CharacterDeeds
MelancholyChildhood
SorenKierkegaard(2photos)
SorenKierkegaard(alsotranslatedas:Kierkegaard,pressDanishshouldbetranslatedasQiKeguo),Kierkegaard'sfatherwasbornpoor,andlaterbecamerichbyoperatingwool.Hisfather,amissionary,rapedthemaidandgavebirthtoSorenKierkegaard.Therewere7brothersinthefamily.Hewastheyoungest,andfiveofthemdied.HisfatherconfessedhimselfguiltyforcursingGodandcommittingadulteryinhisearlyyears.Hissecondwifeandfivechildrendiedbeforehim,whichshockedhimevenmore.HewasconvincedthatitwasGodwhospeciallycausedhimtosufferendlesspainandloneliness..HisgloomyandlowstateofmindhadaprofoundeffectonhisyoungestsonSauron.Kierkegaardconsideredhimselfalonely"exception"becauseofhisbirthexperienceandhisbirthdefects(hunchbackandlameness),frailtyandsickness.Therefore,althoughhewasbrilliant,hewaswithdrawnandintrovertedbynature.Itissogrotesquethat,likehisfather,hewasdominatedbyreligioussentimentsofguiltandpunishmentthroughouthislife.Hehadbeensufferingfromdepressionsincehewasachild,thinkingthathehadtwooriginalsinsandthathewouldgotohellafterhedied,sohiswholelifewaspessimistic.Nevertheless,helearnedearlyinlifetokeephisworriesfrombeingnoticedbyothers,andtohidehismelancholywiththeimageofafrivolousplayboy.StudyingTheology
In1830,heenteredtheUniversityofCopenhagentostudytheology.Hewantedtobeapastor.Hisgraduationthesiswas"Socrates'uniqueironyconcept".Althoughhereceivedatheologydegreeaftergraduation,hedidn’tIagreewiththeteachingsoftheDanishLutheranChurchandhaveneverheldapriesthood.DuringhistimeattheUniversityofCopenhagen,hereadalotofphilosophicalandliteraryworks,andhealsohadastronginterestindramaandmusic.However,fear,tremorandmelancholyemotionsalwaysdominatedhim,whetheritwasthestraylifefrom1836to1837ortheotherin1838.Inhisindependentlifeafterhisdeath,suchaslove,engagementanddissolutionofmarriage,hefeltthathecouldonlychoosebetweendedicationtoGodandmarriage.Inthefuture,hislifewillbemorewithdrawn,andhismentalitywillbemoreabnormal,evenalmostcrazy.
TwistedLove
In1837,whenKierkegaardwasalittlefamousasajournalistwritingacolumn,ImetRegineOlsen,this15-year-oldOfyounggirlsfellinlovewithhim,andtheyslowlytalkedaboutmarriage,andtheygotengagedin1840.Aftergettingengaged,Kierkegaardthoughtheshouldtellthefuturewifehisinnerfeelingssothathecouldshareworriesandpainswitheachotherinthefuture,butwhenhetookallthedepressioninhisheart,especiallyhistwooriginalsins,WhenItoldReginaaboutthefeelingofgoingtohellinthefuture,Reginawasonly17yearsoldandcouldnotacceptsuchaweirdanddejectedthought.Heonlylaughedatwhathesaid,soKierkegaardbelievedthatheshouldnottreathimself.Thepaininhisheartwassharedwiththispuregirl,sohecategoricallybrokeofftheengagementwithher,andfinallyhelearnedfromthenewspaperthatReginawasengagedtoanotherperson.Afterthedissolutionofthemarriagecontract,hefeltevenmorepainfuluntilhisdeath.Inhispreviousdiariesandwritings,hisrelationshipwithReginahasalwaysbeenoneofthethemesofhisself-torturedthinking.
