Gaius Julius Caesar

ThesynonymCaesar(dictatoroftheRomanRepublic)generallyreferstoGaiusJuliusCaesar(dictatoroftheRomanRepublic)

personalrelationship

ErrorCorrection

CloseErrorCorrection

• AdoptedsonGaiusOctavian

  Anerror1934636hasbeenreported

Character'slife

Earlyexperience

Characterimages(portraits,sculptures,commemorativeemblems,etc.)(3photos)

OnJuly13,100BC,CaesarwasborninRome.Hisfatherservedasfinanceofficer,justiceandotherpositions,andalsoservedasthegovernorofAsiaMinor.MotherAureliacomesfromtheAurelieKotafamily.In119BC,hisgrandfatherLuciusAureliusKotaservedasconsul.

Caesarwassenttoaschoolspecializingintrainingnoblechildren.Heissotalentedthathepublished"TheMeritofHercules"andthetragedy"Oedipus"whenhewasateenager.HelovesancientGreekculture,especiallyGreekclassicalliterature.Inadditiontoliterature,Caesaralsolikessports.Heisproficientinhorseriding,swordsmanship,etc.,hasstrongmusclesandaverystrongbody.

Accordingtotherecord,Caesarwascalmandrestrained,seriousandrigorousinhandlingmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs;hespokedecentlyanddecentlywhendiscussing;whenhewasintheworld,hewasgenerousandkind,cheerfulandgenerous.ButCaesarisalsomorearbitrary,heishungryforknowledgeandcreation.

In87BC,accordingtoRomancustom,Caesarbegantowearadultwhiterobe.

From86BCto84BC,MallorandQinnadiedsuccessively,andCaesarwasregardedasasupporterofMallor.In84BC,CaesarmarriedCornelia,thedaughterofQinna.Shegavebirthtoherdaughter,Yulia(atranslationofJulia),andwassupportedbymembersoftheSenate'spopularfaction.

In82BC,afterwinningthecivilwar,SuraaskedCaesartodivorceCornelia.CaesarrefusedandleftRome,avoidingexileanddeaththreats.

TotheEast

Between82BCand79BC,CaesarlivedintheEastandaccompaniedMarcusTerentiusVarroin81BC.Lucullus)wenttoAsiaMinor.AcceptthemissiontolookforshipsinBitillaandcompletethemissionsuccessfully.

In80BC,CaesarwenttoMitiläwithhisarmyandwonthecorollaforhisbravery.From79BCto78BC,heparticipatedinthefightagainstthepiratesofQiliqiyaintheQingDynasty.In78BC,Suradied,andCaesarreturnedtoRome,wherehehadbeenawayforseveralyears.Asadefender,defendorprosecutehimselforhisadvocatesincourtsandotherplaces.

In78BC,afterthefailureoftheconsulLepid’srebellion,hedemandedpardonsforhissupporters;in77BC,hesuedhispoliticalenemyDoraBellaforembezzlement;in76BChedefendedtheGreeks,ConfrontedwithGaiusAntonius.In76BC,heonceagainembarkedonajourneytotheEast.

In75BC,hewasinRhodeIslandunderthementorofApollonius,sonofMirónandmasterofeloquence.Duringthejourney,hewasabductedbytheCiliciapirates,whodemandedaransomof20Tarrants.Caesarlaughedatthemfornotknowingwhotheyhadcaught,andaskedthepiratestoobtain50Tarrants.Duringthe38dayswaitingfortheransom,hehadtostaywiththepirates.Hejokedtothemthathemustsendthemalltothecrossafterhewasreleased.Thefirstthinghedidafterhisreleasewastoorganizeafleetandcaptureallthepirateswhohijackedhim.Perhapsitwasbecausethepiratesweregoodtothem,andinordertorelievetheirsuffering,Caesarslittheirthroatsbeforecrucifyingthem.

Politicalcareer

In74BC,hereturnedtoRomeandinheritedthepositionofAureliusKotaasapriest.In72BC,hewasawardedamilitaryguarantor.

In70BC,heparticipatedintheelectionagainandwaselectedasthetreasurerin69BC.Heservedforaone-yeartermandwasautomaticallyqualifiedasamemberoftheSenate.CaesarwenttoSpainin69BCtotakeuphispostasdeputygovernor,inchargeoftheprovince'sfinances.Duringtherovingtrialinthecities,theyrequestedtoberelievedoftheirdutiesandleaveSpain.

