Lavaleurdesmoyensdetravail
Lesmoyensdetravailsontégalementappelésmoyensdetravail,quisontutiliséspourmodifierouinfluencerlesobjetsdutravaildansleprocessusdeproductionetd'exploitationdesproduitsetfournirdiversservices.
Des moyens de travail conséquents et leur valeur
Les moyens de travail substantiels font référence aux données matérielles et aux conditions matérielles utilisées pour modifier ou affecter l'objet de travail dans le processus de production et d'exploitation des produits et de fourniture de divers services.
Thescopeofphysicallabormethodsisverywide.Thefirstislabortools, suchashumanmachines, handsofallhigherprimates, simpletools, feetofbeesandants, etc.MarxoncecalledthemvividlyItistheskeletalsystemandmuscularsystemofproduction, d'autre part, itistheconditionofthecontainerthatservesastheobjectoflabor, suchashumantubes, tonneaux, bouteilles, etc., whichMarxcalledthevascularsystemofproduction, Enoutre, inabroadsense, themeansofphysicallaborarealsoIncludingallothermaterialconditionsnecessaryexceptfortheobjectoflabor.Substantiallabormeansconsumeordinarylaborandhavevalue.Itcanbecalledthevalueofsubstantivelabormeans, anditisanimportantpartofthevalueofcommodities.
Moyens de travail intangibles et valeur
Les moyens de travail incorporels font référence aux moyens de travail incorporels qui sont utilisés pour modifier ou affecter les objets de travail dans le processus de production et d'exploitation des produits et de la fourniture de divers services.
(1)Scienceettechnologie
Scienceandtechnologyrefertotheknowledgesystemthathumanbeingshaveaccumulatedinthelong-termhistoricalprocessofunderstandingandtransformingtheworldtounderstandthingsintheworld, andhumanbeingsbasedonthepracticalexperienceofproductionVarioustechnologicaloperationmethodsandskills, aswellasvariousmaterializedproductiontechniquesandmaterialequipmentdevelopedbyapplyingscientificprinciples.Scienceandtechnology, asthefruitsandtoolsformankindtounderstandandtransformtheworld, isanorganicwholewithinternalconnections.Thescientificandtechnologicalsystemispreciselythereflectionoftheobjectiveworld'ssystematicandhierarchicalnature.Themodernscienceandtechnologysystemiscomposedofphilosophy, naturalscienceandtechnology, socialscienceandtechnology, thinkingscienceandtechnology, mathematicsanditsintersection, marginal, horizontal, comprehensivescienceandtechnologyandotherdisciplines.Thesescienceandtechnologydisciplinesarethebasicunitsofthemodernscienceandtechnologysystem.Theyareinterconnected, infiltrée, restreint, tran sformés,etcombinéspourformerunescienceetunetechnologieavecunecertainestructureetunefonction,ainsiqu'unecertaineséquencetemporelleetunedimensionspatiale.
(2)Droits de propriété intellectuelle
Intellectualpropertyrights, alsoknownas "intellectualachievement" droits, refertothespiritualwealthcreatedbyintellectualactivitiesinthefieldsofscience, technologie, culture, andart, Exclusiverightsenjoyedwithinacertainperiodoftime, includingindustrialpropertyrightsandcopyrights.Industrialpropertyrightsmainlyincludepatentrights, trademarkrights, des manufacturernamerights, anddomainname droits (alsocalledwebsite);. Copyrightsmainlyincludeculturalandartisticcopyrightandscientificandtechnologicalcopyright (includingcomputersoftwareandintegratedcircuits) .Intellectualpropertyhasthecharacteristicsofterritoriality, timelinessandopenness.Territorialitymeansthattheeffectivenessofintellectualpropertyrightsinspaceissubjecttocertaingeographicalrestrictions, andisonlyvalidincountriesorregionsthatarerecognizedandprotectedbylaw; temporalitymeansthatintellectualpropertyrightsaresubjecttoacertaintimelimitintime, onlyinlegalprovisionsItsexclusiverightsarevalidwithinthetimelimit; la publicité signifie que l'acquisition d'accessoires intellectuels Tous les droits doivent être basés sur le principe de la publication de son contenu de base au public.
