiricaltheory, Moziputforwardthecriteriafortestingtheauthenticityofknowledge, à savoir: threetables. "Thematteroftheancientsandthesaintking", "Xiayuanexaminesthetruthofthepeople'seyesandears" et "abolishesthetruth" (Fa) Thinkofcriminalpoliticsandobservetheinterestsofthepeopleofthecountry "Moziintegrated" Les choses "" faits "et" avantages ", en utilisant l'expérience indirecte, l'expérience directe et les effets sociaux comme critères, et a essayé d'éliminer les préjugés subjectifs personnels. Il a autrefois utilisé la raison pour laquelle quelqu'un "goûte aux choses des fantômes et des dieux et entend les sons des fantômes et des dieux" et en est arrivé à la conclusion qu'"il existe des hôtes et des dieux". Mais Moz n'a pas ignoré le rôle de la connaissance rationnelle.
MoZibelievesthatthesourceofhumanknowledgecanbedividedintothreeaspects, à savoir, hearingknowledge, speakingknowledgeandpersonalknowledge.Hedivideshearingknowledgeintotwotypes:. Rumorsandpersonalknowledge, butinMozi'sview, whetheritisrumorsorpersonalknowledge, itshouldnotbesimplyaccepted, butmustbedigestedandintegratedtomakeithisownknowledge.Therefore, heemphasizedtheneedto "getwhatisheard", thatis, afterhearingandacceptingit, thinkingandinvestigating, takingtheknowledgeofothersasthebasis, andtheninheritingandcarryingforward "Speakingofknowledge" inMozi'swordscontainsthemeaningofinferenceandinvestigation, andreferstotheknowledgeobtainedbyinference.Heespeciallyemphasizedthat » ce que vous ne savez pas si vous savez est connu, alors vous connaissez les deux », c'est-à-dire que la connaissance inconnue est déduite de la connaissance connue. containapositiveandenterprisingspirit.Inadditiontoknowingandknowing, Moziattachesgreatimportancetoknowingrelatives.ThisisalsoamajordifferencebetweenMoziandotherpre-Qinscholars.Mozi'spersonalknowledgereferstotheknowledgegainedthroughpersonalexperience.Hedividedtheprocessofknowingrelativesintothreesteps:. "considérer", "accepter" et "l'esprit" "En ce qui concerne" isthestateofaperson'scognitiveabilitytoseekknowledge.Butjustthinkingaboutitmaynotbeabletoobtainknowledge.Forexample, ifyouopenyoureyesandlookattheforeignobject, youmaynotbeabletorealizethetruthoftheforeignobject.Therefore, itisnecessaryto savoir "recevoir" , et laissez les organes sensoriels tels que les yeux, les oreilles, le nez, la langue et le corps entrer en contact avec les objets externes afin de percevoir la nature externe et la forme des objets externes. Les informations géoobtenues doivent être intégrées, triées, analysées et déduites pour atteindre l'état de la connaissance "claire".
Logique
MoziisoneoftheimportantpioneersofancientChineselogicthoughtsystem.Mobian, Yinming, andAncientGreeklogicarecalledthethreemajorlogicsintheworld.Hemoreconsciouslyandextensivelyusedthemethodoflogicalinferencetoestablishordemonstratehispoliticalandethicalthoughts.Healsoputforwardthelogicalconceptsofdebate, classe, "argument" de andreasonforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofChineselogic.Anditisrequiredtolearnthedebateasakindofspecializedknowledge.AlthoughMozi de generallyreferstothetechniqueofdebate, itisbasedonknowledge (choses) Andreason (fondation, raison), soitbelongstothecategoryoflogicalanalogyorargumentation.The "threeforms" mentionedbyMoziarenotonlytheideologicalstandardofspeech, butalsothefactorsforreasoning.Moziisalsogoodatusinganalogytoexposethecontradictionsoftheenemy.ThankstoMozi'sadvocacyandenlightenment , l'école mohiste a développé une tradition orientée vers la logique, et le premier système logique ancien chinois a été établi par la suite de l'école mohiste.
