literature - technewscircle

Mainmeaning

(1)Oneofthesocialideologies,allbooksanddocumentswritteninwordshavebeencollectivelyreferredtoasliteratureinancientandmodernChinaandabroad.Modernspecificallyreferstotheartofusinglanguagetoshapeimagestoreflectsociallifeandexpressthoughtsandfeelings,soitisalsoakindoflanguageart.DuringtheWei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynasties,literaturewasdividedintotwomajorcategories:verseandprose.Inmoderntimes,itisusuallydividedintopoetry,prose,novel,drama,filmandtelevisionliteratureandothergenres.Therearemanystylesinvariousgenres.

(2)OneofthefourdisciplinesofConfucianism,"TheAnalectsofConfuciusAdvanced":"Literature,Ziyou,Zixia."Theword"literature"inancientChinesemeansliteratureandclassics.WhentranslatingclassicalChinese,itshouldnotbeconfusedwithmodernChinese.

XingBingshu:"Ifthearticleisknowledgeable,thenthereareZiyouandZixia."Italsoreferstothedisciplineofthechildrenofnobles."SongShu·LeiCizongBiography":"Payattentiontoart,sothatDanyangYinHeShangzhiestablishedmetaphysics,thecrownprinceledHeChengtiantostudyhistory,andSitujoinedthearmyandXieYuanliliterature."

,YuanJie,"PrefacetoSongsofZhongxingintheTangDynasty":"Ifyouarenotoldinliterature,whoshouldbe?"

(4)Official,placedintheprefecturesandkingdomsintheHanDynasty,or"literaryfeudalism",Orcalled"literaryhistory",itistheoriginoflaterinstructors.EmperorWuoftheHanDynastysetupaspecialsubjectof"goodliterature"fortheselectionoftalents,andeachcountyrecommendedtalentsforexaminationsinBeijing,andthoserecommendedwerecalled"goodliterature"."Virtuous"referstopeoplewithgoodmoralsandnoblemorals;"Literature"referstopeoplewhoareproficientinConfucianclassics.AftertheWeiandJinDynasties,itbecameknownas"LiteratureEngagement".IntheTangDynasty,“Doctors”wereplacedinYuzhouCounty,andintheDezongera,theywererenamed“Literature”.Thecrownprincesandbelowalsoplaced“Literature”.MingandQingdynasties.

(5)Literatureisacategoryofartandbelongstosocialideology.Inthepre-Qinperiod,Chinacontainedtwomeaningsofliteratureanderudition.Modernrefersspecificallytoanartformthatuseslanguagetoshapeimagestoreflectsociallifeandactonsociallife.Generallyspeaking,Chinaisdividedintofourcategories:poetry,prose,novel,dramaandliterature.

(6)Literaturehasthecharacteristicsofallhumanity,sociality,nationality,people,classandauthenticity.

Thedevelopmentofliteratureisacomplicatedprocessinfluencedbyvariousfactorsinsideandoutsideliterature.Generallyspeaking,literaturedevelopswiththedevelopmentofsociallife.Thesocialfunctionofliteraturehasthreemainaspects:oneisthecognitivefunction,thesecondistheeducationalfunction,andthethirdistheaestheticfunction.Thethreefunctionsoccuratthesametime,constitutingthesocialfunctionofliterature.

(7)Literature,theproductofconsciousness,thereflectionoflife,literatureisanobjectivethingafteritreachesthehumanmind,peoplereorganizeandcompilethingsexpressedinwords.

(8)LiteratureexistsbothinChinaandabroad,butforeignliteratureisdifferentfromChineseliterature.Forexample:TheclassificationofforeignnovelsisdifferentfromthatofChina.

(9)AftertheRenaissance,theworld’sdefinitionofliteraturehasgraduallyevolvedinto:Literatureisanartthattakescharactersandlanguageasitscarrier.Becauseitscarrierislanguage,itisdifferentfromartformssuchasmusicandfinearts.

Historicaldevelopment

TheWest

TheearliestknownWesternliteraryworkisthe"EpicofGilgamesh"writtenbySumeriansin2700BC",whichdescribesheroism,friendship,loss,andthepursuitofeternallife.ThereareliteratureswithdifferentcharacteristicsindifferenthistoricalperiodsintheWest.Earlyworksoftenhavereligiousoreducationalpurposes.Thepreachingnormativeliteraturewasborn.ArticlesabouttheunusualcharacteristicsofromanticismbloomedintheMiddleAges.Atthesametime,theageofreasoncreatednationalistepicsandphilosophicalessays.Becauseromanticliteratureemphasizespopularandemotionalinvestment,itisgraduallyreplacedbyrealismandnaturalismthatseektruth.Inthe20thcentury,symbolismwasontherise,seekingtoexplorethedescriptionanddevelopmentofcharacters.ItisworthmentioningthatChristianliteratureisuniqueandhasbecomeoneofthemostbeautifullandscapesintheworld.

Oriental

Foralongtime,Chineseliteraturehasnoclearboundarieswithhistoryandmythology.Theearliestliteratureisarecordofhistoryandmythology.ButpureliteraturehasappearedasearlyasZhouShi,suchas"TheBookofSongs".Later,literaryformssuchaspoetry,lyrics,music,andnovelsreachedtheirpeaksintheTang,Song,Yuan,Ming,andQingdynasties.

DuringtheRepublicofChina,martialartsnovelswerepopularathomeandabroadandbecamethemostpopularpopularnovelsatthattime.DuringtheperiodofNewChina,Internetliteraturesuddenlyemergedandbecamethemostpopularcommercialworknowadays.Unfortunately,thelevelisuneven.Inthenewera,poetryturnedintovernacularcreation,andagroupofrepresentativepoetsalsoappearedduringtheRepublicofChina.AfterthefoundingofNewChina,poetrycreationhasalsoenteredanewstageofdevelopment.

Literaryclassification

Literatureindifferentlanguagesorcountries:

Asianliterature:Chineseliterature,Malayliterature,Japaneseliterature

EuropeLiterature:Englishliterature,Germanliterature,Greekliterature,Russianliterature

Americanliterature:Americanliterature,Latinliterature

(Literatureisalsoethnicallydivided)

Comparativeliterature:Comparativeliteraturereferstothestudyofliteratureacrossculturesanddisciplines.

Comparativeliteratureisakindofliteraryresearch.Itfirstrequiresthestudyofthevarioushistories,currentconditionsandpossibilitiesofcommunicationbetweenpeopleindifferentculturesanddifferentdisciplinesthroughliterature.Itiscommittedtomutualunderstandingbetweendifferentculturesandhopestohavesincererespectandtoleranceforeachother.

Accordingtothecarrier,itisdividedintothreecategories:oralliterature,writtenliterature,andonlineliterature.

Dividedintoregions:foreignliterature,Chineseliterature,etc.

Accordingtotheageofreaders,itisdividedinto:children'sliterature,adultliterature,etc.