(3)Secretstechniques
Technicalsecretsrefertotheundisclosedandunpatentedknowledgeandtechniquesusedintheproductionandoperationofenterprises, includingvariousdesignmaterials, dessins, Technicalinformationsuchasdata, TechnicalSpecifications, ProcessFlow, materialformula, etc., aswellasunwrittenknowledge, technologyandknow-howpossessedbyexperts, techniciansandworkers.Thereasonwhytechnicalsecretsarekeptsecretisthelong-termapplicationofthistechnology, whichmakestheproductinafavorablepositioninthefiercemarketcompetition, andbringsexcessprofitstotheenterprisehigherthanthegeneralleveloftheindustry.Technicalsecretsaretheunityofadvancementandconfidentiality.The "advancednature" enablesittosolveacertainspecialproblemintheproductionandoperationprocess, le "secret" preventstheoutsideoftheenterprisefromknowingeasily, andkeepsthetechnologicaladvantageinastateofconfidentiality: inthisway ,l'entreprisepeutoccuperunepositiondominantesurlemarchéetconcourirsurlemarché.InvincibleenChine.
(4)Secrets d'affaires
Inabroadsense, businesssecretsincludeproductiontechnologysecrets, managementtechnologysecrets, andmarketingtechnologysecrets.Theoreticallyspeaking, itisgenerallybelievedthatbusinesssecretsalreadyincludetechnicalsecrets, butinthepracticeofinternationaltechnologytrade, technologyisoftenusedtosummarizeallsecrettechnologiesincludingbusinesssecrets.Wehererefertotechnicalsecretsexclusivelyasproductiontechnicalsecrets, andincludemanagementtechnicalsecretsandmarketingtechnicalsecretsasbusinesssecrets.Businesssecretsareanimportantinvisiblemeansoflaborformodernenterprises.Thesecretsofmanagementtechnologymainlyincludebusinessdecision prise, managementmethodsandmaterials, financialmanagementmethodsandmaterials, qualitycontrolmethods, etc;. Thesecretsofmarketingtechnologymainlyincludespecialmarketingmethods, marketingnetworks, andcustomerlists.Businesssecretsareconfidential, butthereisnospeciallegalprotection.Theycanonlybeprotectedbythecompany'sstrictprotectionmeasures.
(5)Droit de franchise
Franchiserightisalsocalledfranchise, franchiseorfranchise.Ithastwobasicforms.Oneisthefranchisegrantedbythegovernment.Mostoftheserightsaresocialpublicwelfareundertakings, suchaselectricpower, postandtelecommunications,, distribution sanitaire téléphone, télégraphe, gasandotherpublicutilities, theexclusiverightofresourceextractionindustry, suchastheexplorationrightandminingrightofmineralresources, therearealsosomespecialcommodities, suchasThesaleofduty-freecommodities, theproductionandoperationlicensesoftobacco, alcoholandothercommodities, andthefranchisingofsomespecialindustriessuchasprinting, cultureandentertainment, santé, etc.Inaddition, thestategrantssomecompaniesspecialpermissiontooperate, suchaslotterytickets, hippodromes,itinérairesdesagencesdevoyage,droitsdesensibilitéetdroitsdesensibilitépourlestouristesd'outre-mer. Nterprise (thefranchisee) therighttouseitspatentrights, trademarkrights, noms commerciaux, technicalsecrets, etc.withinacertainperiodoftimeinaccordancewithacontractsignedbybothparties.The "namingright" isaderivativeformoffranchiserights.Itistherightofaunittoallowotherstonamethevariousundertakingsunderitsjurisdiction.Thisrightcanbegrantedtootherswithcompensation, andthepurchaserwillgrantitwithinacertainperiodoftime. "", "Taille de la police trademarkrights" orlogosarenamedonaspecificcarrier.Generally, therearenamingrightsfortrains, roadsandbridges, sportsevents (expositions), andconcerts.