Startingfromthislawofthinking, Moziwentontoestablishaseriesofthinkingmethods.Hesummedupthebasicmethodofthinkingas "totracethenatureofeverything, todiscussthecomparisonofwords.Toexpressthetruthbyname, toexpressthemeaningbywords, totellthestory.Takebyclass, givebyclass" ( "Smalltake"). Inotherwords, thepurposeofthinkingistoexploretheinevitableconnectionbetweenobjectivethings, andtoexploretheformthatreflectsthisinevitableconnection, andexpressitwith "name" (concept), (arrêt) "ci", et "dire "(raisonnement). "Prendre par classe et donner par classe" équivaut à l'analogie de la logique moderne et est une méthode importante de raisonnement.
Pensée scientifique
Cosmologie
Mozibelievesthattheuniverseisacontinuouswhole, andindividualsorpartsarecomposedofthisWhatseparatesfromtheunifiedwholeareallcomponentsofthisunifiedwhole.Inotherwords, thewholecontainstheindividual, andthewholeiscomposedoftheindividual.Thereisacertainorganicconnectionbetweenthewholeandtheindividual.Startingfromthiscontinuousviewoftheuniverse, MoZiwentontoestablishatheoryoftimeandspace.Henamedtime "Jiu" andspacenamed "Yu", andgavethedefinitionof "Jiu" et "Yu", thatis, "Jiu" meansalltimeincludingthepastandthepresent et "Yu" includesthings.Allspace, timeandspaceinthenorthandsoutharecontinuousanduninterrupted .
Aftergivingthedefinitionofspace-temps, Mozifurtherdiscussedthequestionofwhetherspace-timeisfiniteorinfinite.Hebelievesthattimeandspacearebothinfiniteandinfinite.Forthewhole, timeandspaceareinfinite, whileforparts, timeandspaceareinfinite.Healsopointedoutthatcontinuousspace-timeiscomposedofspace-timeelements.Hedefinedthespace-timeelementas "début" et "fin", "début" isthesmallestunitthatcannotbeseparatedintime et "fin" isthesmallestunitthatcannotbeseparatedinspace.Inthisway, spatiaux le temps est continu et infini, et cet espace-temps infini continu est composé de la plus petite unité. L'infini contient l'infini, et la continuité contient la théorie de l'espace-temps discontinu.
Sur la base de la théorie de l'espace-temps, Mozi a établi sa propre théorie du mouvement. Il unifie et relie le temps, l'espace et le mouvement des objets.
MoZialsohasanincisiveexpositionontheoriginandpropertiesofmatter.Amongthepre-Qinscholars, LaoTzufirstproposedthattheoriginofmatteris "beingbornfromnothing" (LaoTzuChapter1), "allthingsintheworldarebornfrombeing, andbeingbornfromnothing" (LaoTzuChapter40) .Mozifirstrosetoopposethisideaof Laozi, andproposedthatallthingsbeginwith "étant" .Hepointedoutthattherearetwokindsof "rien", oneisthatithasexistedinthepastandisnowabsent, suchassomekindofextinctbird, whichcannotbedeniedas "ont" becauseitnolongerexists; theotheristhatithasneverexistedinthepast. Thingsthathaveneverbeenbefore, suchasthecollapseofthesky, sont "néant" thatdoesnotexistinthefirstplace.The « rien » thatdidnotexistdoesnotproduce « être », eton « choses » thatoriginallyexistedandlaterdidnotexistarenot « étant » bornfrom « rien » .Itcanbeseenthat "étant" existsobjectively.Then, Moziwentontoelaborateontheissueofmaterialproperties.Hebelievesthatifthereisnostone, thehardnessandcolorofthestonewillnotbeknown, andwithoutthesunandfire, therewillbenoknowledgeofheat. En d'autres termes, les attributs n'existent pas sans objets matériels, les attributs sont des reflets objectifs d'objets matériels. La raison pour laquelle les gens peuvent percevoir les attributs de la matière est due à l'existence objective d'objets matériels.
MathématiquesDiscours
Mozi a été le premier scientifique de l'histoire chinoise à traiter des problèmes mathématiques à partir d'une hauteur rationnelle.
Les concepts mathématiques donnés par Mozi incluent principalement :
À propos de la définition de « fois ». ), ce qui signifie que la même hauteur est appelée " niveau ".
À propos de la définition de « même longueur ». Moz a dit : « La même longueur, la même est vraie. » (« Mojing1 »).
À propos de la définition de « 中 ». Moz a dit : « Le milieu est de même longueur.
À propos de la définition de « gagné ». Mozi a dit : « Gagné, le même long qu'au collège. » (« MoJing1 ») ici « gagné » est le cercle, Mozi a souligné que le cercle peut être dessiné avec des boussoles, ou peut être vérifié avec des boussoles.