Accordingtothereadergroupandcontent,itisdividedinto:seriousliteratureandpopularliteratureorpopularliterature,folkliterature,minorityliterature,religiousliterature,etc.

Accordingtothecontent,itisdividedinto:historicalliterature,documentaryliterature,fantasyliterature,reportliterature,etc.

Accordingtotheexpressiongenre,itisdividedinto:novel,prose,poetry,reportage,newverse,drama,opera,script,folklore,fable,notebooknovel,wildhistory,fairytale,coupletandjoke,etc.;otherssuchasHistoricalbiography,philosophicaltheory,fu,parallelessays,essays,literarycriticism,computergames(includinggameconsoles)andcartoonswithatextplotstructure.

Accordingtothecreativeconcept,itisdividedinto:romanticismliterature,realismliterature,etc.

LiteraryTheory

Accordingtotheregion,itisdividedintoWesternliterarytheoryandEasternliterarytheory.

Criticismandresearchofliteraryworks:Literaryhistory:foreignliteraryhistoryandChineseliteraryhistory,literaryschools,literarytrends,andliterarysocieties.

LiteratureResearch

Accordingtotheresearchdirection,itisdividedintoliteraryandartisticaesthetics,literaryart,socialistneweraliterature,literarythoughthistory,literarycriticism,literaryhistory,etc..

Accordingtotime,itisdividedintomodernliteratureandmodernliterature.

Accordingtoasingleresearchdirection,itisdividedintocomparativeliterature,danceliterature,andredstudies.

ChineseGenre

Mainarticle:ChineseLiterature

Chineseclassicalliteratureisdividedintopoetryandessay,andessayisdividedintoverseandprose,Modernisgenerallydividedinto:poetry,prose,novel,drama,andcalledthefourmajorliterarygenres;Chineselyricpoetryandprose(calledancientprose)aretheearliestandrelativelydeveloped.TheWestisdividedintotwobasictypes:poetryandprose.Narrativepoemsanddramasmatureearlier,andnovelsaremoredeveloped.

Fourmajorliterarygenres

Mainarticle:Fourmajorliterarygenres

①Poetry:traditionalpoetryisliteraturewithrhythmwork.Itexpressescertainstrongemotionsthroughimaginationandlyricism.Poetryistheoldestliteraryform.Chinaisoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworldforpoetry.FromChina'searliestcollectionofpoetry,theBookofSongs,theearliestlong-lengthlyricpoemLiSao,theHanDynastyYuefu,TangandSongmetricalpoems,andtheriseofpoetryinthelateTang,Yuantunes,newpoemssincetheMayFourthMovement,andfolksongsofthepastdynastieshaveconstitutedChina.Anunparalleledtraditionofpoetry.Incontrast,westernnarrativepoemsdevelopedrelativelylate,andcombinedwithdrama,greatachievements,suchasHomer'sepic,Dante'sDivineComedy,Shakespeare'sscriptandsoon.

②Prose:Itisaliteraryformwithoutstrictrhymeandspacerestrictions.

③Drama:isanotherancientliteraryform,whichmainlyexpressestheauthor’sthoughtsandfeelingsthroughdialoguebetweendifferentcharacters.Dramacanbeusedforstageperformanceorreading.Forexample:Yuanqu,PekingOpera,KunOpera.

④Fiction:Itisanarrativeliterarygenre,whichexpressessociallifeingeneralthroughcharacterizationanddescriptionofplotandenvironment.Theterm"novel"wasfirstrecordedin"Zhuangzi·ForeignObjects":"Thenovelisdecoratedasthecountymagistrate,anditisalsofarfromDada."NovelsinthemodernsenseofChinawerepasseddowntotheMingandQingDynastieswiththeFourGreatBooks(Later,"JinPingMei"wasreplacedby"DreamofRedMansions"andbecameanovelrepresentedbythe"FourMasterpieces")andashortstoryrepresentedbyStrangeTalesofaLiaoZhai.

Westernnovels

Westernnovelsarecalled"fiction".

Historicalliterature,notes,parallelessays,seefu,memoirs,letters,travelnotes,shortessays,etc.areliteraryformswithrelativelyfewwords.Ancientessays,eight-partessays,essays,essays,etc.discussatopicfromtheauthor’spointofview.Articlesthatexplainthingsintermsofwriting,books,poems,andwords.

LiteraryGenre

AccordingtothevolumeofcreationandthedegreeofmarketIPvalue,thefivemainliterarygenresare:poetry,prose,script,drama,novel,andnovel.

Inmoderntimes:Poetryandprosearethemostcreative.Atthattime,thecreatorsincludeLuXun,LaoShe,MaoDunandsoon.

Inmoderntimes:thecreationofscripts,plays,novels,andnovelsisthelargest.Scriptsarethemostbasiclevelintheproductionoffilmandtelevisiondramas,andtheyarealsothemostsupportivetocreators.Therefore,mostmodernnovelistscannotonlycreatenovels,butalsocreatescripts,andsometimesdirectlyparticipateinthescripteditingteam.Somewriterswritedramasandnovelsdirectly,bothforpublishinginthenovelmarket,andfortheconvenienceofdirectscriptinginthefuture.Butplaysandnovelsaredifficulttowrite,andtheymusthaveacertainqualityandtakeintoaccountthescript.Therefore,mostofthewriterswhowriteplaysandnovelsarefamouswriters,andtheyarenotworriedthattherewillbenofilmandtelevisioncompaniestobuy.Generally,writersrarelybuyfilmandtelevisioncompanies,andtheydon'twanttowastetimeandeffort,soitisconvenienttowritenovelsdirectly.Ofcourse,iftheplotisgood,itisadifferentmatter.TherearemanynovelswrittenontheInternet.

Generalattributes

Theory

1,LiteraryTheory

a,WesternLiteraryTheory

b,ChineseLiteraryTheory

2.Criticismandresearchonliteraryworks

3.Historyofliterature:historyofforeignliteratureandChineseliterature

4,literaryschools,literarytrendsandliterarysocieties

Research

1.Literaryandartisticaesthetics

2.Literatureandart

3.Literatureintheneweraofsocialism

4.Historyofliterarythought

5,literarycriticism

6,literaryhistory

a,modernliterature

b,modernliterature

c,ancientliterature

7,comparativeliterature

8,danceliterature

9,derivativeliterature

style

Literarystyleisarelativelystableoveralldiscoursecharacteristiccausedbythewriter'screativepersonalityandspecificdiscoursecontext.Literarystyleisaspecificfusionofsubjectandobject,contentandform.Itisasignthatawriterisbecomingmatureinhiscreationandhisworkshavereachedahigherlevelofartisticattainment.Thestyleofawriter'sworkisthecoreandfoundationofliterarystyle,butitalsoincludesconnotationssuchascontemporarystyle,nationalstyle,regionalstyle,andgenrestyle.