Hecouldnotrelievehisinnerdistressbyperceptualmethods,thatis,hecouldnotrealizehisownexistencebyperceptualmethods,sohebelievedthatthewayoutofhisdistressshouldbelongtothelevelofthought,andtheDanesatthattimeAdmiringGermanthoughtandculture,heembarkedonthejourneyofstudyinginGermanyin1841andwenttotheUniversityofBerlintostudytheprevailingHegelianphilosophyatthattime.ThecoursesofGermanConceptualismareallveryhighideals,pushingeverythingtothetruth,goodnessandbeauty,leavingallthesorrowsandpainsofhumannatureandspecificlifeaside.ThesearealldifferentfromKierkegaard'sideas,soheabandonedtheexplorationoftraditionalphilosophicalthoughts,andinsteadexploredthetruthofChristianity,subjectivityandinnernature.
"ThePirate"incident
Becauseofhisfather,hethoughtthatGodwouldpunishtheirfamily,heconcludedthatGodwilllethimdiebeforehisfather,attheageof34Before—thatwasthelifetimeofJesus.Therefore,hedevotedallhiseffortstothe"LastNon-academicPostscripttotheBookofPhilosophyFragments"publishedin1846ashis"last"work.Hehadplannedtoputasidethepenandretiredtothevillageasapastorfortherestofhislife.Itturnedoutthathelivedfor9yearslongerthanheexpected,andhepickedupthepenagain.Thereasonwasthathehadaconflictwiththenewspaperandengagedinacontroversy,theso-called"ThePirate"incident.Laterlifehadaconsiderableimpact.
InDenmarkatthetime,"ThePirate"wasaweeklymagazinefoundedbytheyoungpoetGoldschmidt.Intermsofitspoliticalinclination,"ThePirate"usedridiculeandsatiretocriticizetheauthoritarian,conservativeandbackwardsocialphenomenafromaliberalposition,butthestyleofthepublicationwasnothigh,anditoftenusedsocialgossiptoexposepersonalprivacy.,Carryoutapersonalattack.Thisweeklymagazineisverypopularamongthegeneralpublicandhasalargecirculation.
GoldschmidtpublishedanarticleinthejournalpraisingKierkegaard,butitcausedthelattertobeextremelydissatisfied.Kierkegaardbelievedthat"ThePirate"wasapublicationthatcateredspecificallytolow-leveltastes,andbeingpraisedbyitwastantamounttoagreatinsulttohim,sohepublishedanarticleinthenewspapersharplycriticizingandexposingthe"Pirate".Thistriggeredafullcounterattackfromthenewspaper.Foralmostawholeyearin1846,the"Pirate"publishedarticlesattackingKierkegaardinseries,ridiculinghisbehavior,andeventalkingabouthisphysicaldefects,clothing,familyproperty,livinghabits,etc.Makeanessay,withcomics.Atthattimecomicswerestillquitenew,andcomicsbecamepublicjokes.ThisdeeplyhurtKierkegaard'sself-esteem,andevenhebecametheobjectofridiculebyurchinsonthestreet.Heoriginallythoughtthathewouldbesupportedbysomepeopleinthepenwar,buttheruthlessrealitymadehimextremelydisappointed.Notonlydidhefailtogetpeople'ssympathy,buthefeltthatpeopleweregloatingbecausehewasmocked.Undersuchcircumstances,heisreluctanttoassociatewithothers,andhistemperamentismorewithdrawn.Whenhetakesaroutinewalkonthestreeteveryday,theonly"faithfulfriend"isanumbrellahecarrieswithhim.