À propos de la définition du carré.
Aboutthedefinitionofastraightline.Mozisaidthatthecollinearlineofthreepointsisastraightline.Thethree-pointcollinearisthedefinitionofastraightline, whichiswidelyusedinlatergenerationstomeasuretheheightanddistanceofobjects.ThemathematicianLiuHuioftheJinDynastyusedthethree-pointcollinearlinetomeasuretheheightanddistanceinthesurveyingmonograph "IslandMathematics" .AftertheHanDynasty, thesight "Wangshan" onthecrossbowwasalsoinventedaccordingly.
Enoutre, Mozialsodiscussedthedecimalvaluesystem.AsearlyastheShangDynasty, Chinahadalreadyuseddecimalnotationmoregenerally, andMoZiwasthefirstscientisttosummarizeandelaborateontheconceptofplacevaluesystem.Heclearlypointedoutthatthenumbersondifferentdigitshavedifferentvalues.Forexample, onthesamedigit, oneislessthanfive, andondifferentdigits, onecanbemorethanfive.Thisisbecauseinthesamedigit (ceux, des dizaines, des centaines, des milliers ...), fivecontainsone, andwhenoneisinahigherdigit, onecontainsfiveinturn.
Recherche en physique
Les recherches de Mozi sur la physique impliquent les branches de la mécanique, de l'optique, de l'acoustique, etc., et donnent de nombreux concepts de physique.
Firstofall, Mozigavethedefinitionofforce, en disant: "force, thepunishment (forme) isthereasonwhyitworks" ( "Mojing1") Inotherwords, forceiswhatmakesobjectsmove.Thereason, eveniftheeffectofthemotionoftheobjectiscalledforce.Inthisregard, hegaveanexampletoillustrate, sayingthatitislikeliftingaheavyobjectfromthebottomtothetop, whichcanonlybedonebecauseofapowerfuleffect.Atthesametime, MoZipointedoutthatwhenanobjectreceivesaforce, italsoproducesareactionforce.Forexample, aftertwoobjectsofequalmasscollide, thetwoobjectswillmoveinoppositedirections.Ifthemassesofthetwoobjectsdiffergreatly ,l'objetaveclaplusgrandemassenebougerapasaprèslacollision,maislaforcederéactionexisteratoujours.
Ensuite, Mozigavethedefinitionof "mouvement" et "stop" .Hebelievesthat "mouvement" isduetoforcepushing, andmoreimportantly, heputsforwardtheviewthat "stop, foralongtime, lastforever, andbeacowisnotahorse." Itmeansthatthestopofthemovementofanobjectcomesfromresistance.Theeffectofimpedance, ifthereisnoresistance, theobjectwillmoveforever.ThisviewisconsideredtobetheforerunnerofNewton'slawofinertia.Itismorethan1,000yearsolderthantheworld'scontemporaries.Itisalsoasignofthebirthanddevelopmentofphysics. (Aristote croit que la force est la cause du mouvement des objets. Elle ne bougera pas et s'arrêtera à la nature de l'objet. Cette opinion est cohérente avec les résultats de l'observation des gens ordinaires, mais elle est superficielle et erronée).
En ce qui concerne le théorème de l'effet de levier, MoZi a également fait une brillante déclaration. MoZialsoconductedaseriesofresearchesonmechanicalproblemssuchaslever, inclinedplane, centerofgravity, rollingfriction, etc., soIwon'trepeatthemhere.Inthehistoryofoptics, MoZiwasthefirstscientisttoconductopticalexperimentsandconductsystematicresearchongeometricoptics.ItisnottoomuchtosaythatMozilaidthefoundationofgeometricoptics, atleastinChina.JustasNeedhamsaidinthephysicsvolumeof "HistoryofScienceandTechnologyinChina", Mozi'sresearchonopticswas "earlierthanwhatweknowinGreece" et "Indiacannotbecompared."
