Interprétation
1.Alsoknownas "DunhuangGrottoes" .2.IncludingtheMogaoGrottoes, WestThousandBuddhaCaves, YulinGrottoesandShuixiakouSmallThousandBuddhaCaves, whichbelongedtoDunhuanginancienttimes.GenerallyreferstotheMogaoGrottoes, commonlyknownastheThousandBuddhaCaves.InthefoothillsofMingshaMountaininDunhuangCounty, GansuProvince.ThereistheSanjieTemple, withmorethanathousandstonechambersnexttothetemple, andmanymuralsandstatues (manyofBuddhastatues) .FromtheEasternJinDynastytotheYuanDynasty, therehavebeenconstructions.Inthetwenty-sixthyearofGuangxu, QingDynasty (AD1900), aBuddhistscriptureroomwasfoundinthecomplexwall, whichcontainedhandwrittenBuddhistscripturesandartworks Le manuscrit a été écrit pour la première fois au cours de la deuxième année de Yixi, l'empereur Jin'an (AD406), et a duré pendant la troisième année de l'empereur Taizong à Dao de la dynastie des Song (AD 997), et la dynastie des Tang et les cinq dynasties étaient le plus grand nombre d'Anglais après Stein. imprimé. Après la libération du pays, il a été répertorié comme l'une des unités clés de protection des reliques culturelles.
Caractéristiques
DunhuangMogaoGrottoesisthegeneralnameofMogaoGrottoesandWestThousandBuddhaCavesinDunhuangCity, GansuProvince.Itisoneofthefourfamousgrottoesinmycountryandalsointheworld.Thelargestandbest-preservedBuddhistarttreasurehouseinexistence.MogaoGrottoesislocated25kilometerssoutheastofDunhuangCity, excavatedonthecliffattheeasternfootofMingshaMountain.Itismorethan1,600meterslongfromnorthtosouth, arrangedfivefloorsupanddown, andtheheightsarestaggered.Itisthelargestandrichestexistingtreasurehouseofclassicalcultureandartinmycountry, anditisalsoaworld-famousBuddhistartcenter.InDecember1987, itwaslistedasaworldculturalheritagebyUNESCO.
Au cours de la deuxième année de la fondation de Fujian dans l'ancienne dynastie Qin (366 après JC), la vénérable Samantha marcha ici et vit la lumière dorée sur la montagne Mingsha et des milliers de bouddhas, sohesproutedaheart.
AlthoughtheMogaoGrottoeshavebeeninvadedbynatureanddestroyedbyhumansduringthelongyears, theyhavebeenpreservedfromtheSixteenKingdoms, NorthernWei, WesternWei, NorthernZhou, Sui, Tang, FiveDynasties, Song, Xixia, Thereare492cavesintendynastiesincludingYuan, withmorethan45,000squaremetersofmuralsandtwothousandcoloredstatues.ItisthegreatesttreasurehouseofBuddhistartintheworld.Ifthemuralsarearranged, itcanstretchformorethan30kilometers, makingitthelongest, le plus grand andrichestgalleryintheworld.Inrecentdecades, scholarsathomeandabroadhavebeenextremelyinterestedinDunhuangart, havecontinuedtoconductresearch, andhaveformedaspecializedsubject "DunhuangStudies".
MogaoGrottoesisanartpalacethatcombinesancientarchitecture, sculpturesandmurals.Itisespeciallyfamousforitscolorfulmurals.TherichnessandrichnessoftheDunhuangfrescoesareunmatchedbyanyreligiousgrottoes, templesorpalacesintheworldtoday.Lookingaroundthecaveandthetopofthecave, therearepaintingsofBuddhastatues, flyingheavens, Jile, fées, etc.everywhere.TherearepaintingsofBuddhistscriptures, scripturesandhistoricalsitesofBuddhism, aswellaspaintingsofgodsandmonstersandportraitsofsupporters, aswellasvariousexquisitedecorativepatterns.ThesculpturesofMogaoGrottoeshavelongbeenfamous.Thereare33 m-highseatedstatues, aswellassmallBodhisattvasmeasuringmorethantencentimeters.Mostofthecavesarepreservedwithstatues, andtherearealargenumberofthem, whichcanbecalledalarge-scalesculpturehall.