(6)Fonds de commerce
Goodwillreferstothefactthatacompanyhaswoncustomers'favorbecauseofitssuperiorgeographiclocation, orbecauseofitsoutstandingreputation, excellentproductquality, andthoughtfulandmeticulousservice.Trust, orbecauseofitsproperorganizationandmanagement, highefficiencyofproductionandoperation, orbecauseofitslonghistoryandaccumulatedrichexperienceintheindustry, orbecauseofitssuperbtechnologymasteryofproductionknow-faire, orbecauseofotherreasons, thebusinessisparticularlyprosperous, formingExcessprofitabilitythatishigherthantheprofitabilityofothergeneralcompaniesinthesameindustry.Goodwillincludesthegoodwillcreatedbythecompanyitselfandthegoodwillpurchasedfromothercompanies.Thegoodwillpurchasedbythecompanyoftenreferstothepartofthepricepaidforthepurchaseormergeroftheentirecompanythatexceedsthevalueofitstangiblenetoutput.
Les méthodes de travail non physiques mentionnées ci-dessus telles que la science et la technologie, les droits de propriété intellectuelle, les secrets techniques, les secrets commerciaux, les droits de franchise, la bonne volonté, etc. sont également la condensation du travail humain ordinaire.
Lestroiseffetsmédiateursdesmoyensdetravail
Tout d'abord, les moyens de travail existent en tant qu'intermédiaire qui relie le travailleur et la nature " libre ".
Tout d'abord, les moyens de travail existent comme intermédiaire entre les parties après contact avec les individus.
Tout d'abord, les moyens de travail existent en tant qu'intermédiaire qui relie la génération précédente et la génération suivante.
Thethreeintermediaryeffectsofthemeansoflabormeansthatworkersformtheirown "organes" fromthenaturalforcesoutsidethebody, theoverallsocialforces, andthesumofthelaborers'previousstrengthandwisdom, andusethese "organes". "Organe" struggleswithnatureandgainsfreedom.EvenifRobinsonisaloneonadesertisland, whenheisfightingwithnature, heisnotinfrontofhim.Becauseinhim, italsoshowstheability, strengthandwisdomoftheentiremankind.Thethreeintermediaryeffectsofthemeansoflaborarealsotheessentialreasonwhyhumanbeingsaresopowerful.
La nature sociale des moyens de travail
Themeansoflaboristheunityofitstechnicalandsocialaspects.Ontheonehand, themeansoflaborisanaturalobjectandanelementofproduction.Ontheotherhand, itisanaturalobjectprocessedinhistoryandanelementofsocialreproduction.Seenasanaturalobject, asanelementofproduction, themeansoflaborrevealitstechnicalaspect, whichistheexpressionofitsquantity.Viewedasanaturalobjectprocessedinhistory, asanelementofsocialreproduction, themeansoflaborrevealitssocialaspects, whichisitsqualitativemanifestation.Therefore, themeansoflaborarenotonlymaterials, butmaterialswithacertainshape.Themeansoflaboristheyardstickofsocialreproduction, theunityofitsquantityandquality.Intheeyesoftechnologists, stonetoolsandirontoolsindicatetheprosandconsoffactorsofproduction, intheeyesofhistorians, thesametoolisanindicatorofthespecificproductionprocess.Therefore, "themeansoflaborisnotonlyameasureofthedevelopmentofhumanlabor, butalsoanindicatorofthesocialrelationsbywhichlaboriscarriedout ", c'est pareil pour les autres animaux. La nature sociale des moyens de travail est tout évident.