Mozifirstdiscussedtherelationshipbetweenlightandshadow.Hecarefullyobservedthechanginglawsofmovingobjects'images, andputforwardthepropositionthat "thescenerydoesnotmigrate" .Inotherwords, theshadowofamovingobjectfromthesurfaceisalsomovingwiththeobject, whichisactuallyanillusion.Becausewhenthepositionofthemovingobjectmoves, theimageformedatthepreviousmomenthasdisappeared, andtheimageformedafterthedisplacementisnewlyformed, insteadoftheoriginalimagemovingtoanewposition.Iftheoriginalimagedoesnotdisappear, itwillalwaysexistintheoriginalposition, whichisimpossible.Therefore, themovementoftheimageyouseeisonlytheresultofthecontinuousanduninterruptedbirthanddeathoftheoldandnewimagesalongwiththemovementoftheobject, ratherthanthemovementoftheimageitself.ThispropositionofMoziwaslaterinheritedbyfamousartists, andfromthisheputforwardthepropositionthat "theshadowofthebirdhasnotmoved." Followingthat, Mozidiscussedtheissueoftheumbraandsecondaryshadowsofobjects.Hepointedoutthatifthelightsourceisnotapointlightsource, la objectwillproduceumbraandsecondaryshadowsduetotherepeatedilluminationofthelightemittedfromeachpoint;ifthelightsourceisapointlightsource,onlytheumbrawillappear.ThenMoziconductedexperimentsonsmallholeimaging.Heclearlypointedoutthatthelighttravelsinastraightline,andtheinvertedimageformedbytheobjectpassingthroughthesmallhole.Thisisbecausewhenthelightpassesthroughtheobjectandthenpassesthroughthesmallhole,duetothestraightpropagationofthelight,thetopoftheobjectisimagedonthebottom,andthebottomoftheobjectisimagedonthetop,sotheresultingimageisaninvertedimage.Healsoexploredtherelationshipbetweenthesizeoftheimageandtheobliquenessoftheobjectandthedistanceofthelightsource.Hepointedoutthattheobliqueobjectorthelightsourcewouldcausetheshadowtobelongandthin,whiletheobjectorthelightsourcewouldcausetheshadowtobeshortandthick.Betweenandthelightsource.WhatisparticularlyvaluableisthatMozihasconductedconsiderablesystematicresearchonflatmirrors,concavemirrors,convexmirrors,etc.,andhasderivedaseriesofbasicprinc iplesofgeometricoptics.Hepointedoutthattheflatmirrorsformedimagesofthesamesizeandsymmetricalfarandnear,buttheywerereversed.Iftwoormoreflatmirrorsilluminateeachother,repeatedreflectionswilloccur,formingcountlessimages.Theimageoftheconcavemirroristoformapositiveimagewithinthe"center",theimageislargerfromthe"center",theimagefromthe"center"issmall,andatthe"center"theimageisaslargeastheobject;inthe"center"Outside,theinvertedimageisformed,thenear"middle"imageislarge,andthefar"middle"imageissmall.Convexmirrorsonlyformapositiveimage,thenearmirrorimageislarge,andthefarmirrorimageissmall.The"center"hereisthecenterofthesphericalmirror.AlthoughMozihasnotbeenabletodistinguishthedifferencebetweenthecenterofthesphereandthefocus,andconfusedthecenterofthespherewiththefocus,hisconclusionisbasicallyconsistentwiththeimagingprincipleofmodernsphericalmirrors.
MoZialsoconductedresearchonthetransmissionofsound,andfoundthatJingandPiaohadtheeffectofamplifyingsoundandusedthemcleverly.Heoncetaughthisstudentsthatwhendefendingthecity,inordertopreventtheenemyfromdiggingtunnelsandattackingthecity,hewoulddigawellevery30feetandplacealargepoppyinthewell.Thepoppy'smouthwasstretchedwiththincowhidesothatpeoplewithgoodhearingcouldlieonthepoppy.Conductinterceptiontomonitorwhethertheenemyisdiggingatunnel,wherethetunnelisdug,andpreparetodefendagainsttheenemy.Thosewholiedownandlistentoit,examinethelocationoftheacupuncturepoint,chiselinandwelcomeit).AlthoughitwasimpossibleforMoZitounderstandthemechanismofsoundresonanceatthetime,thismethodofdefenseagainsttheenemycontainedrichscientificconnotations.
EducationalThoughts
MoZiisaneducator.Thefirstcomprehensivecivilianschoolwithliberalarts,sciences,military,engineeringandothersubjectsinhumanhistorywasfoundedbyMozibeforetheageof30.Thisschoolhascultivatedalargenumberoftalents,anditissaidinhistorythat"disciplesfilltheworld."
MoZi'seducationalthoughtis"hardpractice,obeydiscipline",andputforwardtheeducationalpurposeof"rejuvenatingtheworld,eliminatingtheharmoftheworld".