AfterreturningtoRome,in66BC,Caesarwasappointedasthe"AdministratoroftheAvenueofAppia"tomaintainthisthoroughfareconnectingRomeandBrindisi.Later,henominatedhimselfandwaselectedasthenewmunicipalofficialinthefollowingyear.Mainlyresponsiblefortheconstructionandmaintenanceofthecity'spublicfacilities(especiallytemples),managementofmarketsandotheraspectsofdailylifeinRome.Inordertopleasethecivilianclass,Caesarprovidedmanycompetitionsforthepublic,rebuiltmanypublicbuildings,andendedhisone-yeartenureasamunicipalofficialwithhonor,buthewasindebtwithhundredsoftarrants.

63BCwasthetenureyearofCicero’sconsul,breakingwiththecivilianclass,anddoingnothingduringhistenure.Onthecontrary,Caesartriumphedsteadily.Atthistime,Pius,thechiefpriestofRome,died,andCaesarparticipatedintheelectionandwassuccessfullyelectedtothispermanentpost.Later,hewasawardedanotherposition-Justice.Inthesameyear,CaesarmarriedPompeo,Sura'sgranddaughter.ThereasonforthedivorcebetweenCaesarandPompeoisthat"Caesar'swifeisbeyonddoubt."

In61BC,whenthetermofthejusticeexpired,CaesarreceivedthepostofgovernoroftheprovincesoffarSpain.Atthesametime,PompeyreturnedtoRomefromtheeast.Caesarwasinfinancialtroubleagain,andCrassushadtorepaytheloanforhim.ArrivedinIberia,CaesarlaunchedanoffensiveagainsttheLusitansandGalaesi,andthisactionbroughtrichspoils.Afterrestoringorderintheprovince,hehurriedlylefttheprovinceandreturnedtoRome,andmadetwodemandsatthesametime:triumphalandconsulposition.Finallygaveupthetriumphantstyleinexchangeforthecandidacyofconsul.

In60BC(say59BC),CaesarwaselectedbytheCenturianCongressasthegovernoroftheRomanRepublic.Atthistime,Pompeofailedtofightforthelandtohousehisveterans;CrassouwasalsoworriedaboutgainingcontrolofthearmyneededtofightParthia;andtheconsulCaesaralsojustneededPompeo’sreputation.AndKrasu'smoney.Therefore,Caesarsucceededinreconcilingthetwo(PompeyandCrassouhadagrievanceaftertheywereconsulsin70BC).Thetrioenteredintoacovenantin60BCwiththepurposeofensuringthat"nomeasureofthiscountryshallviolatethewishesofoneofthem"(Suvitonius).

Historiansrefertothisallianceasthe"TopThreeLeague".Inordertoconsolidatethispoliticalalliance,50-year-oldPompeoalsomarriedJuliaCaesar'sonly14-year-olddaughter.Afterthetrioformedanalliance,theirpowergreatlyincreased.Bibluswithdrewfromallpoliticalactivitiesasconsuluntiltheendofhisterm.Caesarmonopolizedthepower,and"theyearofthereignofBiblusandCaesar"becamethe"yearofthereignofJuliusandCaesar".

Aftercompletinghistenureasconsul,Caesarwasawardedasgovernor-generaltoadministerShanbeiGaul(nowsouthernFrance)andIllyria(nowtheAdriaticcoastoftheBalkans)forfiveyears(58BC)Yearsto53BC).Assoonashearrived,helaunchedtheGaulWar(58BCto49BC).

In9yearsoffighting,CaesarcapturedtheentireGaulregion(approximatelyequivalenttocontemporaryFrance)andtookthePyrenees,Alps,Cevennes,RhineandRhoneFortheboundary,theareawithacircumferenceofmorethan3000miles(exceptforsomeofthecitiesoftheAllies)becameaprovince(Gaulprovince),whichwasalsorequiredtopayalargeamountofmoneyeveryyear.CaesarbecamethefirstRomantocrosstheRhinetotheoppositebank(Germania)toattacktheGermans.

