Themeaningofmonopoly
Thetermmonopoly(monopoly)originatedfrom"Mencius","itmustbemonopolized,andtheInternetwillbeprofitablebylookingatleftandright."
Originallyreferringtomanipulatingtradestandingonthehighgroundofthemarket,latergenerallyreferringtocontrolandmonopoly.
Chinahasalwayscalledmonopoly"questionable".InancientChina,salt,iron,andteabelongedtogovernment-runmonopoliesforalongtime.Becauseofhugeprofits,oncethecountryexperiencedafinancialcrisis,itwouldinevitablyimplementabanningsysteminordertosupplementthecountry’sinsufficientconsumption.
Inthecapitalisteconomy,monopolyreferstoasmallnumberoflargecapitalistenterprisesthatmanipulateandcontroltheproduction,salesandpricesofoneorseveralsectorsofgoodsthroughmutualagreementsoralliancesinordertoobtainhighprofits..
Combinedwiththeprovisionsofmycountry's"Anti-MonopolyLaw",monopolisticbehaviorreferstothebehaviorthatexcludesorrestrictscompetitionandmayexcludeorrestrictcompetition.
Amonopolyindustryisasituationwherethereisonlyoneorveryfewmanufacturersinanindustryormarket.Themonopolymarketreferstoamarketorganizationwithonlyoneoraverysmallnumberofmanufacturersintheentireindustry.
Thepoliticaleconomybookreferstoasmallnumberofcapitalistenterprisesthatrelyonthehugeamountofcapitaltheycontrol,sufficientproductionandoperationscaleandmarketshare,throughagreements,alliances,alliances,equityparticipationandothermethodstomanipulateandcontroloneormoreCommodityproductionorcirculationineachdepartmentinordertoobtainhighprofits.
Reasons
Itisgenerallybelievedthatthebasicreasonformonopolyisbarrierstoentry.Thatistosay,monopolisticfirmscanmaintainthesolesellerstatusintheirmarketbecauseotherfirmscannotEnterthemarketandcompetewithit.
Monopolyreferstoacombinationofasmallnumberofbigcapitalistsinordertojointlycontroltheproduction,salesandbusinessactivitiesofoneorseveraldepartmentsinordertoobtainhighmonopolyprofits.Itisthedeepesteconomicfoundationofimperialismandtheeconomicessenceofimperialism.
Monopolygrewupfromthefreecompetitionofgovernmentprotectionism.Inthedevelopmentstageofcapitalismcharacterizedbyfreecompetition,inordertocapturemoresurplusvalue,capitalistenterpriseswillinevitablyadoptadvancedproductiontechnologyandscientificmanagementmethods,implementproductionspecializationandcollaboration,andincreaselaborproductivity;Infiercecompetition,largeenterprisesoftenrelyontheireconomicadvantagestocontinuouslycrowdoutandannexsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,sothattheproductionofmeansofproduction,labor,andlaborproductsareincreasinglyconcentratedintheirownhands.Atthesametime,thedevelopmentofthecapitalistcreditsystemandthestockcompanybrokethroughthelimitationsofindividualcapital,acceleratedthedevelopmentofcapitalconcentration,andthuspromotedthedevelopmentofproductionconcentration.Theconcentrationofproductionandcapitaltoacertainextentmeansthatthenumberofenterprisesisreduced.Mostoftheproductionofadepartmentisconcentratedinthehandsofseveralordozensoflargeenterprises.Itiseasierforthemtoreachanagreementtojointlycontroltheproductionofthedepartment.Andsales,thusmakingitpossibletogeneratemonopoly;duetotheexistenceofafewlargeenterprises,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesareinadominantposition.Compromiseandreachacertainagreement,whichmakesthecreationofmonopolynecessary.Freecompetitionleadstotheconcentrationofproduction,andthedevelopmentofconcentrationofproductiontoacertainextentwillinevitablyleadtomonopoly,whichisthegeneralandbasiclawforthedevelopmentofcapitalismoffreecompetitiontothestageofmonopolycapitalism.Attheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury,monopolyhasbecomethefoundationofallcapitalisteconomiclife.
Inthedevelopmentofthecapitalisteconomy,freecompetitionleadstoproductionconcentration,andthedevelopmentofproductionconcentrationtoacertainstagewillinevitablyleadtomonopoly.Whenmonopolyreplacedfreecompetitionandoccupiedadominantpositionineconomiclife,capitalismdevelopedtothestageofimperialism,thatis,monopolycapitalism.