Cependant, althoughlabormeansareindicatorsofsocialrelations, theyarenotthedrivingforcebehindsocialdevelopment.Becausethemeansoflaborisapossibleproductiveforcebelongingtoacertainsociety, andonlywhenitisusedinproductioninaspecificsocietycanitbetransformedintoactualproductiveforces.Therefore, thesocialnatureofthemeansoflabormustbeexaminedintherelationshipbetweenitandtheworkersinaparticularsociety, andinthestructureoftheparticularsocietytowhichitbelongs.Ifitleavesitssocialaspectsandonlyexaminesitstechnicalaspects, itcannotbeanindicatorofsocialrelations, norameasureofthedevelopmentoflabor.Forexample, machineryisacharacteristicofcapitalistproductioninitsconnectionwithcapitalistsociety, butthesamemachineryhasasocialistnatureinitsconnectionwithsocialistsociety.Therefore, althoughtheuseofmachineryisacharacteristicofcapitalism, capitalismdoesnotnecessarilyexistwheremachineryisused.Onthecontrary, inaplacewheremachineryhasnotbeenusedtoday, itisnotnecessarilywithoutcapitalism.Anotherexampleisahandcraftedappliance .Dans la société féodale, il s'agit d'une mesure des relations sociales féodales. Mais le même outil fabriqué à la main a la nature du capitalisme dans une société capitaliste.
Letauxdedépréciationdesmoyensdetravail
Thedepreciationrateisusuallyusedtodescribehumanlabor.Intheprocessofhumansocialproduction, itisself-evidentthatdepreciationmustbewithdrawnbymeansoflabor.Becausesomesocialproductsareactuallyjusttheembodimentofthevalueoftheconsumedlabormethods, andtheusedlabormethodsalwaysneedtobeupdatedastheybecomeobsolete.However, becausethemeansoflaboraretransferredtotheproductsproducedinadditiontotheirvaluecorrespondingtothedegreeofwearandtear, aslongastheirlifespanisnotover, theyalwaysexistintheirsolidphysicalformthatcancontinuetobeused, sotheytendtobeMakepeoplehaveallkindsofillusions.Orthinkthatdepreciationisanadditionalexpense.Infact, itisnot, justtheexistenceandreappearanceofacertainamountofvalueinanotherphysicalform.Orthinkthatdepreciationisanegativeloss.Thisunderstandingisalsoincorrect.Undergeneralproductionconditions, thetangibleandintangiblelossoflabormeansarenotnegativelosses, andthedepreciationandtherenewalofthemeansoflaborareonlytomaintainsimplereproduction.Inotherwords, asfarasthegeneralandstandardpr oductionprocessisconcerned, suchextractionanduseofdepreciationisnecessarytomaintainsimplereproduction.Thedepreciationitselfisonlythetransfervalueoflabormeans, whichisneitherpureincomenorloss.Wemustunderstandthispointclearly.Forexample, iftheservicelifeofthelabormeansisartificiallyextended, evenlongerthantheeconomiclifeofthelabormeanscalculatedwhenthesociallaborproductivityisconstant, thensocialreproductionwillbedifficulttocarryoutnormally, andthesociallaborproductivitywillbereduced.Inonepoint, atthistime, thetotalsocialproductswillalsodecreaseintermsofusevalue.
Variousformsoflabor, duetotangibleandintangiblelosses, alwaysneedtobeupdatedintheprocessofsocialproduction, butsomehavealongerservicelife, andsomehavealongerservicelife.short.Fromtheperspectiveoftheentiresociety, ifwetaketheconstantamountofvalueasthestandardformaintainingsimplereproductionandthenormalrenewaloflabormeans, thenitisobviousthatthevaluerequiredfortherenewaloflabormeanscomesfromtheuseandconsumptionoflabormeans.Thevaluetransferredtotheproductintheprocess.Sincethetransferprocessofthevalueofthelabormeanstotheproducedproductiscompletedduringtheuseofthelabormeans, theactualdepreciationrateofthelabormeansdependsontheactualaverageservicelifeofthelabormeans.Theso-calledactualdepreciationrateofthemeansoflaborandthecorrespondingactualdepreciationofthemeansoflabormeansthattheactualrateofdepreciationofthemeansoflaborissofast, andthecost (depreciationcost) fortherenewalofthemeansoflaborisactuallythismany.Obviously, whatdeterminesthekeyhereistheactualrenewalcycleofthemeansoflabor, thatis, theactualave durée de vie maximale des moyens de travail.