Mechanicalmanufacturing
Moziisproficientinmanualskills,whichcanbecomparedwiththeartisanpublictransportclassatthattime.Moziisgoodatdefendingcities,andhehasfullydemonstratedhistalentsandaccomplishmentsinthisaspectintheoffensiveanddefensivedrillsthatwereconductedwhenChuattackedtheSongDynasty.Ittookhim3yearstocarefullydevelopawoodenbird(kite,paperkite)capableofflyingandbecamethefounderofancientChinesekites.Heisalsoanexpertatmakingvehicles,abletobuildacarwithaloadof30stoneinlessthanaday.Thecarhebuiltwasfast,labor-saving,anddurable,whichwasappreciatedbypeopleatthetime.
Moziwasalmostfamiliarwiththemanufacturingtechnologyofvariousweapons,machineryandengineeringbuildingsatthattime,andhehadmanycreations.Inthebook"Mozi","Beichengmen","PreparationofWater","PreparationofAcupoints","PreparationofMoths","MeetingEnemyTemple","Mishou"andotherchapters,heintroducedandexplainedindetailthesuspensionofthecitygates.Thestructureofthegate,thestructureofthegateandvariousdefensivefacilitiesinsideandoutsidethecity,themanufacturingtechnologyofcrossbows,orangesandvariousoffensiveanddefensiveequipment,andtheconstructiontechnologyofwaterwaysandtunnels.Theequipmentandfacilitieshediscussedhaveagreatinfluenceonthemilitaryactivitiesoflatergenerations.
Historicalevaluation
Mozi'sevaluationofhimself:"Thisbenevolenceisalsorighteous",itiscalled"Tiande",itiscalled"Tianzhi",anditiscalled"TheWayoftheHolyKing"".
"Xunzi·Chengxiang":"Theritualandmusicareextinct,thesaintsarehidden,andtheinktechniqueispracticed."
BanGu's"ABinOpera":"TheKongxiisnotwarm,theinkissuddenNotGuizhou."
MaoZedongcommentedthatMoziwas"agreatmasterofdialecticalmaterialisminancienttimes"and"asagemoreintelligentthanConfucius."
YangXiangkui:"Mozi'sachievementsinnaturalsciencearebynomeansinferiortoancientGreekscientistsandphilosophers,evenhigherthanthem.HispersonalachievementsareequaltothewholeofGreece."
BaoPengshancommentedthatMoziwasa"swordmanwhochallengedtheempire."
Anecdotes
Moziweepingsilk
WhenMozisawpeopledyesilk,heexclaimed:"Whendyeingsilkwithcyan,itbecomescyan,withyellow.Dyeingsilkbecomesyellow.Whenthedyeischanged,thecolorofthesilkchangesaccordingly;addingfivedyes,thesilkpresentsfivecolors.Soyoumustbecarefulaboutdyeingsilk!"Notonlydyeingsilk,butalsogoverningthecountryIt'slikedyeingsilk.Humannatureislikesilk,itmustbedyed.
Sticktotherules
DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,ChuwasabouttoattacktheSongState,andLuBanspeciallydesignedandmanufacturedakindofladderfortheChuStatetobeusedforsiege.MoziwasinQicountryatthattime,andwhenhegotthenews,hehurriedtoChucountrytopersuadehim.Afterwalkingfortendaysandtennights,whenhearrivedinChucountry,YingimmediatelyfoundLuBanandwenttoseeKingChu.MozitriedhisbesttopersuadethekingofChuandLuBannottoattacktheSongDynasty.Thisis"MoziSaveSong".Thisstoryhasevolvedintoanidiom:sticktotherules.
MozidiscouragedthekingofChufromdefeatingSong,andthekingofChufinallyagreed,buttheywerereluctanttogiveupthenewlybuiltsiegeequipment,andwantedtotryitspowerinactualcombat.Mozitookoffhisbelt,surroundeditasacitywall,andusedwoodchipsasaweapon,allowingLuBanandhimtoperformonbehalfoftheoffensiveanddefensivesides.LuBanuseddifferentmethodstoattackthecitymanytimes,butwasblockedbyMozimanytimes.Lubanhadexhaustedallhisequipmenttosiegethecity,andMozi'sstrategyofdefendingthecitywasmorethanenough.LuBanrefusedtoadmitdefeat,sayingthathehadawaytodealwithMozi,buthedidnotsay.MozisaidheknewhowLuBanwasgoingtodealwithhim,buthedidn'tsayithimself.KingChucouldn'tunderstand,andaskedwhatitmeant.MozisaidthatLuBanwantedtokillhimself.IthoughtthatifIkilledmyself,noonewouldhelpSongGuodefendthecity.WheredidLuBanknowthatabout300disciplesofMoZihadalreadystoodtherewaitingforChutoattack.SeeingthatKingChuwasunsureofwinning,hedecidednottoattackSongKingdom.