Therearethreemainreasonsfortheformationofmonopoly:
Naturalmonopoly:Thecostofproductionmakesoneproducermoreefficientthanalargenumberofproducers.Thisisthemostcommonformofmonopoly.
Resourcemonopoly:Keyresourcesareownedbyonecompany(suchasthedubbingindustryofwirelessTV).
Administrativemonopoly:Thegovernmentgivesanenterprisetheexclusiverighttoproduceacertainproductorservice.
Thereisalsoamonopolybythegovernment,whichiscalledmonopoly.
Monopolyorganization
Cartel
Cartelisacombinationofcompaniesthatproducesimilarproducts.Ontheonehand,theenterprisesparticipatinginthecartelsignedagreementsonprice,salesmarket,productionscaleandotheraspectsinordertoobtainmonopolyprofits;ontheotherhand,theymaintainedtheirindependenceineconomicactivities.Therearegenerallythreetypesofcartels:oneisthecartelthatregulatesthescopeofthesalesmarket;theotheristhecartelthatregulatesthesalesprice;thethirdistheproductionquotaforvariouscommoditiesproducedbyenterprisesparticipatinginthecartel.Withtheemergenceanddevelopmentofmultinationalcompanies,internationalcartelshavebeenestablishedamonglargemonopolyorganizationsincapitalistcountries,andtheirinfluenceandscalearemuchgreaterthandomesticcartels.
Syndicate
Syndicateisabusinessallianceformedbysigningacommonsupplyandmarketingagreement.Thecompaniesparticipatinginthesyndicatecoordinatepricesbysigningagreementstojointlysellgoodsandpurchaserawmaterials,therebyobtainingmonopolyprofits.Allcompaniesparticipatinginthesyndicate,theirmerchandisesalesandrawmaterialsupplyareoperatedbythesyndicate.AlthoughthecompaniesparticipatingintheSyndicateAlliancehavenocommercialindependence,theindependenceofproductionstillremains.Fromalegalpointofview,theenterprisejoiningthesyndicateisstillanindependenteconomicorganization.
Trust
Trust(trust)isajoint-stockcompanyformedbyacombinationofenterprisesthatproducesimilarproductsorrelatedproducts.Theenterpriseparticipatinginthetrustisnolongeralegalperson,andtheoriginalenterpriseismanagedbythetrustintheunifiedmanagementofproduction,supply,sales,people,finances,andmaterials,andtheoriginalenterpriseownerbecomesashareholderofthetrust,basedontheprofitoftheshares.Trustsoccupiesadominantpositioninmanymajorindustrialsectorsindevelopedcapitalistcountries,andtheyhaveagreatimpactonsociallife.In1882,MobilOilCompanybecamethefirsttrustorganizationintheUnitedStates.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,trustsdevelopedrapidlyintheUnitedStatesandplayedadominantroleinmajorindustrialsectors.Therefore,theUnitedStateswasonceconsideredatypicaltrustcountry.
Konzern
Konzern(konzern)isamonopolyorganizationcomposedofenterprisesindifferenteconomicsectorssuchasindustry,commerce,transportation,finance,andinsurance.AlthoughthecompaniesparticipatinginKonzernmaintaintheirindependenceinform,theyareactuallycontrolledbybanksorlargeenterpriseswithstrongcapital.Konzernusuallyconsistsofaparentcompanyandseveralsubsidiaries.Theparentandsubsidiarycompaniescontrolmanyothersmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesbymeansofholdingandequityparticipation,thusformingalarge-scaleKonzernGroup.Konzernisorganizedwiththemostpowerfulindustrialmonopolyorganizationsandlargebanksasthecore.Itsriseanddevelopmentreflecttheprocessofcombiningfinancialcapitalandindustrialcapital.
TypesofMonopoly
FranchiseMonopoly
Someexclusivebusinessprivilegesarestipulatedbythelawandprotectedbylaw.Patentrightsandcopyrightsarelicensedbylawmonopoly.Toencouragecreationandinvention,mostcountrieshaveenactedpatentlaws,whichshowsthatpatentmonopolyiscausedbylegalbarriers.Onsomeoccasions,thegovernmentgrantsamanufacturertheexclusiverighttooperate;sometimesthegovernmentgrantstheexclusiverighttooperatethroughacontractthroughbiddingandcompetition.