CaesarmadeafortuneinthenorthoftheAlps,andalsoforgedalarge-scaleandloyaleliteteam.Inaddition,heusedmanyofthewarproceedstobuypeople'shearts,anditwaseasytogainpopularsupportfromwithinRome.

TheGallicWardisturbedtheSenateandPompey.In54BC,CaesarmarriedherallyPompey'sdaughterYuliaanddiedinchildbirth.Inaddition,in53BC,Crassou,whowasconqueringParthia,wasdefeatedandkilled.Thethree-headedpoliticalinstabilitycausedtheSenatetowinoverPompeo.

By52BC,theinstabilityinRomewascompletelyarousedbyamurdercase.Inordertoquellthechaos,theSenateintendstoelectPompeoasthedictator.LittleCato,whosupportedhisemergence,feltthatthedictatorhadonlyasix-monthterm,whichwasnotsuitableforlong-termdealingwithCaesar,andmightcultivatePompeo'spersonalambitions.SoheproposedthatPompeobeappointedastheconsulalone,sothathecanletgowithinayear,andthengivetwoprovincesresourcestocontinuetoweighCaesarafterleavingoffice.Pompeowasdissatisfiedwiththis.Butthereisnobettersolution.Immediately,heorderedthetracingofthe20-yearanti-corruptionbillspecificallyaimedatCaesarandhishardcorealliance.ManypeoplewerepersecutedandrushedtoGaultowarnthem.

Althoughthesituationisnotgoodforhim,Caesarstilldoesnotintendtointensifytheconflict.HepubliclypraisedPompeo'sbehaviorandshowedhissinceritytotheSenate.Inprivate,heboughtinthepoliticianstopromotethebillsothathecouldabsentfromtheconsulcampaigntoensurethathewouldnotbecompletelyoverwhelmedbycorruptionlawsuitsandpoliticalcrackdowns.

Aftercompletingtheanti-corruptionbill,Pompeotooktheinitiativetogiveupthehonorofsoleconsul.Heimmediatelyelectedhisfather-in-lawMettrusScipiaasacolleagueandgovernedwithhimuntiltheendofhisterm.ThiscanberegardedasagestureofrespectfortheRepublicansystembyreciprocatinghimselftotheSenate.Theelderswerenotfools,andimmediatelyextendedhimthegovernor’stermandaddedtwolegionsofdispatchingprivileges.Asaresult,PompeoretreatedbehindthescenesandpreparedforafurtherconfrontationwithCaesar.

Asfortheworkonthebrightside,itisinchargeofMarcellas,whosucceededPompeo.Thisradicalanti-CaesarpersonfirstrejectedCaesar’srequestforextensionofthegovernorasaconsul.ThenhedirectlycancelledtheRomancitizenshipgrantedbyCaesartothecityofNewcombe,andimposedanon-citizenpenaltyonthecitychiefwhocametoaskforanexplanation.HekeptaskingthispersontogotoCaesartofileacomplainttoshowhumiliationandprovocation.Finally,heproposedamotion,suggestingthatsomeoneshouldbereplacedbeforetheendofCaesar'sterm.PompeostoodupatthisgateandreleasedsmokebombstoparalyzeCaesarbyvetoingtheproposal,hopingthattheotherpartywouldconsiderhimselfafirmally.

However,Caesardidnotwaitforamoment.HehadalreadyseenthroughthepoliticalwindinRome.AfteranticipatingthatPompeohadformedanalliancewiththeSenate,heboughtoutPaulus,theconsulelectedin50BC,tomaintainhisneutrality.HealsopaidoffhugedebtsfortheguarantorGaiusScribeniusCullio,makinghimhisownpartymember.

Soon,Caesar’sbriberycameintoplay.Beforetheendofhisgovernor'sterm,theconsulClaudiustookadvantageofthesituationtoarrangeforasuccessortoreplacehim,buthedidnotreceivewidespreadsupport.HiscolleaguePaulusremainedsilent,whileCulliodirectlystoodupandexpressedhisuniqueopinions,suggestingthatCaesarandPompeogiveupmilitarypoweratthesametime,sothattheRepublicwillnotfaceanythreatsfromgiants.ThiswonthesupportofciviliansandmanyveteransforCulio,especiallythosewhoweresinnedbyPompeo.Atthesametime,heisalsohelpingCaesarindisguise,throwingtheproblemdirectlytoPompeo.Iftheotherpartyacceptstheproposal,Caesarscanrelyonbriberyofficialstosupportandusenormalprocedurestoholdpublicoffice.IfPompeorefuses,thenCaesarcanjustifiablynotdisbandthearmy.