Inthepast,heneverseriouslyconsideredwhatheshoulddoaftertheageof34.Afterhesurvived,hefeltthatGodmighthavedeliberatelygivenhimaspecialmissiontomakehimsufferforthetruthandatthesametimeactasawitnessofthetruth.AndtoexplaintohiscontemporarieswhatisthetruemeaningoftheChristianfaith.Withsuchasenseofmission,hewroteaseriesof"religiousworks."Inexplaininghisviewsasawriter,hesaidthathe"nevergaveupChristianity."Thisisindeedtrue,buthehashisownuniqueunderstandingofChristianityandhowtobeaChristian,whichisnotonlydifferentfromtheorthodoxviewoftheofficialchurch,butsometimesevenpubliclycontradictsit.Withthepublicationofhis"religiousworks"oneafteranother,thedifferencesandcontradictionsbetweenhimandthechurchbecamemoreandmoreacute,andfinallybrokeoutintoanopenconflict.HefiercelycriticizedtheDanishchurch,demandingthatthechurchauthoritiesopenlyadmitthatheviolatedthenobleidealsofChristianityandrepent.HeaccusedthechurchofnolongerbeingabletorepresentChristianityinthe"NewTestament",andbelievedthattheirpreachingdidnotconformtothetrueChristianspirit.Hefeltthathecouldnolongerremainsilentaboutthissituation,andmustberuthlesslyexposed,whileatthesametimeexplainingtothepublichowtobeareal,notaverbalChristian.Thisledtoacompletebreakdownofhisrelationshipwiththechurch.
Diedyoung
Kierkegaarddidnotseekanycareerinhislife,andlivedonahugeinheritance.HepubliclyrebelledagainsttheDanishNationalChurchinthejournalhefounded.HefaintedonthestreetwhenhetookthelastissueofTheInstantmagazinetocopy,andwassenttothehospital.Herefusedthesacramentoftheofficialchurchpastor,cherishedastrongChristianfaith,anddiedafewweekslaterattheageof42.
PhilosophicalAchievements
ImportantfiguresinthedirectionalturningofthedevelopmentofEuropeanphilosophy
Beforethe20thcentury,fewpeopleoutsideScandinaviaknewaboutErkegaard’sname,becausehemainlywritesinDanish.However,Kierkegaard'sthoughthadanimportantinfluenceonChristianity,non-ChristianityandaestheticexistentialistsinEuropeandNorthAmericainthe20thcentury,andbecamethesourceofmodernexistentialism.KierkegaardisconsideredtobeoneoftheimportantfigureswhomadeadirectionalturninthedevelopmentofEuropeanphilosophy.Themaincontentofthetransitionheachievedistoreplacetheexistenceofobjectivematerialandrationalconsciousnesswithlonelyandirrationalpersonalexistenceasthestartingpointofallphilosophy,andtotakepersonalirrationalemotions,especiallyboredom,melancholy,despairandotherpessimisticemotions.Itreplacesthestudyoftheexternalworldandtherationalunderstandingofpeople,especiallythestudyofpurethinking,reasonandlogicinHegelianismasthemaincontentofitsphilosophy.
"Lookforatruththatistruetome,andfindanideathatIamwillingtoliveforanddiefor."
Asanexistentialthinker,heTrytoconnecteverythingwiththeindividual'sownsituationinsteadofextractingtheessencefromittounderstandlife.Hisfirstbook"EitherOneortheOther"focusedonthechoicebetweenfreedomandslavery,andthistopiccanbefoundinalmostallofhiswritings.Heinsiststhatresponsibilityandfatalismareintertwinedinhumanbeings,whichforeshadowstheproblemsofdepersonalizationandcrisisofwilldeepinpsychology.Inhisview,whentheegoincludesmanynon-voluntaryorself-creatingfactors,theegoisstillnotamachine.Heopposedskepticismandfatalisticdetachment.Hetookmoralandethicalresponsibilityasauniversalgoal,anddramatizedthesecularjudgmentanddespairpromotedbythis.Herecognizedthepeculiarmoderndiseaseof"mentalhelplessness"andpointedoutthatself-negligenceorself-isolation,thetrueselfhasneverbeenrealizedorrealized.Tocorrectthisphenomenon,aleapintrustmustbeachieved.Theestablishmentofa"newlife"ortrueselfisanindividualgettingridoftheindividualizationanddifferentiationprocessofcompleteassimilationwithone'ssocialandculturalenvironment.Kierkegaardbelievesthatthisstandardofself-realizationisreflectedandmanifestedinJesus,thecorefigureofChristianity.Intheprocessofoneperson'sself-realization,theotherpersoncanbea"midwife",but"birth"isultimatelyhisownbusiness.