Wecallthedepreciationratecorrespondingtotheactualeconomiclifeofthemeansoflaborastheeconomicdepreciationrateofthemeansoflabor.Theeconomiclifeofthemeansoflabordependsontheleveloflaborproductivityofthesociety, onthespecificproductionconditions, andalsoonthesocialproductionmethods .-- Theeconomiclifeofthemeansoflaborundercommunismisfundamentallydifferentfromtheeconomiclifeofmeansoflaborundertheconditionsofcapitalism, theeconomiclifeofthemeansoflaborundersocialismandcommunismisalsodifferent.Althoughtheeconomiclifespanofthemeansoflaborhasalsochangedwiththechangesinsocialproductionmethodsandthechangesintheproductionconditionsformulatedbythesociety, theeconomiclifeofthemeansoflabor, andthustheeconomicdepreciationrateofthemeansoflabor, isthesameastheactualsocialproduction.Importanteconomicfactsrelatedtothesituation.
Thecorrespondingdepreciationratesofvariouslabormethodsthatpeoplesetandactuallyimplementfinanciallyaretheperformanceofpeople'sunderstandingoftheeconomicdepreciationrateoflabormethods.However, becausethedepreciationratedeterminedinthiswayandtheactualeconomicdepreciationrateoflabormeanswillalwayshavealargerorsmallergap, thedepreciationratedeterminedisactuallyonlytheexpecteddepreciationrate.Theexpecteddepreciationrateisalsodifferentfromtheactualdepreciationrate.Regardingthisissue, wehavepointedoutthatforeverycertainperiod, thevalueoftheproducedproductisalwaysacertainamount.Theactualdepreciationrateoflabormeansandtheestablisheddepreciationrate, thatis, theinconsistency (différence) oftheestimateddepreciationrate, actuallymeansthatitcorrespondstothisdifference, orthedepreciationfeeextractedcontainsfalsecomponents, andthereisapartoftheso-calledactualdepreciationfee.It'sjustnewlycreatedvalue, ou, thecalculatednewlycreatedvaluecontainsfalseelements.Someoftheso-callednewlycreatedvalueisactuallythehiddentrans fervalueoflabormeans, becausethecorrespondingpartoftheso-callednewlycreatedvalueisactuallyusedforlabormeans.Itwasupdatednormally-andjusttomaintainsimplereproduction.Intheformercase, theactualaveragelifeexpectancyoflabormeansislongerthantheexpectedaveragelife, whichindicatesthatthevalueofthesemeansoflaborisgraduallytransferredtotheproductduringarelativelylongperiodofuse, sothetransfervalueofthefixedfundiscorrespondingtothetransfervalueeveryyear.Partofitisreduced.Correspondingtothissituation, ifthetotalnumberoflabormethodsusedinsocialproductionisconstant, thenonaverage, theamountthatneedstobeupdatedeachyearwillbecorrespondinglysmaller.However, whenthishappens, theannualproductvalueitselfappearsasacertainamountthathasalreadybeenrealized.Thisobjectivefactshowsusthatthecalculatedandestimatedfixedfunddepreciationexpensescontainfalseelements, partofwhichisactuallynewlycreatedvalue.