SoPompeopretendedtowritetotheSenate,expressinghiswillingnesstoendhistermofofficeearlyanddisbandthearmy.Buthenevertookanyaction,andCullio,whowasspeakingforCaesar,attackedmorefiercelyandproposedtotreatthetwoaspublicenemies.ThismadePompeo,whohadalwaysbeenarrogant,furious,andsimplyretreatedtotheoutskirtsofRome.EveninsidetheSenate,therewerepeoplewhoreallyworriedthathewouldbecomeacareeristjustlikeCaesar.

Intheheateddiscussionthatfollowed,theopinionsoftheSenatealwayswavered.TheyfirstrejectedCullio'sproposal,butlatersupportedtheremovalofbothsides'militarypowerwithamajorityofvotes.Cullioandtheopponent'sArchonClaudiusrespectivelyusedtheirownauthoritytodissolvethemeeting,sothattheSenatecouldnevermakeafinaldecision.

Overtime,theveteransgraduallyreacted.TheyfollowedCullio'smethodandaskedCaesarandPompeytosendalegiontoSyriatoguardagainsttheParthians.Althoughitseemsfair,becauseCaesarhadborrowedfromPompeythestatutoryrecruitingpowerofalegion,onlyhimselfwasweakenedbytheforce.Tomakemattersworse,PompeoneverintendedtosendalegiontoSyriatodefendtheborder,insteadstayinginItalyasapoliticalbargainingchip.Therefore,Caesarhadtodistribute250drachmastoeachsoldier,sothattheywerenolongerwillingtoexecutetheorder.Whileretainingitsforces,italsocontinuedtomaintainahighpressureontheItalianmainland.

Soon,Caesar’smenspreadrumorsalloverItaly,sayingthattheyweregoingtocrosstheAlpswithalltheirforcesandheadsouth.Pompey,whohadalreadyrunoutofRome,formedanarmyonthegroundsofanemergency.CuriowasunabletoleaveRomeduetopositionrestrictions,andhecouldonlyleaveitalonetosuchactions.Finally,attheendofhisterm,hetooktheinitiativetogonorthtoCaesar.

Althoughthesituationissoserious,manypeopleintheRepublicstillrefusetoengageincivilwar.TheyeitherrefusedPompey'senlistment,ortheyappearedlistlessinthebarracks.Ciceroandothersintervened,hopingnottopuncturethelastlayerofwindowpaper.EvenCaesarhimselfdoesnotwanttoresorttoforcebeforetheforcesarefullyassembledatthisstage.Therefore,hesentCulliototakehisletterovernighttoAnthony,whowasthesuccessoroftheprotector,sothathecouldreaditinthecitizens'assemblyandtheSenate.ThecontentincludedCaesar'spromisetocompromise,proposingtoallowhimselfasthegovernortoretainShannanGaulandIllyricumprovinces,aswellastheverynecessarytwolegions,untilheiselectedasthegovernor.

Pompeowasalittletemptedbythis,buthewasstillnotcompletelysatisfied.CicerocontinuedtolobbyCaesar,hopingthathecouldmakefurthercompromises,leavingonlytheprovinceofIlyricumand1legion.However,Caesar'scalculationswerestillseenthroughbyLittleCatu,Scipio,andArchonLianTulus.TheyrealizedthatCaesarintendstothrowthepressureofpublicopinionthatcausedthecivilwartotheSenate,andthenusethebufferperiodtocompletetheconcentrationofforces.Therefore,thismostpromisingproposalwasquicklyrejectedbymostpeople.

Inthiscontext,thesituationinevitablyslipsintoacivilwarmode.Caesarstillwantedtobuytimeatthelastmoment,butthedeterminedSenatewascompletelyunmovedanddirectlydeclaredittobetheenemyofthewholepeople.Atthesametime,Luciuswasarrangedtolead4000recruitstothenorthtotakeoverthepositionofCaesar.Anthony,Curio,Cassiusandothers,whoknewtheirliveswereunsafe,dressedupasslavesandhidinthecarandfledtothenorth.TheirembarrassedappearancewasusedbyCaesartoshowthesoldierstoincitebelligerence.Rome'soldrepublicsystemisabouttoberuinedinabloodystorm.