Literarystyleisacharacteristicliteraryphenomenonthatappearsintheprocessofliteraryactivities.Literarystylemainlyreferstothestyleofwritersandworks.Itisnotonlyasymbolofthewriter'suniqueartisticcreativityandstability,butalsoamanifestationofthematurityofhislanguageandstyle.Itisusuallyhailedasthewriter'semblemorfingerprint.Literarystylenotonlyinvolvesthewriter'screativepersonalityandspeechform,butalsohasarelationshipwiththeera,nation,andregionalculture.

Divisionmethod

Thegenresofliteraryworksincludepoetry,prose,script,dramanovel,novel,etc.

OneandDichotomy

1.ThetraditionalChinese"Dichotomy"

Alltextgenresaredividedintotwocategories:verseandprose.

Basis:Theexternalcharacteristicsofthetextarethelanguageformfactors.

Thisclassificationistoogeneral,doesnotinvolveissuessuchassubjectmatter,conception,etc.Itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenliterarytextsandnon-literarytexts,andhasbeenabandoned.

2.TheWestern"Dichotomy"

1.RepresentedbyAristotle’s"Dichotomy"inPoetics,heimitatedrealitybasedonthetextThemethoddistinguishestwomajorcategories:epicanddrama.Sinceepicimitatesrealitythroughlanguage,anddoesnotinvolvemusiclikedrama,itisregardedasaliterarytypeinthestrictsense.Asforthelinguisticformofepicpoetry,itcanbeinrhymeorinrhymelessprose.

Itisalsoadichotomy.TheWesternclassicalliterarytheoryrepresentedbyAristotlepaysmoreattentiontotheinternalcharacteristicsofthemediumofthetext.

2,thedichotomyofthirds

ThedichotomyrepresentedbyAristotledidnotmentionlyricpoetry.Whenthestatusoflyricpoetryincreasedinliterature,thedichotomywasReplacedbytheruleofthirds.

3.Theruleofthirdsisamethodofdividingvarioustypesofliteratureintonarrative,lyrical,anddramabasedontheselectionofthemes,conceivingmethodsandemotionalexperiencemethodsofliteraryworks,aswellastheexpressionmethodsofshapingtheimage.

Twoandthreepointsmethod

Thenarrativeliteraturefocusesontakingevents,characters,andenvironmentalscenesintheSpecificandvividnarrationisthemainartisticexpressionmethod,whichreflectsandexpressestheliteraryworksofthecreativesubject'saestheticgraspofsociallife.Narrativeisthebasicaestheticfeatureofnarrativeliterature.Narrativeliteratureincludesnovels,epics,narrativepoems,storypoems,historicalliterature,reportage,etc.

Lyricliteraturefocusesonthesubjectmatterofthelyricalmasterprincess'sthoughts,theinnerfeelingandexperienceastheconceivemethod,andthedirectexpressionasthemainartisticexpressionmethod,soastoexpressthecreationsubject’sinfluenceonnature,society,andlife.Literaryworksofperceptionandtaste.Lyricismisanoutstandingaestheticfeatureoflyricliterature.Lyricliteraturemainlyincludeslyricpoems,lyricprose,prosepoemsandsoon.

Dramaliteraturefocusesonthecontradictionsandconflictsinlifeasthesubjectmatter,thesimulationandreproductionofthevirtualrealityastheconceivedmethod,andthecharacters’ownactionsandlinesasthemainartisticexpressionmethodstoreflectAliteraryworkthatisthesubject'saestheticgraspofsociallife.

Three-FourthMethod

1.The“FourthMethod”ofChinadividesliterarytextintofourcategories:poetry,novel,prose,andscript.Dramaisthestageexpressionofascript.Intheearlydays,becauseofthesingletypeofdrama,thescriptwascalleddrama,andthemanuscriptwasgenerallycalledscript.However,withthedevelopmentofthetimes,diversifiedscreendramasappeared,andthewordscriptgraduallyincludedscripts,collectivelyreferredtoasscriptsofdramas.

TheChinesequartetmethodisbasedontheexternalformofliterarytexts,whileconsideringthechoiceofsubjectmatterandthecharacteristicsofimage-building,andbasedonthelanguagecharacteristicsofthetextandthelengthofthesystemasamethodofdividingliterarygenres.

2.TheCanadianquartet

TheCanadianpoetNorthropFryesaid:"Thecentralprincipleofliterarygenreisquitesimple,andthedifferencebetweenliteraryandChineseThebasisseemstobetheprincipleofperformance.Wordscanbeperformedinfrontoftheaudience,theycanbespokeninfrontoftheaudience;ortheycanbesung,ortheycanbewrittenforthereader."

"PoemsperformedinfrontoftheaudienceIt’sadrama;whatyoureadinfrontoftheaudienceisanarrativepoem;yousingorreciteitwithyourbacktotheaudienceisalyricpoem;andanovelistobereadquietly."

Canada’squarterruleandChinesepopularityThequartetmethodisnotthesameinthebasisofargumentandtheclassificationresult.

Traditionalpoetryisaliteraryworkwithrhythm.Itexpressescertainstrongemotionsthroughpoeticimaginationandlyricism.Poetryistheoldestliteraryform,andChinaisoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.FromtheearliestcollectionofpoemsinChina,theBookofSongs,theearliestlonglyricpoemsinceLiSao.TheYuefuoftheHanDynasty,themetricalpoemsoftheTangandSongDynasties,andthepoetrythatemergedinthelateTangDynasty,YuanquandnewpoemssincetheMayFourthMovement.Folksongsofthepastdynasties.ItconstitutesanunparalleledhugetraditionofChinesepoetry.Incontrast,westernnarrativepoemsdevelopedrelativelylate,combinedwithdrama,andachievedgreatresults.ExamplesincludeHomer’sepic,Dante’sDivineComedy,andShakespeare’sscript.

Proseisaliteraryformwithoutstrictrhythmandlengthrestrictions.Contrastwithverse.Chineseprosedevelopedfromtheproseofthepre-Qinscholars,andtherearemasterpiecesofprosemastersforgenerations.Amongthem,appliedstylessuchashistoricalproseandfustyleandmemorialproclamationhavehadaprofoundimpactonfuturegenerations.Chinahasbeenthemostdevelopedcountryinproseintheworldsinceancienttimes.

Dramaisanotherancientformofliterature.Itmainlyexpressestheauthor'sthoughtsandfeelingsthroughdialoguebetweendifferentcharacters.Dramacanbeusedforstageperformanceorreading.

Fictionisacomprehensiveliteraryformwithvirtualworldasitscontent.Traditionally,proseisthemainbody.Zhuangzi:Actingasamagistrateinthenovel.NovelsinthemodernsenseofChinaarefromtheoriginofallegoriesintheproseofthepre-QinDynasty,throughthenotesofthelateHanDynastyandtheSixDynasties,tothelegendsoftheTangDynastyandSongHuaben,andthentothenovelsrepresentedbythefourgreatnovelsintheMingandQingDynasties.AndshortstoriesrepresentedbyStrangeTalesfromaLiaoZhai.Westernnovelsarecalledfictionandproseepics.Thenovelisfollowedbymythsandlegendsasarisingliteraryform.Becauseofitshugecapacity,itdeeplyandcomprehensivelyreflectsrealityandpeople'sthoughts,andithasbecomeoneofthemainstreamliteraryformsaftermoderntimes.