Existentialism
TheexistentialismadvocatedbyKierkegaardemphasizesthatphilosophersshouldexplorelifeissuesinreality.HeopposedtheGermanconceptofspecificallytalkingaboutideals,andthoughtthatthemostimportantthinginlifeistograsppersonalexistenceveryspecifically.Kierkegaardpersonallyfeels"lonely"and"exceptional"abouthimself,sohecreatesasenseofself-existence.Thephilosophyofconcern-existentialism.Kierkegaard’sphilosophycanbesaidtobetheuseofthesimplest,perceptual,methodsinourdailylife,hopingtouseordinary,practical,andspecificmethodstorealizeone’sownexistence,andtorelieveone’sinnerdistressandabsurd.Existencereferstotheexistenceofthispersonatthistime,thisplace,andtheexistenceofafleshandbloodindividual.Therearehappiness,anger,sorrow,andjoyinone'sexistence,andthetruelifecanonlybeexperiencedthroughhappiness,anger,sorrowandjoy.Language,reasonandlogiccannotrevealeachindividual'suniquepersonality,norcantheyrevealthetrueexistenceofhumanbeings.Forthelatter,wecanonlyrelyontheuniquesubjectiveexperienceofeachindividual.Hisindividualisanindividualdominatedbynegativeemotionssuchasfear,trembling,pessimism,anddespair.Thispessimisticandnegativeemotionisthemostauthenticexperienceofone'sownexistence.Itisthisemotionthatdrivespeopletotakeactionandmakeeither-orchoice.
Kierkegaardhastheviewthatrationalthinkingaloneisnotenoughtotriggeraction.Thischoiceisdescribedasaleap.Theremustbeadeterminationtoendthisthoughtprocess,andthisdeterminationmustbegeneratedbypassion.Thepassionthatformsaperson'sselfisreferredtobyhimasindividualinwardnessorsubjectivity.Themostimportantpassions,suchasloveandfaith,donotjusthappenbyaccident,theymustbenurturedandcultivated.Kierkegaardclearlyopposedhisphilosophytotraditionalphilosophy,especiallyhiscriticismofrationalismrepresentedbyHegelasthefundamentaldirectionofhisphilosophy.HebelievesthatthefundamentalerrorofHegel'sphilosophyistoregardlogicalnecessityasthehighestprincipleoftheunityofrealityandtheguaranteeoftheunityofreasonandreality,andthusfallinto"objectivism".Theworldisnothingmorethantheinevitablemanifestationoftheobjectivespirit,andallconcreteandspecialexistencesareexamplesofthisuniversalexistence,andareacertainelementinacertainstageofthewhole.Inthisway,peopleactuallylosetheirautonomyandindependence,losethepossibilityofmakingdecisionsandmakingchoices,losetheirownpersonalityandfreedom,whichwillalsomakethemselvesforgettheirresponsibilityfortheeventsthatoccurredandcanceltheindividual.Thepossibilityoftreatingyourselfandtheworldethically.Hegel'sphilosophyisaphilosophythatsacrificestheindividualanddehumanizespeoplewiththewholeofthought.Itisakindofcontemptforthestatusanddignityofpeople.
