Implantationetdéveloppement
Inthe1930sand1940s, scientistsbegantopaygreatattentiontotheresearchinformationmeasurementandfeedbackmechanism, andgainedarelativelydeepunderstanding.BritishstatisticianRAFisherputforwardtheproblemofinformationquantitybasedonclassicalstatisticaltheory; AmericantelecommunicationsengineerShannonstudiedinformationquantityfromcommunicationengineeringandputforwardtheformulaofinformationentropy; Wienerstudiedtheprocessingofnoisysignalsfromthecontrolpointofview, andestablishedWienerfilterTheory, andgivetheessenceoftheinformationconceptandputforwardtheformulaformeasuringtheamountofinformation.TheAmericancommunicationsengineerH.Nyquistgavethestabilityconditionofthenegativefeedbackamplifier, thatis, theNyquiststabilitycriterion, in1932; Wienerextendedtheconceptoffeedbacktoallcontrolsystemsin1945, andabstractedthefeedbackasacontrolsystem.Theprocessofextractingpartoftheinformationfromtheoutputoftheobjectasthenextinputandaffectingthere-output.ThereflextheoryputforwardbySovietphysiologistI.P.Pavlovprovesthatthe Sur la base d'une recherche sur l'artillerie de défense aérienne automatique, Wiener a découvert que les principaux problèmes de contrôle et de communication chez les animaux et les machines sont l'information, la transmission de l'information et le traitement de l'information.
From1934to1947, WienerandMexicanneurophysiologistA.Rosenbluetconductedcooperativeresearchformorethan10years.Theresearchteamincludesmathematicians, logiciens, physiciens, telecommunicationsengineers, controlengineers, computerdesigners, neuroanatomistes, neurophysiologistes, psychologues, medicalscientists, anthropologues, sociologues, etc.Throughanumberofexperimentsinphysiology, pathologyandpsychology, andabsorbingdesignexperiencefromfirecontrolsystems, telecommunicationnetworksandelectronicdigitalcomputers, aswellasresultsinpredictionandfilteringtheories, theybegantotouchthecoreofcybernetics.problem.InMay1942, theScientificSymposiumonBrainInhibitionConvenedbytheMasseyFoundationproposedthatthewell- Les concepts et méthodes d'information et de rétroaction étudiés en ingénierie et en contrôle de la communication peuvent apporter une contribution à la rechercheurophysiologique. ,etcedomainescientifiquepeututiliserdesconceptsmaturesetdesconceptsdansuneautre.méthode.de.domainescientifique.Après 1946,laFondationMessiainitiéunesériedeséminairesscientifiquessurlesquestionsderétroaction.
En 1948, Wiener'sfoundationalwork "Cybernétique" waspublished, whichbecameasignofthebirthofcybernetics.Wienertookthesubtitleofthisbookas "TheScienceofControlandCommunicationinAnimalsandMachines", whichprovidedascientificdefinitionofcyberneticsunderthecurrentstateofresearchatthetime.Inthisbook, Wienercapturesthecommoncharacteristicsofallcommunicationandcontrolsystemsincludingtheprocessofinformationtransmissionandinformationprocessing, confirmsthefoundationofinformationandfeedbackincybernetics, andpointsoutthatacommunicationsystemcanalwaysbebasedonPeopleneedtotransmitinformationofvariousideasandcontents.Anautomaticcontrolsystemmustadjustitsownmovementaccordingtothechangesinthesurroundingenvironment, itpointsoutthestatisticalpropertiesofcyberneticsresearch, andpointsoutthattheinformationreceivedbythecommunicationandcontrolsystemcontainscertaininformation.Thiskindofrandompropertymeetsacertainstatisticaldistribution, andthestructureofthecommunicationandcontrolsystemitselfmustalsoadapttothisstatisticalpro perty, qui peut produire des actions statistiquement satisfaisantes pour une classe d'entrées statistiquement attendues.