Fourthsandfifths

Afterenteringthe21stcentury,anothernewliterarygenreofdramaandnovelswasborn,whichgaverisetothe"fifths".Mostmodernnovelistscannotonlycreatenovels,butalsocreatescripts,andsometimesdirectlyparticipateinthescripteditingteam.Gradually,Iwritedramasandnovelsdirectly,notonlyforpublishingthenovelmarket,butalsofortheconvenienceofdirectscriptinginthefuture.Moreover,dramasandnovelsreflecttheIPvalueofimprovingtheliterarymarket,sotheyarealsobornoutofmarketpromotion.

Literaryvalue

Inadditiontotheexternal,practical,andutilitarianvalueofliterature,moreimportantly,italsohasinternal,seeminglyuseless,andbeyondutilitarianvalues.Value,thatis,spiritualvalue.

Therecanbemanydifferentdefinitionsofspirit.Wegenerallydefinetheconceptofspiritinthissense:itisakindofintentionalexistencewithinhumanbeings,theorganicunityofmanypsychologicalfactorsofhumanrationalityandperceptuality,andakindofcontinuousself-transcendenceandself-improvement.Theprocessofmentalactivity.Therefore,spiritualvalueisdifferentfrommaterialvalue.Spiritualvalueisinternal,ontological,andconstantlysurpassingitself.Thecreativeactivitiesofliteratureandartarethespiritualactivitiesofliteraryartists.Literaryworksbelongtothespiritualproductsofhumanbeings.Theacceptanceandappreciationofliteratureandartalsobelongtotheactivitiesofpeople’sspiritualrealm.Therefore,thespiritualvalueofliteratureandartshouldbeitsownmostintrinsic,Thebasicvaluelies.AstheearlyGermanphenomenologistMorizGeigerpointedout,“Inartworks,therearecertaincharacteristicsthatconstituteitsvalue,thatis,thespiritualvalueofart,thatis,itisnotintendedtoachieveacertainpurpose.Meansofservice.Thesevaluesareexperiencedbypeopleasbeingintheworkandasthecharacteristicscontainedintheworkofart."

Art,whenperformingitsvarious"service"responsibilities,Onthecontrary,wehaveforgottenwhatitis,andwehavelostthe"spiritofart"whenwehavetoomany"worksofart".

Artisnotjustatool,norisitalwaysa"work".Artisessentiallyawayoflife,attitudetolife,andtheconnotationoflife,whichisthebeliefthatlifedependson.

ChineseLiterature

TheliteratureoftheChinesenationisacommunityofvariousethnicliteratureswithHanliteratureasthemainpart.Chineseliteraturehasalonghistoryofthousandsofyears.Ithasitsowncharacteristicswithspecialcontent,formandstyle,hasitsownaestheticideals,hasitsowndominantideologicalandculturaltraditionsandtheoreticalcriticismsystem.Ithasbecomeadazzlingtreasureinthetreasurehouseofworldliteraturewithitsexcellenthistory,diverseforms,numerouswriters,richworks,uniquestyle,distinctivepersonality,andattractivecharm.

Chineseliteratureisdividedintoclassicalliterature,modernliteratureandcontemporaryliterature.ClassicalliteratureisrepresentedbyTangandSongpoemsandthefourmasterpieces,modernliteratureisrepresentedbyLuXun'snovels,andcontemporaryliteratureisrepresentedbyChinesefreeliteraturewithindependentthoughts.

Poetry

TheearliestliterarygenrethatappearedinChina,originatedfromthelaborcallsofprimitivepeople,andisaliteraryformwithsoundrhymeandsinging.Ancientpoemshavemorethanfourwords,suchas"TheBookofSongs",andaftertheEasternHanDynasty,WeiandJin,morethanfivewordsandsevenwords.TheTangDynastywasdividedintoancientstyleandmodernstyle,andtherewerenewpoemsintheMayFourthMovement.

InancientChina,poemsthatreconcilemusicarecalledsongs,andpoemsthatdonotreconcilemusicarecalledpoems.Regardlessofwhetheritisinharmonyornot,ithasastrongmusicalbeauty.Poemsaredividedintoancientstylepoems,modernstylepoemsandnewpoemsaccordingtotheera;accordingtothewayofexpression,theyaredividedintonarrativepoemsandlyricpoems;accordingtocontent,theyaredividedintofourtypes:pastoralpoems,landscapepoems,scientificpoemsandchantingpoems.

ThesixmeaningsoftheBookofSongs:FengYaSong(dividedbycontent),FuBixing(dividedbygenre).

1,AncientPoetry

Alsoknownas"ancientpoetry"and"ancientstyle",referringtobeforetheTangDynasty(mainlyHanandWei)PoemsandworksimitatingpoetrybeforeTang.Itisdevelopedfromfolksongs,doesnotseekantithesis,flatness,andfreedomofrhyme.Inthemid-TangDynasty,BaiJuyiandYuanZhenusedtheformofYuefutocreatenewtitles,calledXinyuefu,whichstillbelongstothescopeofarchaicpoems.

2.Modernstylepoems

Apoeticstyleoppositetoancientstylepoems,alsoknownas"modernstylepoems"and"metricalpoems",numberofsentencesandwordsTherearestrictregulationson,flatandrhyme.Therearetwotypesofpoetryandquatrains.

3.Rhythmicpoetry

Astyleofmodernpoetry,dividedintofivedisciplinesandsevendisciplines.Ithascertainspecificationsandrequirementsintermsofphonology,flatness,sentencepattern,andcontrast.Theeightsentencesofthewholepoemaredividedintofirstcouplet,nodcouplet,neckcoupletandtailcouplet.

4.Quatrains

Aformofmodernpoetry,dividedintofivejueandsevenjuebecome.

5,ChuCi

literature

Astyleofpoetry,namedafteritwasproducedinthesouthernChuregionduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.ItisrepresentedbyQuYuan's"LiSao",alsoknownas"SaoTi".

Characteristics:alargenumberofmythsandstoriesareintegrated,fulloffantasyandromance;besideslyricism,themethodofspreadingisused;thesentencestructureisrelativelyprosaic,andtheword"xi"isusedextensively.

6,NewPoetry

Alsoknownas"modernpoetry",itreferstothenewstylethathasemergedsincethe"May4thMovement"inChinaPoetry.Intermsofform,itbreakstherestrictionsoftheold-stylepoetryandadoptsamorefreeformandvernacularthatisclosetospokenlanguage,whichisconvenientforreflectingsociallifeandexpressingthoughtsandfeelings.Newpoemsarerequiredtobeconcise,rhyming,andgenerallyneat.