Theeconomicdepreciationrate, actualdepreciationrate, andexpecteddepreciationrateofthemeansoflaborarethreedifferentconcepts, andthespecificvalues ofthethreeareusuallynotexactlyequal, thatis, thereareusuallyquantitativedifferences.Theyareconnectedandinfluenceeachother.Theactualdepreciationrateisanaspectofthesocialproductionprocess.Theeconomicdepreciationratealsoexistsobjectively.Thismeansthatundersuchsocialproductionconditions, inaccordancewithsuchadepreciationrate (thatis, therenewaloflabormeansaccordingtothecorrespondingperiodofuse) willbethemostconducivetothesavingofsociallaborandtheimprovementofsociallaborproductivity, et Regardlessofwhetherpeoplerealizethis, whethertheyhaveaccuratelycalculatedtheeconomiclifespanofthemeansoflabor, regardlessofwhetherthedepreciationrateformulatedandimplementedbypeopleisloworhigh, forvariousmeansoflabor, theyhavetheirownactualeconomiclife.Theeconomicdepreciationrate.Sincetheexpecteddepreciationrateisamanifestationofpeople'sunderstandingoftheeconomicdepreciationrat e, theexpecteddepreciationrateisofcoursealsoveryimportant.Thedepreciationratedeterminedtoalargeextentdeterminesandaffectsthechangeintervaloftheactualdepreciationrate.Therefore, itisnecessarytostriveforthedepreciationratetobeclosetotheeconomicdepreciationrateoflabormeans.Thecalculationofsocialproductionandtheupdateoffixedfundsarebasedontheestimateddepreciationrate.Ifthereisalargegapbetweentheestimateddepreciationrateandtheeconomicdepreciationrate, itwillofcoursebedetrimentaltotheimprovementofsociallaborproductivity.Evenifthisproblemisdiscoveredintheprogressofsocialproduction, itwillbeverypassiveandcomplicatedtotakemeasurestobringtheactualdepreciationrateclosertotheeconomicdepreciationrate, anditisoftendifficulttomakesubstantialcorrections, sothattheactualdepreciationrateandtheeconomicTherewillbealargergapinthedepreciationrate.Toclarifytheeconomiclifeoflabormeans, ofcourse, isnotonlytheneedoftheoreticalanalysis, butalsotoguideactualproduction.Therefore, itisnecessarytoanalyzeandestimatetheeconomic lifeofvariouslabormethodsthatexistinrealityasmentionedabove.Butitisnotenoughtodoso.Itisalsonecessarytounderstandandcounttheactualaveragelifeexpectancyofvariouslabormethods.Finally, thedepreciationrateoftheestablishedmeansoflaborisofcourseknown.Thesethreefactorsmustbeconsideredwhenrevisingthedepreciationrateofthemeansoflabor.Fromouranalysisoftheeconomiclifeoflabormeans, thegeneralprincipleistomakethedepreciationratesetclosetotheeconomicdepreciationrateoflabormeans.Therefore, thegreaterthegapbetweenthecurrentdepreciationrateestablishedinthepastandtheeconomicdepreciationrate, thegreatertheamountofrevisionofthisestablisheddepreciationrate.Totalkaboutthisproblemfromanotherangle, thegreaterthegapbetweentheactualdepreciationrateandtheeconomicdepreciationrate, thegreaterthecorrectionamountrequiredfortheactualdepreciationrateoflabormeans.Fundamentallyspeaking, itisnecessarytomaketheactualdepreciationrateclosetotheeconomicdepreciationrate, becausethisistheactualproductionprocess, butfromtheformalpointofv IEW, itisnecessarytomaketheestablishedorprojecteddepreciationrateclosetotheeconomicdepreciationrate.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthedifferencebetweentheactualdepreciationratesofvariousexistinglabormethodsandtheireconomicdepreciationratesislarge, somesmall, andsomearebasicallythesame.Therefore, theactualservicelifeofthemeansoflaborneedstobechangedbysomelargerones, somesmallerones, andsomerequirenochange.Fromanotherperspective, itistheamountthatthedepreciationrateneedstoberevised.Somearesmallerandsomearelarger.