Naturalmonopoly
Ifaproductrequiresalotofinvestmentinfixedequipment,andmassproductioncangreatlyreducethecost,thenalargemanufacturermaybecometheonlyproducerintheindustry.Theaveragecostisthelowestwhenalargemanufacturersuppliesallmarketdemands,anditisdifficultfortwoormoremanufacturerstooperateinthemarkettoobtainprofits.Inthiscase,themanufacturerformsanaturalmonopoly.
StrategicMonopoly
Ifnooneotherthanthemonopolisthasacertainproductiontechnologyorknow-how,themarketwillnaturallyformatechnologicalmonopoly.Withneithertechnicalbarriersnorlegalbarriers,manufacturersestablishorconsolidatetheirmonopolypositionbybuildinghighbarriers,whichisastrategicmonopoly.
Othermonopolybarriers
Theabovebarriersdonotlistallthefactors,andtheyarenotnecessarilymutuallyexclusive.Forexample,themanufacturercontrolsthesupplyofacertainrawmaterial.Anybarrierthatpreventscompetitorsfromenteringthemarketisthecauseofmonopoly.
AnalysisofMonopoly
MonopolisticCompetitionRelations
Themonopolythathasgrownfromfreecompetitiondoesnoteliminatecompetition,butissuperiortofreecompetition.coexist.Undermonopolyrule,notonlyfreecompetitionstillexistswithinacertainrange,thatis,amongnon-monopolyenterprises,butmonopolyitselfwillinevitablyproducenewandmoreintensecompetition.Therearesharpandcomplicatedcompetitionsbetweenmonopolyorganizations,amongtheparticipantswithinmonopolyorganizations,andbetweenmonopolyorganizationsandnon-monopolyenterprises.Withinamonopolyorganization,capitalistsparticipatingincartelsandsyndicatesmustcompeteforafavorablesalesmarketandoccupyalargershareofproductionandsales,whichwillinevitablyleadtocompetition;capitalistsparticipatingintrustsandKonzernalsohavetofightfiercelyinordertocompeteforcontrolofthemonopolyorganization.compete.Thereisalsofiercecompetitionamongvariousmonopolisticorganizationsinordertoconsolidatetheireconomicpositionsandcompeteforsalesmarkets,rawmaterialssourcesandinvestmentplaces.Atthesametime,monopolisticorganizationsalwayswanttocontrol,exclude,andstifleout-of-officecompanies.Out-of-officecompanieshavetofightagainstmonopolyorganizationsfortheirownsurvival.Ofcourse,theystillhavearelationshipoffreecompetitionwitheachother.Monopolyorganizationscanonlymaintainandstrengthentheirpositioniftheycontinuetoinvestincompetitionandwin.Conversely,competitioncontinuestoproducenewmonopolyorganizations,strengtheningthepowerofmonopolycapitalandexpandingthescopeofmonopolyrule.Monopolyandvarioustypesofcompetitionco-exist,resultinginmanyparticularlysharpandseverecontradictions,frictionsandconflicts,whichfurtherintensifytheinherentcontradictionsofcapitalism.
Thedevelopmentofmonopoly
Monopolyitselfisconstantlydevelopinginallaspects.Fromtheperspectiveofthescopeofmonopolyrule,intheearly20thcentury,monopolyorganizationsmainlyexistedinheavyindustrialsectorssuchascoal,steel,andpetroleum.Today,thescopeofmonopolyrulehasexpandedtolightindustry,transportation,commerce,agriculture,andvariousserviceindustries.Andotherfields.Fromtheperspectiveofthedegreeofmonopoly,thescaleofmonopolycompaniescontinuestoexpand,theproportionoftheproductionofthefewlargestmonopolycompaniesinsocialproductioncontinuestoincrease,andaseriesofimportantindustrialsectorsareincreasinglycontrolledbyafeworevenoneofthelargestmonopolies.Fromtheperspectiveofmonopolyrule,becausemonopolisticenterprisesadoptdiversifiedoperationmethods,especiallyafterWorldWarII,theyhaveadoptedmixeddiversificationmorewidely,thatis,unitingmanyindustriesthatarenotrelatedtoeachother.Themodeofoperationhasturnedmoreandmorelargemonopoliesintohybridconglomerates.Thishasfurtherexpandedthescopeofdirectcontrolandinfluenceofafewlargemonopolycompaniesandstrengthenedtheirdominantpositioninsocialandeconomiclife.Afterthewar,multinationalcorporationshaveincreasinglybecomethemainformofinternationalmonopoly,anditisalsoanewdevelopmentintheformofinternationaldominationofmonopolycapital.Thedevelopmentofmonopolywillfurtherdeepenthebasiccontradictionsofcapitalismevenifcapitalistproductionmovestowardsfullsocialization,whichpreparesthematerialconditionsandprovidesapowerfulimpetusforthetransitionfromcapitalismtoahighersocialistsystem.Picture
Theharmofmonopoly
Monopolyandcompetitionareinherentlycontradictory.Duetothelackofcompetitivepressureanddevelopmentmotivation,coupledwiththelackofapowerfulexternalcontrolandsupervisionmechanism,monopolyindustryservicesThequalityisoftenunsatisfactory,anditoftenviolatesmarketrulesandinfringesconsumers'righttofairtradeandchoice.Thisisarule,Chinaandforeigncountriesarethesame.