7,RhymingPoetry

Itbelongstomodernpoetry,akindofliterarygenre,asthenameimplies,referstoeverylineofpoetryingeneralTheendingsofthepoemsmustberhymed,andthepoemsreadascatchyasaballad.Therhymingpoemherereferstothemodernrhymingpoem,whichbelongstoanewstyleofpoetry,similartotheFangdaowenshanliuplainrhymingpoemthatispopularontheInternet.Debutafter2000.

8,GexingStyle

AstyleofYuefufolksongs.Thesongisthegeneralname,extravagantbutthesongiscalled"Yin","Qu","Yin","Than","Pian","Tiao"andsoonarecalled"YuefuGexingStyle",thereisnostrictdifferencebetweenthem.

Characteristics①Thereisafixedtoneofwords,butmostoftheindefinitesentences,thesentencehasnodefinitecharacters,mainlyinmiscellaneouswords,thelanguageismorecolloquial,popularandvivid;②TherhymingrhythmisrelativelyfreeanddoesnotspeakFlat,confrontational;③Expression:Inadditiontobixing,useparallelismtospreadout,thenarrativeistortuous,andisgoodatdialogueanddetaileddescriptiontoportraycharactersandshapeimages.

Fu

Originallyaliteraryexpressiontechnique,itisoneofthe"sixmeanings"ofthe"BookofSongs",andaspecificsystemwasformedintheHanDynasty.Ithasbecomeastylethatpaysattentiontorhetoric,antithesis,andrhyme,whichisbetweenpoemandprose.Itis"DaFu"thatfocusesonnarratingthings,and"XiaoFu"thatfocusesonlyricismiscalled"WenFu"whichisclosetoprose.

Itisdifferentfromthe"fu"inthetitleoftheprose.

Theancients"ci"and"fu"arecollectivelycalledbecausetheyarebothflexibleinbodyshapeandunlimitedinlength.Thesentencesaremainlyfourorsixcharacters,andtheyareallowedtobemixed;fromtheperspectiveofstyle,Theyallpayattentiontoliterarytalentanduseextravagance.Thedifferencebetweenthetwois:"Ci"mostlyuses"xi"inthesentenceorattheendtoadjustthesyllables,while"Fu"usesmoreprosesentencepatterns,andeventhewholeverseismixedwithprosesentencesthatdonotrhymeatall.

Parallelstyleessay

Itisakindofversethatisbasedondoublesentences(i.e.,evensentences,evensentences),emphasizesantitheticalharmony,andisoppositetoprose.Themostimportantfeatureisthatthefulltextiscomposedofantitheticalsentences,formingupperandlowerlineswithequalnumberofcharacters,withsymmetricalsyntacticstructure,andmatchingpartsofspeechandwordmeaningtoeachother.Theevensentenceusuallyconsistsoffourcharactersandsixcharacters,alternatingwitheachother(forty-sixwritings),suchas"TengjiaoQifeng,theCiZongofMengXueshi;ZidianQingshuang,thearsenalofGeneralWang".

ItbeganinthelateHanDynasty,formedintheWeiandJinDynasties,andprevailedintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.IntheearlyTangDynasty,thisstylewasstillfollowed,andafterHanandLiuJiqi,thisstyleofstyledeclined.

ComparedwiththeancientproseadvocatedbyHanandLiu,theancientprosetalksabout"vigorous"andtheparallelprosetalksabout"qiyun";theancientprosetalkssmoothly,whiletheparallelprosetalksimplicitly;theancientprosetalksaboutthesimplicityandtheparallelprosetalksaboutthebeauty.

Words

Anewstyleofpoetrythatwassuitableforsinginginharmonyinancienttimes,(ie,"fillingwordswiththesound").Alsocalled"quziwords","longandshortsentences","Yuefu"andsoon.

Eachwordhasatunename(tunecard)thatrepresentsmusic,whichspecifiesthemusicofthewordthatcanbesung,andalsospecifiesthenumberofwords,sentences,andrhymesofthe"word"asthelyrics,Rhymeposition,etc.Mostofthemaredividedintofilms(segments)."Pian"isalsocalled"Bian"or"Yuan",whichmeansthemusicissungonce.

Wordssummarizethelengthofthetune,andaredividedintosmall,middle,andlong(slowwords).

CihaditsembryonicformasfarbackastheLiangDynasty,anditwasfinalizedinthelateTangDynastyandflourishedintheSongDynasty.

Novel

Amajorstyleofliteraryworks.Bydescribingthecompletestorylineandthespecificenvironment,avarietyofcharactersarecreated,reflectingsociallifeinawiderangeofways.

Chinesenovelsoriginatefromancientmythsandlegends,andhaveexperiencedthedevelopmentprocessoflegendsintheSixDynasties,legendsintheTangDynasty,storytellingintheSongandYuanDynasties,chapternovelsintheMingandQingDynasties,and"May4th"modernnovels.

Accordingtothelengthofthearticle,itcanbedividedintolongstories,novellas,andshortstories;accordingtothecontent,itcanbedividedintosocialnovels,mythicalnovels,historicalnovels,sciencenovelsanddetectivenovels.

1.ZhiguaiNovels

referstoanoldnovelaboutghostsandgodsintheHan,WeiandSixDynastiesofChina.Originatedfromancientmythsandlegends.Suchas"SouShenJi".

2.Anecdotalnovels

ItisakindofnovelusedtonarratewildrumorsandanecdotesofintellectualswhoadvocatedtalksincetheWeiandJinDynasties.

3.Legendarynovel

isaclassicnovelwithstrangeplotsandmysterious.GenerallyreferstoshortstoriesinclassicalChinesecreatedbypeopleintheTangandSongDynasties.ItisatreasurehousefornovelsanddramawritersoftheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.Itsorigincomesfromthe"Wizards"oftheSixDynasties.

4.Storytellingnovels

referstothescriptsusedbytheartistsinSongandYuandynasties.Usepopularlanguagetorecordthecontentofnovelsandlecturesforyourownmemoortoteachothers.Lateritbecameastyleofnovels,thatis,storytellingnovels.ItmarksthematurityofChineseclassicalnovels.

(ImitatingHuabenNovels)

5.ChapterNovels

AstyleofancientChinesenovels.Itisanovelwithchapter-dividednarrativedevelopedonthebasisoftellinghistoryandstorytelling.

Thecharacteristicisthattheparagraphssummarizingthedevelopmentoftheplotandthecontradictionsandconflictsaredividedintoseveralchapters,anddualsentencepatternsareusedforthechapterstorevealthecontentofthischapter.Thereareoftenpoemsatthebeginningofeachsession.Inthefirstparagraph,thecontentofthepreviouschapterisre-mentionedinordertoconnectthecontentofthischapter;attheendofeachchapter,thesuspenseisoftenstoppedattheclimaxoftheplot.

6.Condemningnovels

Thegeneraltermforaclassofnovelsthatexposessocialillsandflogsandcondemnsvariousmorbiditiesinfeudalofficialdomandsociety.ProducedbeforeandaftertheRevolutionof1911.

7.Romancenovels

Akindofold-stylenovels.Summarizehistoricalbooksandlegends,andusemodernspokenlanguagetonarratethem.ItwasdevelopedfromTellingHistory

ben.