Kierkegaard’sexistentialismhastwomainmeanings:oneistheideathatexistenceprecedesessence,anditsmeaningisthathumanexistenceispassiveanddestined(thebirthofamanisamaleWomencannotbedeterminedbythemselves),butpeoplecanusetheirdestinedexistencetocreatetheirownessence.Therefore,whatapersonisexpensiveisnotbecausehehasadestinedexistence,notbecauseofhishistoricalbackground,familybackground,norbecauseofhisbirthstatus,butbecausehehasthefreedomtochoosetotransformhisownessence,howhechoosestobehimselfThosewhowanttodo,choosewhattheywanttodo,thisisthenatureofhumanbeings.ThesecondisthatKierkegaarddividesexistenceintothreelevels:
Perceptualexistence:Perceptualexistenceisusuallythepursuitofone'sownhappiness,thepursuitoffrivolity,andthepursuitofone'sselfishside.Itisfromthemaintenanceoflife.Totheexistenceofenjoyment;
Rationalexistence:isamoreseriousandresponsiblelife,usingrationalandphilosophicalmethodstosolveone'sownproblemsandmakeoneselfperformethicalresponsibilitytoothers.Existencethatfitssocialmorality;
Religiousexistence:Itisalifeofprayerandlove,andtheexistenceofself-consciousnessandreverenceforGod,soastomakethespirithavesustenance.
Inthelast12yearsofKierkegaard’slife,hewrotealot,andhealsopublishedbooksonreligion,philosophy,psychology,andevenhumor.BeforeS.Freud,healsowroteabook"TheConceptofFear"whichwascompletelyaimedatanxiety.HisinnovativeideasinpsychologywerepraisedbyFreud.
Theleapoffaith
Kierkegaardconsidershimselftobeaprophetofanti-culturalChristianity.HedislikesHegel’sthinkingandbelievesthatHegeltreatstheBibleandtheprophetasauthenticChristianityistwistedintoculturalChristianity.ThiskindofculturalChristianityisnotauthenticChristianityatallinhisopinion.Inhislaterbook"TheCrusadeagainsttheChristianKingdom",itisstatedthatinthissocietywhereeveryoneisa"Christian",trueChristianityhasobviouslydisappeared.
HegelhastwoinfluencesonChristianityinGermanyandtheNordiccountries.Firstofall,Hegelintegratedreligionandphilosophy,rationalizedChristianbeliefandspeculativetheology.Secondly,Hegel'stheoryofnationalismhasadaptedtothesocialtrendofthestatechurch.QiKeguostronglyopposesthethoughttrendoftheologicalspeculationandthesocialtrendofchurchnationalization.Therefore,heisnotonlyrecognizedasapioneerofexistentialphilosophy,butalsorespectedasapioneerbyneoconservatism.
Kierkegaard’sconfidencejumpreferstoanxietywhenpeoplefaceadecision,andthisdecisionisajumpingaction,whichcannotbededucedbylogicalmethods.Kierkegaardbelievesthatthefallofmanisalsoanirrationalleap.However,thereisanotherkindofjump,thejumpoffaith,whichcannotbededucedfromthesituationeither.Whenapersonisfacingafatalillnessorinsurmountableanxiety,faithcanhelponeovercomeit.
InKierkegaard’stheory,therearethreestagesoffaithjumping,butthesestagesarenotthekindofstageintime,butincludeaesthetics,ethicsandreligion.Thesethreestagesaremutuallyexclusive.Thereisnoclearseparationbetweenthem.Forexample,inthefinalreligiousstage,therearestillethicalthoughtsandaesthetics.Inparticular,hebelievesthatethicsandreligionaresubjectiveandarederivedfromhisuniqueaesthetics,butaestheticscannotbereasonedbylogic.AndGodistheultimatepremiseofallactionsandthoughts,soitisevenmoreimpossibletoprovetheexistenceofGodbyreasoningandlogic.
Theaestheticstageissomethingheisworthmentioning.Thecharacteristicoftheaestheticstageistwistedwithhumanexistence.Theaestheticshetalkedaboutheredoesnotrefertothecourseofaestheticsitselforart,butastandardofmeasurement.Thestandardisbasedonwhethereveryoneandeverythingcansatisfytheirownaesthetics,thatis,theBibledescribestheJewsforgoodorcorrectthings,whichiscalledgoodandbeautiful"beauty".Thisisthestageofaesthetics..Therefore,heoncecriticizedtheRomanPopeforbeingobsessedwithpagancustomsandmorallycorruptedGreco-Romanart.