RéalisationsdeDunhuangRecherche
Theworldsaidthatattheturnofthelastcentury, therewerefourmajordiscoveriesinhistorians: Oracleboneinscriptions, Hanbambooslips, Dunhuangposthumouswritings, andMingandQingarchives.Today, onehundredyearslater, whenwereviewtheresearchresultsofthefournewhistoricalmaterialsmentionedabove, wehavetoadmitthatalthoughtheYinandShangoraclebones, thebambooslipsoftheHanandJinDynasties, thearchivesoftheMingandQingDynastieshavemadegreatachievementsandthehistoricalresearch, theyarethemostinternational.IamafraidthatthereputationandinfluencewillpushthesortingandresearchoftheDunhuangShishiposthumouswritings.
Le tri des manuscrits de Dunhuang au cours du siècle dernier
Thecollection, rectification, publication, anddiscussionofDunhuangmanuscriptsstartingfromthedaywhentheDunhuangmanuscriptswerere-discoveredonJune22,1900, Experiencedahundredyearsofvicissitudes.First, theEnglishmanSteincoaxedalargenumberofscriptures (someestimatedtobeabout15,000) fromtheroyalpriestguardingtheThousandBuddhaCavein1906, andthentheFrenchmanBoschhealsocametoDunhuangin1908.Takeawaymorethan6000volumesofsuicidenotes.In1910, theQingDynastyAcademyorderedtheDunhuangposthumousmanuscriptstobetransportedbacktoBeijing, withmorethan10,000volumesremaining.TheJapaneseandRussiansfollowedoneafteranother, andabatchofpapersscatteredamongthepeoplewerecollected.In1944, theNationalInstituteofDunhuangArtwasestablished, andabatchofnewdocumentswereinventedintheQianfodongDidiTemple, whichenrichedthecontentofDunhuangliterature.ItisestimatedthatthetotalnumberofDunhuangmanuscriptsisasmanyas50, 000volumes,et il y a quelques gravures sur bois. La plupart des documents chinois sont, mais il y a aussi d'autres Dans les écritures bouddhistes, il existe également de nombreux documents profanes, tels que l'enregistrement des contrats de ménage, les classiques confucéens et taoïstes, la poésie, la poésie et les archives médicales.
Fromtheperspectiveofhistory, DunhuangStudiesisastudyofhistoricalmaterials.Inthecurrentclassificationofdisciplines, DunhuangStudiesbelongstothescaleofhistoricalphilology.DunhuangmaterialsfromexpertsinDunhuangstudiestohistoriansaredependentontheprogressoftherectificationofDunhuangdocuments.TherectificationofDunhuangdocumentsoverthepastcenturyhasachievedremarkableresults.Whetheritisthecompilationofthecatalog, thepublicationofrecords, andeventhephotocopyingandpublishing, therearehigh-levelresults.Initially, LuoZhenyu, WangRenjun, "ShazhouWenluSupplement" (1924) "DunhuangSuo" de andLiuFu de JiangAxeandotherscouldonlycompileandpublishdocumentswrittenbyBoshyandthereorphotosofpaperssentbyBoss.LuoFubao (1925), notonlyautomaticallycompiledEnglish FrenchandotherforeignDunhuangdocuments, butalsobegantojumpoutofthescaleoffourbooks, en prêtant attention à l'inclusion de documents sociaux et d'œuvres littéraires populaires populaires. neChamberManuscritsandDunhuangMiscellaneousRecords" (1936) a compilé l'histoire sociale, l'histoire littéraire et les matériaux d'histoire de la langue permettent au monde de comprendre et d'appliquer les manuscrits de Dunhuang conservés par la Bibliothèque de Pékin.