Formorethan10yearsafterthepublicationof "Cybernétique", scientistshavedevelopedcyberneticsintwodirections.Psychologists, neurophysiologistes, andmedicalpractitionersusecyberneticmethodstostudytheregulationandcontroloflifesystems, andestablishneurocybernetics, biologicalcybernetics, andmedicalcybernetics.WienerconductedacollaborationwithRosenbluetin1946.Aseriesofneurophysiologicalexperimentsdirectlyrelatedtothesubjectoffeedbacklaysthefoundationforbiologicalcybernetics.Controltheoristsusecyberneticmethodstostudytheregulationandcontrolofengineeringsystems.ChinesescientistQianXuesenfoundedengineeringcybernetics.In1954, hepublishedthe "EngineeringCybernetics" monographintheUnitedStates, proposingthattheobjectofengineeringcyberneticsisdirectlyapplicabletocybernetics.Theengineeringdesignpart.Inthe1960s, theSovietUnionandEasternEuropeancountriesappliedcyberneticideasandmethodstomilitarycommandandestablishedmilitarycybernetics.Aroundthe1970s, inthefaceofthecomplexsocialandeconomicproblemsformedbythedevelopmen tofscienceandtechnology, theglobalinformationsystemgraduallyformedwiththehelpoftherapiddevelopmentofmicroelectronicstechnologyandthewidespreadapplicationofcomputersprovidedmotivationandconditionsforthefurtherdevelopmentofcybernetics.TheThirdInternationalConferenceonCyberneticsandSystemsheldinBucharest, Romaniain1975confirmedtheemergingdisciplineofeconomiccybernetics.Atthesametime, managementcyberneticsemergedinWesternEurope, Japon, andtheUnitedStates.TheFourthInternationalConferenceonCyberneticsandSystemsheldinAmsterdam, theNetherlandsin1978confirmedtheindependentsub-disciplineofsocialcybernetics.In1979, ChinesecyberneticscientistSongJianandothersestablishedpopulationcybernetics, usingcyberneticthoughtsandmethodstosolvethemediumandlong-termpredictionandoptimalcontrolofpopulationdevelopmenttrends, andachievedsuccessinthesocialpracticeofpopulationcontrolinChina.
La question centrale
Thecoreissueofcyberneticsistostudyinformationextraction, informationdissemination, traitement de l'information, informationstorageandinformationutilizationinageneralsense.Thereisabasicdifferencebetweencyberneticsandthesubsequentinformationtheory.Cyberneticsusesanabstractwaytorevealthecharacteristicsandlawsofinformationtransmissionandinformationprocessingofallcontrolsystems, includinglifesystems, engineeringsystems, economicsystems, andsocialsystems, andtostudythepossibilityandlawsofusingdifferentcontrolmethodstoachievedifferentcontrolpurposes.Ways, withoutinvolvingthetransmissionandprocessingofspecificsignals.Informationtheoryisbiasedtowardsthestudyofinformationmeasurementtheoryandmethods, andonthisbasis, itstudiesrelatedmethodsandtechnicalissuesrelatedtotheeffectivetransmissionandeffectiveprocessingofinformationinactualsystems, suchasencoding, le décodage, le filtrage, channelcapacityandtransmissionrate, etc ..
Thecoreissueofcyberneticsinvolvesfivebasicaspects: ①Therelationshipbetweencommunicationandcontrol.Allsystemsmustbeeffectivelycontrolledinordertoachievetheintendedpurpose.Effectivecontrolmusthaveinformationfeedback.Human-controlledmachinesorcomputer-controlledmachinesareatwo-wayinformationflowprocess, includinginformationextraction, informationtransmission, andinformationprocessing.②Therelationshipbetweenadaptabilityandinformationandfeedback.Adaptabilityisacharacteristicofasystemthatcanmaintainitsoriginalperformanceorfunctionunderenvironmentalchanges.Humanadaptabilityistheprocessoflivingeffectivelybyacquiringandusinginformationandadjustingthecontingencyintheexternalenvironment.③Therelationshipbetweenlearningandinformationandfeedback.Feedbackhasthefunctionofadjustingfuturebehaviorwithpastbehavior.Thefeedbackcanbesimplefeedbackorcomplexfeedback.Incomplexfeedback, pastexperienceisnotonlyusedtoadjustspecificactions, butalsotoimplementoverallstrategiesforsystembehaviorstomakethemhavealearningfunct ion.④Therelationshipbetweenevolutionandinformationandfeedback.Inthecourseofevolution, lifeformshaveaspontaneoustrendofmulti-directionaldevelopmentontheonehand, andontheotherhandhaveatendencytomaintaintheancestralmodel.Thesetwoeffectsarebasedonthecombinationofinformationandfeedback.Throughnaturalselection, organismsthatarenotadaptedtothesurroundingenvironmentwillbeeliminated, leavingaresidualmodeoflifeformsthatcanadapttothesurroundingenvironment.⑤Therelationshipbetweenself-organizationandinformationandfeedback.Humansunderstandtherelationshipbetweeninformationandsystemstructurebasedonthephenomenonofnervecellmetabolismandtherandomnatureofsynapsesformedbetweennervecells.Itcanbeconsideredthatthephysiologicalconditionofmemoryandeventhephysiologicalconditionoflearningisacertaincontinuityoforganization, thatis, throughcontrol, informationfromtheoutsideworldcanbetransformedintoarelativelylong-lastingchangeinstructureorfunction.