Intheethicalstage,Kierkegaardproposedtheconceptof"demonic",whichmeans"self-seclusion",thatis,notgettingoutofoneself.Theoppositeofthissituationofself-isolationislove,whichcanleadpeopleoutofthesituationofself-isolation,andthusovercomethe"magicalnature".Thischaracteristicoflovecanleadtoloverelationships.Inotherwords,intheethicalstage,loveovercomesisolationandproducesasenseofresponsibility,andthroughthesenseofresponsibility,theethicalstagecanbereached.Thereligiousstagetranscendstheaestheticandethicalstages,andcanbedividedintotwotypes:"ReligionA"and"ReligionB".Therepresentativefiguresare"Socrates"and"Jesus".WhatthetwohaveincommonTheyareallexistentialistsintheirviewsofGod.
ReligionAorSocrates’religionbelievesthatthetruthcanbefoundintheexistenceofman,whichmeansthatthebasictruthexistsinthemanhimself.Socrateswantstousedialecticsandexistentialismtosummontruthfrompeople.Heusestwomethods.Oneisirony,whichmeanstosearchfortruththroughthoroughinquiry.Anotherwayismidwifery.Teachersdonotjustteachthetruthdirectly,buthelppeoplediscoverthetruththatexistsinthem,sothattheknowledgethatexistsinhumansisborn.
SomecommentatorshavesuggestedthatSocratescanberegardedasthefounderofhumanitarianism,whichcanberegardedasoneofthequasi-religions,butSocratesdidnotchangetheoverallstateoftheexistenceofothers,becauseThistransformationcanonlybedoneinReligionB.ReligionBbelievesthattruthcannotbefoundamongpeople,soGodmustenterfromoutsideofpeopleandteachpeople,soGodentersintopeopleintheformofChrist.Thisisanotherleap.GodmadealeapacrosstimethroughtheincarnationofChrist.
Becausethereisan"infinitequalitativedifference"betweenGodandman,andmankindisnotonlylimited,butalsosinful;sointhefinalanalysis,manmustrelyondetermination,whichis"Theleapoffaith"embracesthetruthwithinnerenthusiasm.Aleapwithoutfaithwillbecomeareligionwithonlyreason,butthisisdefinitelynotauthenticChristianity.
ThewayofGodishigherthanthewayofman
Theabsoluteparadoxandirrationalityoftheincarnation
Kierkegaardadvocates"subjectivetruth",Itlaidaphilosophicalfoundationfortheneworthodoxtheology,re-searchedforthetheologyofGod'sword,placedfaithinaloftyposition,andonlyregardedreasonasatooltounderstandGod'sword.ItisbecausethebasictruthsinGod’swordsareparadoxicalthatthelawofnon-contradictioninlogic(A≠-A)doesnotworkinChristiantheology,becauseGod’smind(thought)ishigherthanman’smind(thought),andGod’sway(Method)Theroadbeyondhumans(Method).
Kierkegaardopenedtheforefrontofneworthodoxtheologyatthispoint,sodialecticaltheologiansregardhimasanally.Kierkegaard'sdefinitionoftruth,especiallythetruthrelatedtotheexistenceofGodandhumanbeings,refersto"anobjectivelyunknownobject,whichmangrabsthroughthedeepestenthusiasminhisheart,andclingstoit.".However,"whenthesubjectiveandinnertrutharetruth,theobjectivelydefinedtruthbecomesaparadox."Theincarnationisan"absoluteparadox",soitcanonlybedisclosedandunderstoodbyfaith.