8.Modernnovels

Usingthenetworkasthebasicplatform,networkauthorspublishforotherstoread.Thisisanewwayofnovelcreation,whichhasemergedwiththerapiddevelopmentoftheInternet.Itischaracterizedbyfreedomofstyle,unlimitedstyle,relativelysimplewayofpublishingandreading,andthemaingenresarefantasyandromance.

Script

Scriptisaliteraryformandthetextualbasisofdramaartcreation.Directorsandactorsperformbasedonthescript.Vocabularysimilartoscriptsalsoincludesscripts,plays,andsoon.Itisaliterarystylethatmainlyrepresentstheendorsementstyleandexpressestheplotofthestory.

Thescriptisoneofthenecessarytoolsforstageperformanceorfilming,anditisthereferencelanguageforthecharactersintheplaytoconductdialogue.

Scriptisanartisticstylethatservesstageperformances,whichisdifferentfromdramaandotherliterarystyles.

DramaNovels

Playnovels,alsoknownasnovelplays,blendtheelementsofthescriptandthenoveltomakeitresembleascriptandanovel.ItcombinesthefreenarrationofthenovelandthescriptThearrangementisrigorous,thecombinationofthetwo,andthelengthscomplementeachother,sothatthecontentoftheliterarygenreisnotonlyfree,butalsorigorous,simpleandclear.Ithasahugeworldviewandcanpromoteaseriesofworksforthetruestory(timelogicalForward),canalsobeusedasotherbiography(reverseoftimelogic,individualcharacterbiography,derivativedramasofseveralepisodes,etc.),whichcanbeadaptedintoTVdramas,movies,animations,games,etc.,whichreflectstheliteratureafterthe21stcentury.TheIPvalueofthemarketisoneofthefivemajorliterarygenresinthe21stcentury.

Prose

Inancienttimes,proseessaysthatdonotrhymeanddonotrearrangecouples,includinghistoricalbooks,aregenerallycalledprose.Modernprosereferstotheliterarygenrethatiscalledtogetherwithpoetry,novels,anddrama.

Theproseischaracterizedbyawiderangeofmaterials,"forms,looseness,andgathering";freeformandflexiblewriting;languageisnotrestrictedbyrhythm,expressionisimplicit,andmeaningful.

Accordingtodifferencesincontentanddifferentwaysofexpression,itcanbedividedinto:

narrativeprose--prosemainlybasedonrecordingpeople,narratives,objects,andwritingscenes.

Lyricprose-throughthenarrativedescriptionofcharacters,eventsorscenery,toachievethepurposeofchantingaspirationsandembracingemotionsinobjects.Symbolismisoftenusedtoexpresstheauthor'simplicitpassionandguidepeopletorememberandassociate.

Discussingprose---reasoningisoftencarriedoutbymeansofbriefdescriptionsofcases,depictionsofimagesandexpressionoffeelings.Thereisnoneedforlogicalreasoning,andrigorousargumentation.

1.Ancientessays

referstoprosewritteninclassicalChinese,whichisdifferentfromparallelessays.TangHanyuopposedthestyleofwritingfromtheWeiandJinDynasties,andadvocatedtheprosethatwascommonlyusedinthepre-QinandHandynasties,andcalledproseasancientessays,andlaterusedasaspecialtermforprose.

2.Remembrance

①Inscriptiononthestele:anancientstyleinscribedonasteletonarratethelifeanddeedsofaperson.

②TravelNotes:Itisaprosegenredescribingtravelexperiences.Example:"XuXiake'sTravelNotes".

③Miscellaneous:Itisagenreofproseinancienttimeswherewecanseewhatisrightandwhatweseeandhearwithoutmuchdiscussion.

④Notes:Itisastyleofwritingaboutthelifeanddeedsofcharactersinancienttimes.

⑤Notes:Inancienttimes,thestylewasshortandrichincontent.Example:"MengxiBiTan".

3.Ancientargumentationstyle

①Original:Theargumentationstyleoftheancientexplorationofthesource.Example:"Yuanjun"(HuangZongxi).

②Discrimination:Itistheargumentativestyleofdistinguishingrightfromwronginancienttimes.

③Speaking:Itisastyleusedinancienttimestonarrate,discussorexplainmatters.Example:"MaShuo","ShiShuo"(HanYu).

④On:Theargumentativestyleofancientanalysisandreasoning.Example:"SixKingdoms".

4.ThememorialoftheancientcourtierJinchengemperor---argumentstyle.

①Sparse:Itisastyleinwhichtheministersstatetheiropinionstotheemperorinsections.Alsoknownasmemorialandmemorial.Example:"Ontheaccumulationofstorageandsparse"(JiaYi).

②Table:Thestyleofstatingacertainopinionorthing.Example:"ChenQingTable"(LiMi).

③Strategy:Thequestionoftheimperialexaminationisthestyleofquestioningandmakingtherespondentanswerthequestion.

④Illustration:Inancienttimes,itusedmetaphorsandhintstoeuphemisticallypersuadeotherstoacceptsubordinateopinions.Example:"ZouJisatirizesthekingofQiforadmonition".

5.Prefaceandpostscript:Prefaceandpostscriptareastylisticname.Collectivetermforprefaceandepilogue.

Preface:Bookpreface,alsoknownas"Preface","Foreword"and"Introduction".Itcanbeinfrontofthetextorattachedtothepost.Itmainlyexplainsthecreativeintention,writingstyle,datasourceandauthorofthebook.Circumstancescanalsoincludecommentsontheauthor’swork,orresearchandelucidationofrelatedissues.

Theprefaceisdividedintotwoprefacesandselfprefaces.Hisprefacereferstotheprefacewrittenbyothers;theselfprefaceistheprefacewrittenbytheauthor.Thecontentof"ZiXu"mostlyexplainsthepurposeofwritingthebookandtheprocessofwritingthebook;"HeXu"mostlyintroducesandcommentsontheideologicalcontentandartisticcharacteristicsofthebook.

Thelanguageexpressionoftheprefaceismoreflexible,somearebasedononewayofexpression,andsomeusemultipleexpressionsinacomprehensivemanner.

Theprefaceofthebookisanintroductionandcommentaryonthecontentofanarticleorawork.Fromtheessentialmeaningofthepreface,thetwoaspectsofintroductionandreviewhavetheirownmerits.Infact,therearebothpureintroductionandpurereviewprefaces,aswellasintroductionandreviewprefaces.

Postscript:Atypeofstyle,writtenatthebackofabook,article,orcalligraphyandpainting.

Theprefaceisalsoreferredtoas"Shu",or"Ying".Itisanarticlethatexplainsthebook'swritingorpublishingpurpose,editingstyleandauthor'ssituation.Italsoincludescommentsontheauthor'sworkandresearchandelucidationofrelatedissues."Preface"isgenerallyplacedinfrontofabookorarticle,andwhatisplacedatthebackofabookiscalled"postscript"or"postpreface."Sucharticlesbelongtoexplanatoryessaysorargumentativeessaysaccordingtodifferentcontentandexpressionmethods.Thosethatdescribethepurposeofwriting,thestyleandcontentoftheintroduction,andcontentbelongtoexplanatoryessays.Commentingontheauthor’sworkorelucidatingaproblemisanargumentativeessay.