TheCivilWarbrokeout

In49BC,CaesartookthelegiontotheborderRubiconandcrossedtheRubicon,startingtheRomanCivilWar.Caesar'sactionsshockedPompeoandtheRepublicanSenatemembers.PompeofledtheItalianpeninsulawithhisbelongingsafterabriefresistanceattheBattleofSiuminBurundi.CaesarenteredRomewithoutbleedingandaskedtheremainingSenatorstoelecthimasdictator.

AftertheoutbreakoftheRomanCivilWar,GaiusScribeniusCulliounderCaesarwassenttoNorthAfricatodealwiththePompeosandNumidiawhoalliedwithPompey.JubaIofNumidia(JubaIofNumidia).Inthefirst49years,theyoungCulioledhisarmytooccupySicily.InAugustofthesameyear,heledhisarmytolandinNorthAfricaandwontheBattleofUtica,butwaskilledintheBattleoftheBagradasRiver.

AfterthecaptureofRome,CaesardecidedtoannihilatePompey’smainforce(7legions)inSpaintoensurerearsafetyandcontrolstrategicinitiative.Heled6legionsintoSpainandwonattheBattleofIllerda.ThePompeylegion,whichlostitsleader,surrenderedwithoutseriousresistance.CaesaroccupiedthewholeofSpain.Atthesametime,Caesar’sarmycommandedDesiusBleu.TucciandTreboniuswontheSiegeofMassiliaandconqueredMassaria,whowascooperatingwiththePompeofaction.

ThenCaesarmarchedintoGreeceandwasoncedefeatedattheBattleofDurakium,butintheBattleofFasaroin48BC,hecompletelydefeatedPompeoandpursuedEgypt.AftertheEgyptiansassassinatedPompey,theydedicatedPompey'sheadtoCaesar.CaesardeclaredthatthethroneofEgyptwassharedbyPtolemyXIIIandhissisterCleopatra(Cleopatra).ThisannoyedtheEgyptiansandtheBattleofAlexandriabrokeout.

CaesarledtheSixthArmywithreinforcementsandcompletelydefeatedtheEgyptianarmy(BattleofAlexandria).PtolemyXIIIwaskilledandCleopatraascendedtothethroneofEgypt.Duringthebattle,rocketsfiredbyCaesarsoldiershittheAlexanderCityUniversityLibraryanddestroyedmorethan600,000books.Afterthebattle,CaesarandCleopatrawentonatwo-monthtriptotheNileRiver,andthenconqueredtheKingdomofPantes(theKingdomofPontus),whichdestroyedtheagreementwithRome.HewasvictoriousattheBattleofZelaandstayedbehind.Therhetoricof"Icome,Isee,Iconquer".

In46BC,afterCaesarreturnedtoRome,hegatheredanarmytoattackPompey’sremnantswhofledtoNorthAfricaandformedanalliancewithNumidiaKingYuba.TheywereoncedefeatedbyQuinnattheBattleofLaspina.TasRabinus,butwascompletelyvictoriousintheBattleofTarsos(BattleofTapsus).Afterthat,CaesarreturnedtoRomeforaten-daytriumphalceremony.

Caesar,whoreturnedtoRome,promotedvariousreforms,includinggrantingRomancitizenshiptothepeopleofNorthernItalyandSicily,askingexpertstomakeaJuliancalendar,andestablishingapeacefulsquare.

In45BC,Pompeo'stwosonsfledtoSpaintolauncharebellion.CaesaronceagainexpeditiontoSpain,defeatingtherebelsattheBattleofAtguaandtheBattleofMenda,andPompey’seldestsonLauswaskilledinaction.,Pompey,thesecondson,wentintoexileinSicily.AfterCaesarreturnedtoChina,hedeclaredtobealife-longdictatorin44BC.

ThedeathofCaesar

In44BC,inordertosavethe9,000RomansoldierscapturedintheBattleofCalle,CaesarannouncedthathewouldexpeditiontoParthia.However,thefortune-telleratthetimesaidthat"onlythekingcanconquerParthia."ThismovedeepenedtheanxietyoftheRepublicancongressmenandbelievedthatCaesarwouldeventuallybecometheking.InFebruary,ataceremony,ArchonAnthonypresentedthewreathtoCaesarandcalledCaesarking.AlthoughCaesarrefused,theanti-CaesarfactionbecamemorefearfulandplannedtomurderCaesar.