Hegeltriedtotreatparadoxasalogicalidea,placedinauniversal,harmonious,andrationaltruthsystem,whichhasthetruemeaningofparadox,andturneditintoasymbolicrepresentationofabstractphilosophicalconcepts.ForKierkegaard,JesusisindeedGod,andindeedman,butthetruthinonebodyisalogicalcontradiction.Therefore,herefutesHegelandbelievesthatthisisanewtruthofrevelation,anditisuptoustodecideItistoacceptorrejectJesusChristasLord.ToestablisharelationshipwithGod,apersonmustbeapersonaldecision,notanabstractreasoning.
Publishingbooks
BiographyofCharacters
KierkegaardwasbornonMay5,1813.
In1821,heenteredtheBurrDiscolenSchool.
In1830,heenteredtheUniversityofCopenhagen.
In1834,hismotherdied.
In1834,hewastaughtbyMaTengsen.
From1836to1837,IlistenedtoPaulMaitreya'slectureongeneralconceptsofmetaphysics.
OnMay8,1837,hevisitedPauletteRoldhambywayandreturnedhalfway.OnMay9th,ImetandmetReginaatPaulette'shouse.InJuly,hemovedoutfromhisfather'shouse.ListentoMaTengsen'slectureondogmatics.
OnMarch13,1838,PaulMaitreyadied.OnAugust8,hisfatherdied.OnSeptember7,"ThesisofaLivingPerson"waspublished.
July3,1840,passedthetheologicalexamination.FromJuly19thtoAugust16th,IvisitedthehometownofJylanSaydin.OnSeptember8,proposedtoRegina.OnSeptember10,Reginaacceptedthemarriageproposal.
OnAugust11,1841,Regina'sengagementringwasreturned.OnSeptember29,defenseofthemaster'sthesis"OnSocrates'ConceptofSatire".OnOctober11,shecompletelybrokeofffriendshipwithRegina.OnOctober25th,wenttoBerlin.
March6,1842,returnedfromBerlin.
OnFebruary20,1843,"EitherThisorThat"waspublished.OnMay8,wenttoBerlinforthesecondtime.IheardthenewsofRegina'sengagementwhileinBerlin.OnMay16,"TwoSermons"waspublished.OnOctober16,"FearandTremor"waspublished."Repeat"ispublished."ThreeSermons"waspublished.OnDecember6,"FourSermons"waspublished.
OnMarch5,1844,"TwoSermons"waspublished.OnJune8,"ThreeSermons"waspublished.OnJune13,"PhilosophyFragment"waspublished.OnJune17,"TheConceptofFear"waspublished."Foreword"ispublished.OnAugust31,"FourSermons"waspublished.
OnApril29,1845,"ThreeLecturesonFictionalScenes"waspublished.OnApril30,"StagesofLife"waspublished.OnMay13,"TheThirdTriptoBerlin."OnMay29,"EighteenSermons"waspublished.OnDecember27th,Iwroteanarticlein"TheMotherland",hopingthat"ThePirate"wouldscoldhim.
OnJanuary2,1846,"ThePirate"publishedanarticleaboutKierkegaardforthefirsttime,togetherwithacartoon.OnFebruary7,Iwanttoendmywritingcareerandbecomeapastor.OnFebruary27,the"Non-ScientificConclusion"waspublished.OnMarch30,"ALiteraryReview"waspublished.
OnJuly13,1847,"SermonsfromDifferentPerspectives"waspublished.OnNovember3,ReginamarriedF.Schlegel.
OnApril19,1848,Igotacertainspiritualandpsychologicalexperienceaftertalkingwiththedoctor.OnApril23,theDanish-PrussianThree-YearWarbrokeout.OnApril26,"TheCollectionofChristianEssays"waspublished.InApril,duetoeconomicdifficulties,hemovedintothenewresidenceNo.156inTonabskgarde.InNovember,"ViewsonMyWritingCareer"wascompleted,butitwasdecidednottopublishit.