6.PrefacetoGifts

Oneoftheancientstyleswaswrittenforgifts.Example:"PrefacetoSendDongyangHorsetoLife".

7.BiographyofHistory

①Benji:Atypeofbiographythatspecificallydescribesthedeedsoftheemperor.

②Family:Mainlynarratethedeedsofprincesandspecialcharacters.

③Biographies:usedtorecordthedeedsofordinaryofficialsandcommonpeople,andalsousedtorecordthehistoryofethnicminoritiesandothercountries.

8.Annotation,sparse

9.Otherstyles

Inscription:astyleofwriting,originallywrittenonartifactsandstelesinancienttimes,andlaterdevelopedItisastyleofwritingthatisusedtorecordfactsandmerits.Itisastylethatstatespublicrecordsandissometimesusedtowarnoneselfordescribemerits.Thisstylehasthecharacteristicsofrhyme.

Zan:Alyricalstyle,oftenmarkedbyaspecialpassionandrefinementofstyle.Orastylethatpraisespeople.

Ode:Oneofthestyles,referstopoetrywhosepurposeistopraise.Itisoftenmarkedbythespecialpassion,therefinementofthestyle,thelengthofthepoemsandthecomplexityofthestanzaform.Suchas:ShiCen"OdetotheMaster";praise:thenameofthestyle.Praiseisusedtopraisemerits,suchasYangXiong's"OdetoZhaoChongguo";praisewasoriginallyusedforpraise,andlateralsousedforcomment.

State:Anarrativestyle.Orthefileformatoftheappeal.

Hey:eulogy.

10.Rulerslips:lettersonbehalfof.

11.Reportage

Anewstyleinprose,itisageneraltermforfeature,literarycommunication,etc.Theuseofliteraryexpressiontechniquestoquicklyandtimelyreportthethingsthatpeoplecareaboutinsociallife,whichhasthecharacteristicsofnews,imageandpoliticaltheory.Knownasthe"lightcavalry"ontheliteraryfront.

ThreemilestoneworksofChinesereportage,"BaoShenGong","Whoisthecutestperson","GoldbachConjecture".

Drama

Comprehensivestageartusesliterature,music,dance,art,sculpture,architectureandotherartisticmeanstoshapestageartimages,revealsocialcontradictions,andreflectsociallife.

InChina,dramaisthegeneraltermforopera,drama,andopera,andoftenrefersspecificallytodrama.IntheWest,itonlyreferstodrama.

Thebasicelementofdramaisconflict.

Thelanguageofthedramaincludesdialogue,monologue,andstagedescription.

Thestructureofthedrama:one-act,multi-act.

Classification:

Accordingtothetypeofwork,therearetragedy,comedy,anddrama.

Accordingtothetheme,therearehistoricaldramas,moderndramas,andfairytales.

Accordingtothestructure,thereareone-actplaysandmulti-actplays.

1.YuanZaju

IncludingSanquandZaju.

(1)Sanqu

AnewformofrhymethatemergedintheYuanDynastywasdevelopedandgrownonthebasisoftheJin"popularballadandslang".Therearetwotypes:smallorderandnumberofsets.

XiaoLingisamonotonoussong,shortandconcise.Itisnotasstrictintermsaswords.Itisoftenusedtodescribescenerywithlyricalemotions,suchasYuanMaZhiyuan’s"Tianjingsha·QiuSi".

Thenumberofsetsisasuitecomposedofmorethantwopiecesofmusiclinkedtogetheraccordingtocertainrules,andisalsocalled"Santuo"and"Tutu".Thewholesetmustbelongtothesamepalace.Thenumberofsetscanbeusedtodescribemorecompleteplots,deeds,orcomments,suchasYuanSuiJingchen[BansheTiao·Shaobian]"TheReturnoftheGaozu".

(2)Zaju

Itisacomprehensiveartincludingmusic,singinganddancing.Itisdividedintothreeparts:songlyrics,BinBai,andKeXun.

MusicLyrics:ItiscomposedofthetunesinSanqu,whichareusedbytheactorstosing.Eachfoldissungbyoneperson,andtheotheractorsonlyhavedialogue.

BinBai:Theactor'sdialogueormonologue,sungandtalked.

Kexun:actions,expressions.

Structure:"Fourfoldsandawedge"."Wedge"istoillustrateorintroducecharactersandconnecttheplot.Zheisaunitofmusicorganizationandanaturalparagraphofstorydevelopment.

TherolesofYuanZaju:"Mo","Dan","Jing","Miscellaneous",etc.

Fables

Fablesareagenreofliterature.Astorywithallegoryorobviousinstructivemeaning.Itsstructureisshort.Theprotagonistcanbehuman,animal,orinanimate.Usemoremetaphors,sothatinstructivethemesorprofoundtruthscanbereflectedinsimplestories.

WorldLiterature

AsianLiterature

ChineseLiterature:HongKongLiterature,MacauLiterature,WuLanguageLiterature,TaiwanLiterature

MaXinLiterature,Burmeseliterature,Japaneseliterature,Koreanliterature

Europeanliterature

Englishliterature,Frenchliterature,Germanliterature,Greekliterature,Russianliterature

Others

AmericanLiterature,EnglishLiterature

See

ListofLiteraryAwards,LiteraryWorks,LiteraryCreation,LiteraryAppreciation,LiterarySchools,LiteraryTrends,LeftWingLiterature,literaryandartisticworkers,children'sliterature,narratology

LiteraryAwards

ChineseLiteratureAward

ChineseLiteratureMediaAward

The"ChineseLiteratureMediaAward"adherestotheprinciplesoffairness,independenceandcreativity,adherestotheequalemphasisonartisticqualityandsocialinfluence,andisawardedonceayear.ItisdeterminedtofindanewwayforthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.

MaoDunLiteratureAward

MaoDun(July4,1896-March27,1981),formerlyknownasShenDehong,withthewordYanBing.Hannationality,fromTongxiang,Jiaxing,Zhejiang.Awell-knownmodernChinesewriter,literarycritic,culturalactivistandsocialactivist,oneofthepioneersoftheMayFourthNewCulturalMovement,andoneofthefoundersofmycountry'srevolutionaryliteratureandart.

TheMaoDunLiteraryAwardwasestablishedbythefamouswriterMr.MaoDunwhodonatedhis250,000yuanofmanuscriptfees.IthasagreaterinfluenceintheChineseliteraryworld.Itisoneofourcountry'shighesthonoraryliteraryawards.