Méthode de base
La cybernétique est l'étude des systèmes sous deux aspects : l'information et le contrôle. La méthode cybernétique comporte quatre aspects :
①Déterminer les variables d'entrée et de sortie. Afin d'atteindre un certain objectif, le système de contrôle doit extraire les informations nécessaires (appelées entrées) de l'extérieur d'une certaine manière, puis les traiter selon certaines règles, et générer de nouvelles informations (appelées sorties) pour réagir vers le monde extérieur. Les variables d'entrée et de sortie peuvent non seulement représenter des informations.
②Méthode de la boîte noire.Selon les variables d'entrée et de sortie du système, découvrir la relation fonctionnelle entre elles (c'est-à-dire le modèle d'entrée-sortie). La méthode de la boîte noire peut être utilisée pour étudier des systèmes complexes de grande taille et des systèmes géants.
③Modelingmethod.Byintroducingstatevariablesthatareonlyrelatedtothesystemandusingtwosetsofequationstodescribethesystem, thesystemmodelisestablished.Onesetiscalledtransferequations, alsocalledstateequations, todescribetheevolutionofthesystem; onesetiscalledactionequations, alsocalledoutputequations, todescribetheinteractionbetweenthesystemandtheoutsideworld.Theabstractedsystemmodelcanbeusedforgeneralresearchandtodeterminethecategoryandcharacteristicsofthesystem.Theformofthemathematicalmodelofthecontrolsystemisnotunique, andthestatetransitiontableorstatetransitiondiagramisoftenusedinautomatatheory.Thecharacteristicsofthesystemareproducedthroughthestructureofthesystem, andsimilarsystemsusuallyhavethesamestructure.Themodelingmethodandreasoningattributesofcyberneticsmakecyberneticsapplicabletocontrolsystemsinallfields, andhelptostudythegeneralcharacteristicsofcontrolsystems.Itisalsonecessarytouseconceptssuchashomomorphismandisomorphismaswellasdecompositionandcoordinationwhenstudyinglargesystemsandgia ntsystems.
④Statisticalmethods.Cyberneticmethodsbelongtothecategoryofstatisticalmethods, anditisnecessarytointroduceconceptssuchasunbiasedness, minimumvariance, autocorrelationfunctionofinputandoutputfunctions, andcorrelationanalysis.Usinggeneralizedharmonicanalysisandergodictheorem, therequiredinformationcanbeobtainedfromeachindividualsamplefunction.WienerusesthismethodtoestablishatimeseriespredictionandfilteringtheorycalledWienerfiltering.Nonlinearstochastictheoryisnotonlythemathematicalfoundationofcybernetics, butalsoanimportanttoolfordealingwithalllarge-scaleandcomplexsystems.
Nature interdisciplinaire
Cyberneticsestablishestheconnectionbetweenengineeringtechnologyandlifesciencesandsocialsciencesthroughinformationandfeedback.Thisinterdisciplinarynaturenotonlyenablesthemorematureconceptsandmethodsinonescientificfieldtobedirectlyusedinanotherscientificfield, avoidingunnecessaryrepetitionofresearch, butalsoprovidesamethodofusinganalogy, especiallyfunctionalanalogy.Possibilitytoproducenewdesignideasandnewcontrolmethods.Thereisananalogyrelationshipbetweenbiologicalcyberneticsandengineeringcybernetics, economiccyberneticsandsocialcybernetics.Adaptive, auto-apprentissage, auto-organizingandothersystemscanprovidewaystosolvesomepracticalproblemsthroughtheanalogyofbiologicalsystems.
Pionniers
DanielDanielopoluandPaulPostelnicuasontlespionniersdelapenséecybernétique.VanOdoblezest sans doute un pionnier plus important.