InFebruary1849,theideaofmartyrdombegan.
OnMay14,1849,thesecondeditionof"EitherThisorThat"cameout."LiliesintheFieldandBirdsintheSky"waspublished."TwoEthics-ReligiousEssays"waspublished.OnJuly30th,"DeadlyDiseases"waspublished.OnNovember13,"Priest-PatCollector-GuiltyWoman;ThreeSpeechesattheCommuniononGoodFriday"waspublished.
OnSeptember27,1850,"TheTemperingofChristianity"waspublished;onDecember18,"ASermon"waspublished.
OnJuly7,1851,"MyWritingCareer"waspublished.OnSeptember27,"Introspection."Introducingyourselftothecontemporary"waspublished.
OnJanuary30,1854,theBishopofMünsterdied.OnApril15,MaTengsenwasappointedbishop.OnDecember18,"IstheBishopofMünsteroneofthe"witnessesoftruth"and"thewitnessesoftruetruth"?——Isthatthetruth?"Published.Thisisthefirstinaseriesof21articles.
OnMay24,1855,"SinceIHavetoSayIt;ThenSayItNow"waspublished.Thefirstissueof"Moment"waspublished.OnJune16,"Christ'sEvaluationofOfficialChristianity"waspublished.OnSeptember13,"TheImmutabilityofGod"waspublished.OnSeptember25,theninthissueofMomentwasreleased.Writethelastdiary.OnOctober2,hewasadmittedtoFrederickHospital.HepassedawayonNovember11.
Mainworks
Kierkegaard'sworks(2photos)
KierkegaardpublishedunderhisrealnameandseveraldifferentpennamesHisworksexpresshisanti-dogmatic,anti-authoritativeandmultipleviewpoints.ThefollowingChinesetranslationsdonotincludesubtitles,andworkssignedwithrealnamesdonotindicatetheauthor'sname:"It'sNotThisorThat"-EditedbyVictorEremita(1843)Enten-Eller.EtLivs-Fragment,udgivetafVictorEremita"TwoInspiringConversation(1843)ToopbyggeligeTaler
"FearandTremor"-byJohannesdeSilentio(1843)FrygtogB瘁PanLu.DialektiskLyrikafJohannesdeSilentio
"Repetition"-ConstantinConstantius(1843)Gjentagelsen.EtForsøgidenexperimenterendePsychologiafConstantinConstantius
"PhilosophicalFragments"(1844)-JohannesClimacus,publishedbyKierkegaardPhilosophiskeSmulerellerEnSmulePhilosophie.AfJohannesClimacus.UdgivetafS.Kierkegaard
"StagesofLife"(1845)-byeveryone,compiledandpublishedbyHilariousBookbinderStadierpaaLivetsVej.StudierafForskjellige.Sammenbragte,befordredetilTrykkenogudgivneafHilariusBogbinder
TheUnscientificConclusion(1846)-byJohannesClimacus,publishedbyKierkegaardAfsluttendeuvidenskabeligEfterskrifttildephilosophiskeSmuler.-Mimisk-pathetisk-dialek-dialek-tiskExistentieltIndl朁,afJohannesClimacus.UdgivenafS.Kierkegaard
"InspiringConversationsofDifferentSpirits"(1847)OpbyggeligeTaleriforskjelligAandafS.Kierkegaard)
Of"Work"(1847)KjerlighedensGjerninger.NoglechristeligeOverveielseriTalersForm,afS.Kierkegaard
"DeadlyDisease"(1849)-byAnti-Climacus,editedbyKierkegaardSygdommentilDøden.EnchristeligpsychologiskUdviklingtilOpv.AfAnticlimacus.UdgivetafS.Kierkegaard
"TheTrainingofChristianity"(1850)-Anti-Climacus,editedbyKierkegaardIndøvelseiChristendom.AfAnti-Climacus-UdgivetafS.Kierkegaard