Pricemonopolydrivesupthecostoftheentiresociety.Monopolisticindustriesaregenerallyengagedinpublicutilitiescloselyrelatedtothevastmajorityofpeopleandindustries,suchastelecommunications,post,water,electricity,gas,railways,andaviation.andmanymore.Becausetheseindustriespenetrateallaspectsofsociety,thelevelofservicepricesintheseindustriesisrelatedtothecostoftheentiresociety.Theoverallefficiencyoftheseindustriesisdirectlyrelatedtotheabilityofotherindustriestoparticipateininternationalcompetition.
Intheplannedeconomyera,telecommunications,railways,andotherdepartmentsusedtobelongtothenationaladministrativedepartment,butwhenthesedepartmentsenteredthemarket,theystillhadamonopolyposition.Oncetheybegantopursueprofitsinthemarket,theywouldadoptmonopolypricing.Transfertheinterestsofalargenumberofconsumerstothehands,sothatprivilegeddepartmentsandprivilegedcompaniescangetprofitsfarhigherthancompetitivemarketprices.Asaresult,thecostofcompetitionfortheentiresocietyhasbeenincreased.
Industrymonopolyleadstoinsufficienteffectiveinvestment
Accordingtoindustryinsiders,therearecurrentlydozensofapprovedprivatecouriercompaniesinBeijing,ShanghaiandShenzhen.However,thenumberofunderground"blackmarket"expresscompaniesismorethan1,000.Althoughinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe“PostalLaw”ofthecountry,thedeliveryoflettersandotheritemswiththenatureoflettersisexclusivelyoperatedbystate-ownedpostalenterprises,manyexpresscompaniesarealsoparticipatinginthisserviceinvariousforms.Accordingtostatistics,thelowestEMSfeeis23.3Yuan,andtheminimumfeeforaprivatecouriercompanyisonlyabout10Yuan.Excessprofitswillinevitablyattractfunds,evenifthecompany’sidentityisnotlegal.Accordingtostatistics,since1995,theannualgrowthrateofEMSturnoverhasalsobeen2%,butitsmarketsharehasbeendecliningatarateof4%peryear.Duringthesameperiod,theturnovergrowthofthefourmajorinternationalexpressgiantsinChinahasremainedabove20%.AlthoughEMSisstillthe"bigbrother"inthedomesticexpressdeliverymarket,itsmarketsharehasdroppedfromnearly97%atitspeaktothecurrent40%.
Thisphenomenoniscommoninmonopolisticindustries.Ontheonehand,monopolisticenterprisescanobtainexcessprofitsthroughmonopoly,whichhinderstheimprovementofefficiencyandhinderstheirenthusiasmtoexpandbusinessscale.Inaddition,industrymonopoliesareusedtopreventsocialfundsfromenteringtheindustry.Althoughtherearealwaysfundstolureprofitsinto"violatingregulations"toentertheindustry,thescaleisalwayslimited.
Insufficientinvestment,decliningemployment,andrelativelyweakconsumptionarethemainproblemsinmycountry'seconomicoperation.SomeexpertspointedoutthattherearemanyreasonsforthecurrentlackofinvestmentinChina,butoneofthemisthatmanyhigh-profitindustriesaremonopolisticindustriesthatareforbiddenbythemarket.Intheseindustries,monopolyleadstoinefficiency,andthispartoftheprofitcannotbereflected.Therealprofitsituationhasbecomeagreatwaste,andithasalsogreatlydampenedtheinvestmententhusiasmofcapital,whichhascausedtheso-called"capitalstrike"andstrengthenedthedownturnintheinvestmentmarket.