KuaimaYuren
Mozistudentsarecleverandbrilliant,buttheydon'tknowiftheyworkhard,Mozialwaysblameshim.GengZhuzisaid,"Sir,Ireallydon'thaveanythingbetterthanothers?"Mozisaid,"I'mgoingtoTaihangMountaintoridefasthorsesandcattle.Whichoneareyougoingtospur?"GengZhuzisaidconfidently:"IwanttospurKuaima."Moziasked:"WhydoyouspurKuaima?"Tengzhuzisaid:"Quaimaisworthspurring.Becauseitfeelssensitive,whippingitcanmakeitrunfaster!"
Mozi'sintentionistoinspirePengzhu,lethimstudyhard,andmakeprogress.Nowthatitisamatteroftime,hesaidtoPengzhu:"Ialsothinkyouareworthspurring!Youshouldstriveforprogresslikeafasthorse.!"Inthefuture,Iwillworkhardtostudyandstrivetomakeprogress.Inolongerhavetourgemyteacherallday.
Moziacceptsdisciples
AnindividualfromtheStateofLuaskedhissontolearnfromMozi,buthedidnotexpectthathissondiedonthebattlefield.ThefathernaturallyblamesMozi.ButMozisaid,youletyoursonlearntheskills,youlearnedtheskills,andthefatherwasfuriouswhenhewaskilledinawar.Thisislikepreparingtosellfood,andyouareangrywhenthefoodissoldout.Isn'titridiculous!
Interpersonalrelationship
Disciples | Birdslippery | "Mozi·GengzhuPian"ismadeofLuoShuali,"RespectingMaster"ismadeofQinHuali,"Liezi·YangZhuPian"ismadeofQinHuali,and"AncientandModernPeople"ismadeBirdQuli |
Highstones | MoZimakesGuanQianproudlytravelandGaoShiZiYuWei | |
Publicstilltoomuch | Mozitraveledtoofar."LuShi·GaoYi"forthepublic | |
Plowingthepillars | Mozi'swanderingcolumninChu | |
WeiYue | Mozimakesittravelmore | |
CaoGongzi | MoZishiCaoGongziYuSong | |
ShengChuo | MozimakeseverythingtogetherXiangziniu | |
Suichaozi | Therearesixbooksin"ArtandWenzhi",andBan'scloud:"Mozidisciple." | |
HuFeizi | 《艺文志"Therearethreebooks,andBan'scloud:"Mozidisciple." |
Mainworks
AfterMozi'sdeath,theMofamilyBasedonhistoricaldataonMozi'slifeanddeeds,thedisciplescollectedhisquotationsandcompileditintoabook"Mozi",whichisarecordofMozi'sdisciplesandtheirsubsequentdisciples'wordsanddeeds.
Thecontentof"Mozi"isextensive,includingpolitics,military,philosophy,ethics,logic,andtechnology.ItisanimportanthistoricalmaterialforthestudyofMoziandhislaterstudies.Thisbookisdividedintotwoparts:onepartrecordsMozi'swordsanddeeds,expoundingMozi'sthoughts,whichmainlyreflectsthethoughtsoftheearlyMohists;theotherpart"Jingshang","Jingxia","Jingshoushang","Jingshouxia",and"Datake"."SmallCollection"andother6articles,generallycalledMobianorMojing,focusontheepistemologyandlogicofMohistschool,andalsocontainmanynaturalsciencecontent,reflectingthethoughtsoflaterMohistschool.IntheWesternJinDynasty,LuShengandLeYibothmadeannotationsforthebook"Mozi",whichhasbeenlost.Today'spopulareditionsincludeSunYirang's"MoZiXianGu"andtheversionincludedin"TheCollectionofZhuZi".