ZhuangChongwenLiteratureAward

The"ZhuangChongwenLiteratureAward"wasinitiatedandfundedbyMr.ZhuangChongwen,thefounderoftheHongKongChuangGroupandapatrioticChineseentrepreneur.Itaimstorewardyoungwriterswhohaveperformedwellinliterarycreationandliterarycriticism.Sincethefirstsessionin1988,morethan170youngwritershavewonthisaward.

CaoYuDramaLiteraryAward

CaoYu(1910-1996),formerlyknownasWanJiabao,namedXiaoshi,wasborninQianjiang,Hubei,andwasborninadecliningcityinTianjinAfeudalbureaucraticfamilyandanoutstandingmodernChinesedramatist,hehasauthoredfamousworkssuchas"Thunderstorm","Sunrise","TheWilderness","BeijingMan",etc.Hehaswritten8playsinhislifetime.

CaoYuDramaLiteratureAwardisanimportantinfluentialartevaluationactivityinthefieldofChinesedramaliterature.

LuXunLiteratureAward

TheLuXunLiteratureAwardisselectedeverytwoyears.Theworkswithexcellentideologicalandartisticqualitiesinacertainliterarygenrewillbeselectedintheyearoftheaward.Establishedtopromotetheprosperityanddevelopmentofsocialistliterature,itisoneofChina'shighest-honoredliteraryawards.

NewConceptCompositionContest

TheNewConceptCompositionContestisanationallyinfluentialcompositioncontestorganizedbyBuddingMagazine.

GoldenAntAwardforChineseComposition

Theschool'sinfluenceisveryextensive.

SunshineCupGlobalChineseYouthWritingCompetition

TheSunshineCupGlobalChineseYouthWritingCompetition,whichstartedin2005,isaregisteredtrademarkofthedomesticcompositioncompetition.

LaoSheLiteraryPrize

TheLaoSheLiteraryPrizeisaliteraryprizeestablishedin1999bytheBeijingFederationofLiteraryandArtCirclesandtheLaoSheLiteraryFoundation.TheLaoSheLiteraryPrizeisBeijingThehighestawardinliteratureandart,togetherwiththeMaoDunLiteratureAward,LuXunLiteratureAward,andCaoYuDramaLiteratureAward,arealsocalledChina'sfourmajorliteratureawards.

FengMuLiteratureAward

ThisnationalliteraryawardestablishedbytheFengMuLiteratureSpecialFundoftheChineseLiteratureFoundationisFengMu’sfriendshipandSpeciallysetuptoraisefundsforstudents.Thethreeawardsforyoungcritics,literarynewcomersandmilitaryliteraturearethefirstinourcountry.

BingXinLiteratureAward

TheBingXinAwardwasproducedintheearly1990s.TocongratulateBingXin’s90thbirthdayandtocommemorateBingXin’slife,hehascreatedmanypopularworksforthechildren.Withthesupportofcelebritiesfromallwalksoflife,suchasLeiJieqiong,HanSuyin,andGeCuilin,the"BingXinAward"islikeasimpleandholyflower.Bloomingintheliteraryfield.

People’sLiteratureAward

AnimportantliteraryawardinChineseliterature.ThePeople’sLiteratureAwardissponsoredbythePeople’sLiteraturePublishingHouse.Itwasawardedforthefirsttimein1986.Anumberofoutstandingworksareawardedeveryfewyears,thesecondisin1994,andthethirdisin2001.In2003,People’sLiteraturePublishingHouse’s"People’sLiterature"andKweichowMoutaiGroupreachedacooperationagreement.The"People’sLiteratureAward"wasnamedthe"MoutaiCupPeople’sLiteratureAward."Atotalof10essays,poems,etc.,composedofajurycomposedofwriters,criticsandreaderrepresentatives,wereindependentlyreviewedanddiscussedandselected.In2007,novelswerealsoincludedintheawards.In2010,anewawardfornon-fictionworkswasestablished.

ForeignLiteratureAward

AndersenLiteratureAward

TheInternationalAndersenLiteratureAwardisaninternationalliteraturefoundedbyIBBYin1956Awardsaregiventochildren’sbookwritersandillustratorseverytwoyearstorewardandthankthemfortheirgoodbooks.Itisthehighesthonorforthecreatorofchildren'sbooksintheworld,soitisalsocalledthe"LittleNobelPrize".ThisawardissponsoredbyQueenMargaretIIofDenmarkandnamedafterthefairytalemasterAndersen.

YingshimanLiteraryAward

ItisoftentranslatedasMannAsianLiteratureAwardandMann’sAsianLiteratureAwardinnewsreports.Theawardwasestablishedin2007andwasco-foundedbytheHongKongInternationalLiteraryFestivalandtheBritishinvestmentcompany"InsmanGroup".EarlierawardswereawardedtoAsiannovelsthathadnotbeenpublishedinEnglish.After2010,theywereawardedtoAsiannovelspublishedinEnglishforthefirsttimeinthatyear.

TheStalinPrizeforLiterature

wasestablishedaccordingtotheresolutionoftheSovietPeople’sCommitteeonDecember20,1939.Awardedforoutstandingachievementsinscience,technology,literature,art,architecture,etc.Stalinhimselfpaidspecialattentiontoliterarycareer,andhespeciallysetuptheStalinLiteraturePrize.Hesparednotimetoreviewalltheaward-winningworksandpersonallydeterminedthatheshouldwintheaward.SometimesStalinpersonallyissuedawritingoutline,andtheworkcompletedaccordingtothiswillalwayswinthe"StalinPrizeforLiterature"asusual.In1951,ChinesewriterDingLing's"TheSunShinesontheSangganRiver",ZhouLibo's"TheStorm",HeJingzhiandDingYi'sopera"TheWhiteHairedGirl".AtthesametimehewontheStalinPrizeforLiterature.

ThePulitzerPrizeforLiterature

Itisnotanindependentaward,butoneofthemanybranchesoftheAmericanPulitzerPrize.Inthe7thyearbeforehisdeath-1904,JosephPulitzermadeawillanddonatedhispropertytoColumbiaUniversityintheUnitedStates,andtheyestablishedajournalismschool.Ofthissumofupto2millionUSdollars,aquarterwasusedtosetupawards,whichlaterbecamethePulitzerPrizefund.In1917,thefirstawardceremonyoftheawardwasheld,andthereafteritwasawardedonceayear.

NobelPrizeinLiterature

NobelLiteraturePrize,NobelwrotehiswillonNovember27,1895,Donatedallthepropertyofmorethan31.22millionSwedishkronatosetupafund,anduseinterestasabonuseveryyeartoaward"thepersonwhohasmadethegreatestcontributiontomankindinayear".Accordingtohiswill,theSwedishgovernmentestablishedthe"NobelFoundation"inthesameyear,whichisresponsibleforawardingtheannualinterestofthefundinfiveequalparts.TheLiteraturePrizeisoneofthem.

ThecontentofBaiduBaikeisco-editedbynetizens.Ifyoufindthatthecontentofyourentryisinaccurateorimperfect,welcometouseyourentryeditingservice(freeofcharge)toparticipateinthecorrection.Gonow>>