Administrativemonopolybreedscorruptiontumors
Inthecurrentlargenumberofmonopolisticactivitiesinthedomesticmarket,administrativemonopolyundoubtedlyoccupiestheprimaryposition.Thebehaviorofrestrictingcompetitionimplementedbythegovernmentanditssubordinatedepartmentsabusingadministrativepoweriscalled"administrativemonopoly."Duetotheinterventionofadministrativepower,administrativemonopolyismoreharmfultofairmarketcompetitionthannaturalmonopolyandindustrymonopoly.Inparticular,asmallnumberofcorruptelementstakeadvantageofthepowerofpublicaffairsmanagement.Onlyby"givingmoney"cantheydothings.Thisnotonlyaffectseconomicdevelopment,butmoreimportantly,itdamagesthegovernment’scredibilityandbreaksthetrustoftheoperators.
Theresearchresultsofdomesticresearchinstitutionsshowthatoneofthemostimportantmanifestationsofcorruptionatpresentisthelossofalargeamountofrents(here,"rents"intheeconomicsense)causedbymonopoly.Forexample,theelectricpowerindustry,oneofChina’slargestmonopolyindustries,accordingtotheirestimates,causesannualrentallossesofbetween56billionyuanand112billionyuan,whilethemonopoly"rents"ofcivilaviationisasmuchas7.5billionyuanto100billionyuaneachyear.100millionyuan.Monopolytransfersconsumerbenefitstomonopolyproducers,creatingexcessprofitsandcausingsocialwelfarelosses.Itisestimatedthatsuchlossescanreach130billionyuanto2020billionyuanperyear.
Countermeasures
Establishbasicantitrustprinciples
(1)Maintaintheprincipleoffaircompetition.Thestateshouldformulatecorrespondingindustrialdevelopmentpoliciesinallproductionandservicefieldsexceptmilitaryandnationalsecurityandotherstrategicareasthatareimportanttothenationaleconomyandpeople’slivelihood,andcomprehensivelyintroduceafaircompetitionmechanismtoeliminateadministrativemonopolyfromcompetitionandmanagetheoverallsociety,Technology,qualityandefficiencyhavebeencomprehensivelyimprovedbasedonfaircompetition,andthehealthy,sustainedandrapiddevelopmentofthesocialistmarketeconomycanalsobesupportedbyagoodsystem.
(2)Payattentiontopertinenceandgradualism.Formulatelawsandregulationsthatrestrictandfacilitatesupervisionofvariousbusinessactivitiessuchasindustryanddepartmentoperatingsystemsanddecision-making,procurement,services,pricing,andinternaldistribution;resolvenon-riskandnon-payingenterprisesarisingfrommonopolyprivilegesthroughtaxationIncomeandpersonalincome;setupahighlyauthoritativeandindependentanti-monopolylawenforcementagencytoberesponsiblefordeterminingtheinvestigationandhandlingofillegalmonopolybehaviorsbasedonthephenomenareflectedbyauthoritativesocialopinionsurveyagenciesandnewsmedia;Thehotspotsanddifficultiesrelatedtomonopolyreflectedbythemassesshallbesubjecttosocialsupervision.Amongthem,standardizedbehavioristhefocus,organizationalconstructionisthekey,gradualprogressisthestrategy,andfairsupervisionistheway.
Improvethelegalsystem
ImprovetheAnti-MonopolyLaw,completelawstoencouragecompetition,andestablishafairmarketcompetitionmechanism.
Removetheadministrativemonopolyleftbythetraditionalsystem
Itisnecessarytocloselyintegratethereformofthecentralandlocalgovernmentinstitutions,thetransformationoffunctions,andtheprogressofanti-corruption.Asanimportantadjustmentobjectoflegislation,relevantanti-monopolylawsandregulationswillbepromulgatedassoonaspossible;China’seconomicgrowth,economicactivities,technologicalprogressandcompetitivenesswillbeeffectivelyguaranteedinaccordancewiththelaw;theapprovalauthorityandapprovalitemsofgovernmentsatalllevelswillbeadjustedtocutofftheindustry,Theinternalcausalitybetweenthesectoralandlocaleconomyandthestrengtheningofadministrativemonopoly.