TheremarksofMoziandhisdisciplesarescatteredinvariousclassics,suchasin"XinXu","Shizi","YanziChunqiu","HanFeizi","LuShichunqiu","Huainanzi",and"Huainanzi"."Liezi","WarringStatesPolicy","OldThingsinthePalace","ShenxianBiography"andsoon.TheSeventyOnesof"Mozi"recordedinthe"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"experiencedthelossofgenerations.BytheSongDynasty,therewereonly60articlesinexistence,andnowthereareonly53articlesinexistence,and18articleshavebeenlost.Amongthem,thelostonesare:Part2of"JieYong",Part1andPart2of"JieFu",Part1andPart2of"MingGui",Part2andPart2of"FeiLe",Part1of"FeiConfucianism",exceptforeightInadditiontothearticle,theothertenarticleshavelosttheirtitles.Amongthesetenarticles,onlythe"PoetryZhengyi"mentionedthearticle"BeiWei",andtherestareunacceptable.TheworksofMohistschoolweregraduallylostaftertheSixDynasties.InthetenthyearofMingDynasty(1445),ZhangYuchuengraved"Mozi"into"TaoZang".Thefifty-threearticlesof"Mozi"werehandeddownbecausetheywereincludedintheTaoistbook"TaoZang".WangZhongdividedthebookofMoziintointernalandexternalchapters,andauthoredavolumeof"TheRepresentationofMozi".
Thebook"Mozi"wasnotwrittenbyoneperson,norwasitmadeinaflash.Itisgenerallybelievedthat"MoZi"isafamilystatementwrittenbyMoZiandhisdisciplesdescribingMoZi'sremarks.AccordingtoLiangQichao'sclassification,thecontentof"Mozi"canbedividedintofivecategories.
Thefirstcategory:mixedwiththewordsoffamousexpertsandmixedwiththesayingsofmixedfamilies.
"Family" | "Slimming" | "Stained" | "Fayi" | "SevenSufferings" | "Resignation" | "ThreeDebates" |
Thesecondcategory:RepresentsthemainpoliticalthoughtofMohistschool.
"ShangXian"first,middleandsecondchapters | "Non-attack"first,middleandsecondchapters | TheFirst,MiddleandSecondPartof"KenAi" | TheFirstandMiddlePartof"JieYong" | Part1of"FeiLe" | Part2of"MingGui" |
"Shangtong"First,MiddleandSecondPart | "FeiMing"First,MiddleandSecondPart | "TianZhi"First,MiddleandLowerPartChapter | TheSecondPartof"FestivalBurial" | TheSecondPartof"FeiConfucianism" |
Thethirdcategory:TheMobianiscalledMobianbythosewhotreatMo,alsoknownasMojing,whichistheessenceofMozi.
TheUpperandLowerChaptersoftheClassics | TheUpperandLowerChaptersoftheClassics | "BigTake" | "SmallTake" |
Thefourthcategory:TherecordofMozi'swordsandactionsbythedisciplesofMoziisalsoarecordofMozi'slife.
"PlowingPillar" | "Guiyi" | "Gongmeng" | "LuWen" | "Gongmeng" |
Thefifthcategory:ItcanbesaidthatitistheMohistartofwar.Theelevenarticlesareallbasedonthelawofdefense.
"PreparationoftheCityGate" | "PreparationoftheMoth》 | "Standby" | "Preparation" | "Flag" | "MiscellaneousShou" |
"BeiGaoLin" | "EncounterTemple" | "PreparationofWater" | "PreparationofAcupoints" | "Orders" |
Charactercontroversy
TherearethreemaintheoriesaboutMozi'shometown:SongGuosaid,LuGuosaid,LuYangsaid.
SongGuosaid(nowShangqiu,Henan)
AfterMoziwasthenoblemanoftheSongstate,Muyi,MuyiwasthebrotherofSongXianggong,themonarchoftheSongstate.
MozirescuedtheSongDynasty(2photos)
AsearlyastheWesternHanDynasty,therewasarecordofMoziasamemberoftheSongDynasty,"HistoricalRecords·MenciusandXunqingBiography":"GaiModi,thedoctoroftheSongDynasty,wasgoodatguardingtheimperialcourtandwasusedforthepurposeoffrugality.ItmaybecalledwhenhemergedwithConfucius,orlater."Accordingtothis,manyscholarscalledhimSongpeople,andthistheoryhasbeenpopulartothisday.Asweallknow,thehistoricalmaterialvalueof"HistoricalRecords"isveryhigh.Here,althoughSimaQiandidnotspecifythebirthplaceofMozi,hepointedoutthatMoziwasthe"DoctorofSong"."Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"alsosaid"seventyarticlesin"Mozi".ThenameisZhai,whoisthedoctorofSong,afterConfucius."Therecordisthesameasthatof"HistoricalRecords".ItshouldbenotedthatthepositionofadoctorintheWarringStatesPeriodwasmostlyhereditary.Therefore,althoughthe"HistoricalRecords"and"Hanshu"didnotspecifythebirthplaceofMozi,theyactuallyimpliedthatMoziwasanativeofSongDynastyduetohereditarycareerasadoctor.LaterscholarsalsobelievedthatMoziwasanativeofSongState,andhisbirthplaceshouldalsobeinSongState.