ÉtudesurDunhuangStoneChambres
Fromthe "TangDynastyHouseholdRegister" seriespublishedinthe "Shihuo" magazineinthe1930stotheInstituteofHistoryoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesThefirstseriesof "DunhuangMaterials" compiledinthe1960s, Dunhuangdocumentsthatgatherthematiccontentsofsocio-economichistoryhavereceivedincreasingattention.Therecordof "AncientChineseBookofRecords" byProfessorIkedaofJapanhasbeenmorerefinedandthescopehasalsobeenexpanded.Atpresent, themostpracticalrecordedtextis "ExplanationandRecordsoftheRealRelicsofDunhuangSocio-economicDocuments" (1986-1990) compiledbyTangGenghouandLuHongji, whichcontainsmoreextensivecontent.Theclassifiededitorsincludethe "DunhuangDocumentsClassificationandProofreadingSeries" publishedbyJiangsuAncientBooksPublishingHouse, whichpublishesspecialtopicssuchasastronomicalcalendars, socialtowns , la calligraphie et les contrats. Les trésors de Dunhuang de HuangYongwu de Taïwan sont ceux qui ont utilisé des microfilms pour photocopier et publier les documents de Dunhuang. Malheureusement, les plaques ne sont pas très claires. anuscriptscollectedbySichuanPeople'sPublishingHouseinBritainandtheFrenchcollectionssuccessivelypublishedbyShanghaiAncientBooksPublishingHouse, Russiancollections, anddocumentscollectedbyShanghaiMuseum, TianjinArtMuseum, PekingUniversityandotherplaces.Inaddition, therearemanyspecialrecordswithresearchnature, suchas "HongKongDunhuangTurpanResearchCenterSeries" publishedbyTaipeiXinwenfeng, "DunhuangManuscriptSeries" publishedbyGansuPeople'sPublishingHouse, andsomecompilationspublishedbyGansuEducationPublishingHouse.Wenetc.Inshort, notonlytheDunhuangdocumentstakenawaybytheBritishStein, Percyandothershavealreadyhadmicrofilmsfortheworldtouse, butalsohigh-resolutionphotocopiesareavailableforreview, andtherearemorehigh-levelrecordedtextsthatcanbeusedbyordinaryscholars..ThroughtheeffortsofseveralgenerationsofDunhuangscholars, Les documents de Dunhuang sont progressivement passés des « brevets » de quelques savants à la communauté de la majorité des historiens.
Recherche sur l'histoire sociale de Dunhuang au cours des 100 dernières années
StudyonthehistoryoftheMiddleAges, itsdataisundoubtedlyricherthantheancientQinandHanDynasties, butcomparedtotheSong, Yuan, MingandQingDynastiesaftertheinventionofprintingThepastmoderntimeshavebeendwarfed, soitmaybesaidthatthemanagementoftheMiddleAgesisastudythatisnotthesameasthepresentandtheancient.Sincesocialhistoryismainlyconcernedwiththelowerclassandcivilsociety, mostofficialrecordspayattentiontotheriseandfallofthe "empereurs, généraux, andministers" .Par conséquent, tostudythesocialhistoryoftheMiddleAges, especiallytheregionalhistory, populationhistory, marriagehistory, familyhistory, etc., theofficialrecordsaloneareindangerofbeingstretched, andDunhuangdocumentsjustmakeupforthisdeficiency.TherearemanyworksintheChineseandforeignacademiccirclesthatuseDunhuangdocumentstostudytheMiddleAges.TheJapanese "LectureDunhuang" hasavolumeof » Société de Dunhuang" (1980), qui se divise en trois parties : la composition et le développement sociaux, la production et la circulation, et les temples et la vie. "Les IntroductiontoDunhuangSocialDocuments" (1992) brieflydiscussedthemedievalsocietyinDunhuangdocumentsontheeightaspectsofetiquette, clan, schoolandritualstudents, élection, Liangjian, urbanandrural, religiousgroup, "les DunhuangBianwenSocialCustomsandThings" (1974) collectedinformationaboutsocialcustomsfromDunhuangpopularliteratureandsummarizeditintofourteencategories de andsociety.ATaipeischolar, à savoir, la nourriture, l'habillement, l'architecture, Voyage, familyandservants (tagwomen) de ety.JiangBoqin FamilyLife), le mariage, les funérailles, l'éducation (withchildbirth, le rôle parental), la foi, l'économie, le divertissement, socialetiquette, proverbes, andprisonlitigation.Japan'sKanokaTeruguang "ThePeopleofDunhuang-TheirLifeandThoughts" (1972) "MonasteryEconomyinthe5th-10thCenturyinChina" (Chinesetranslation1987) de studiedtheBuddhistbeliefsandpreachingmethodsoftheDunhuangpeople.FrenchXieHernai studiestheissuesoftaxation, la propriété, la gestion des terres et les prêts commerciaux dans les monastères et les moines et les moniales d'un point de vue sociologique. ncientCustomsandFolkloreEvolution"(1989),"DunhuangSecularCulture"(1999)etd'autressériesd'ouvrages,concentréessurl'étudedel'histoiredescoutumessocialesàDunhuang.