Judgingfromthewholebookof"Mozi",MozihasmanyactivitiesinSongState,hastheclosestrelationshipwithSongState,andhasthedeepestaffectionforSongState.Itcanbeseenfromthe"Song"incident.Inaddition,thebook"Mozi"obviouslyhasthecharacteristicsoftheSonglocaldialect,andthereisnoLuandChudialects.ThisisalsoastrongevidencethattheSongpeopleofMozisaid.Furthermore,Moziisascholarwhotravelsaroundtheworldwiththeworldashisbosom.Theso-called"Confuciuspotstoveisnotblack,Mozi'sbenchisnotwarm",thatis,heoftentravelsbetweenSong,Lu,Qi,andWeiState,ChuStateandmanyotherplaces.Fromthispointofview,itisfar-fetchedthatLiangQichaodeniesMoziasaSongnativewiththephrase"returntotheSongDynasty"."ReturningtoSongDynasty"onlyprovedthatMozididnotliveinSongDynastyatthattime,butitdoesnotprovethathewasnotfromSongDynasty.ThewriterGeHongoftheEasternJinDynastyhasclearlyrecordedin"TheLegendofImmortals":"ThenameofMoziisDi,andthenameofSongisalso."
SaidLuGuo(nowTengzhou,Shandong)
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ThestateofLusaidthatitwasonlyinthelastyearsoftheQingDynasty.ThescholarSunYirangofthelateQingDynastywrote"MoZiJianGu".Chinese.MostscholarsfromShandongagreethatMoziwasanativeofLuduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriod.
ThepredecessorofXiaoluLouguowasMuyiCountry.IntheearlyZhoudynasty,afterMuyiwasmergedintoZhouDynasty,itwascalledXiaolulouKingdom.Aculturalrelicnamed"Muyige"wasunearthedinMushiTown,TengzhouCity,ShandongProvince,andmanydistinctivebronzesofXiaolulouKingdomwereunearthed.LegendhasitthatMozi'stheoryinheritedthetraditionofLuLouculture.
ThisstatementhasbeenrecognizedbythevastmajorityofShandongMohistscholars(KuangYaming,RenJiyu,YangXiangkui,ZhangDainian,ZhangZhihan,JiXianlin).
ZhangZhihan,awell-knownMohistscholarfromTengzhou,Shandong,furtherverifiedinhispapers"MoziwasoriginallyfromTengzhou"and"NewExplorationofMozi'sHometown"andotherpapers,Mozi'sbirthplaceshouldbefromtheancientcountryofLu"Lanyi"(nowinTengzhou,Shandong),LanyilaterbelongedtotheStateofLu.Themainbasisis:"Mozi·Guiyi""MoziisQifromLu.""Mozi·LuWen""towelcomeMoziYuLu"."LuShichunqiu·LoveClass""Likealadderforpublictransportation,ifyouwanttoattacktheSongDynasty,MoziwillhearitandgofromLuto".
Luyangsaid(nowLushan,Henan)
ThelocalsofLuyangclaimedthatMoziwasanativeofYaoshanTown,Luyang.
CommemorationofLaterGenerations
In2018,threecompanieswereorganizedbyAnhuiInvestmentGroupHoldingsCo.,Ltd.,AnhuiGuoyuanHoldings(Group)Co.,Ltd.,andHefeiXingtaiFinancialHoldings(Group)Co.,Ltd.JointlydonatedfundstoestablishtheMoziQuantumScienceandTechnologyFoundationandsetupthe"MoziQuantumAward"torewardscientistswhohavemadeoutstandingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsinthefieldsofquantumcommunication,quantumcomputing,andquantumprecisionmeasurementonaninternationalscale.The"MoziQuantumAward"isthehighestawardinthefieldofquantuminformation.