About60peopleparticipatedintheconspiracyagainstCaesar,ledbyCaiusCassius,MarcosBrutus,andDeKimosBrutus..TheycallthemselvestheLiberators.ThesepeoplemetwithCassiusbeforeassassinatingCaesar.Cassiustoldthemthattheywouldhavetocommitsuicideiftheincidenthappened.OnMarch15,44BC,agroupofelderscalledCaesartotheSenatetoreadapetitionletter.ThepetitionletterwaswrittenbytheeldersandaskedCaesartoreturnpowertotheparliament.Butthisloveletterisfake.WhenMarkAnthonyheardthenewsfromaliberatornamedCasca,hehurriedtothestepsoftheSenatetostopCaesar.ButtheseelderswhoparticipatedinthepremeditatingfirstfoundCaesarinfrontofthetheaterbuiltbyPompeyandledhimtotheeastporchofthetheater.

WhileCaesarwasreadingthisfakeloveletter,CascatookoffCaesar'scoatandstabbedhimintheneckwithaknife.CaesarwasalerttoCasca,turnedaroundandgrabbedCasca’shand,andsaidinLatin:"WickedCasca,whatareyoudoing?"ScaredCascaturnedtotheotherelders,speakinginGreek:"Brothers,helpme!"AllofasuddeneveryoneincludingBrutusbegantostabCaesar.Caesarwantedtoescape,butfellbecauseoftoomuchbloodflowandeyeswereinvisible.Finally,thesepeoplekilledhimwhenhefelltotheground.AccordingtothehistorianEutropius,morethan60peoplewereinvolvedinthemurder.

TheconspiratorswantedtothrowhisbodyintotheTiberRiver,buttheywerefrightenedbytheArchonMarkAnthonyandCavalryCommanderLeibidaanddidnotdoso.

Screenshotsofthemovie"CaesartheGreat"(11photos)

Caesar'swillwasunsealedandreadinMarkAnthony'shouseattherequestofhisfather-in-law.ThiswillwasmadeonSeptember13thofthepreviousyearandhasbeenkeptinthehandsoftheChiefPriestoftheVirginofVesta.Inthiswill,Caesardesignatedhissister’sthreegrandchildrenashisheirs:three-quartersofthepropertywasgiventoOctavian,andtheremainingquarterwasgiventoLuciusPinariusandCventus.·Petitiusshared;appointedguardiansforhischildrenwhomightbeborn,severalofwhomwereactuallymurderersinvolvedintheconspiracy;alsoappointedOctavianashisfamilymember,passedhisnametohim,andstipulatedDejiMossBrutusisthesecond-orderheir;inaddition,heleftthegardensoftheTiberRiverforthepeopletouse,andgaveeachcitizen300Sestetius.

Ofthosewhoconspiredtoassassinatehim,almostnoonesurvived3yearsafterhisdeath.Allwerefoundguiltyanddiedindifferentways:somediedinashipwreck,somediedinthesubsequentwarbetweenOctavianandotherCaesars,andsomecommittedsuicidewiththesamedaggerthatkilledCaesar.

Caesarwas58yearsoldwhenhedied.Afterhisdeath,hewasincludedintheranksofthegodsinaccordancewiththedecreeandwasreveredasthe"sacredJulius."

Familymembers

Wife	In84BC,CorneliaCinnilla(DaughterofCinnilla),diedofadystocia; In63BC,PompeiaSulla(GranddaughterofSulla)),divorcedinDecemberofthesameyear; In60BC,CalpurniaPisonis(CalpurniaPisonis); In47BC,withCleopatraPatraVII.
Female	Julia·JuliaCaesaris,marriedtoPompey.
子	PtolemyXThefifth(LittleCaesar,Caesarion,Caesarion),Egyptianpharaoh; AdoptedhouseDawei(GaiusJuliusCaesarOctavianus),Romanemperor.

Mainworks

"CivilWar"

《GaulianWars》

"TheBattleofAlexandria"

"TheBattleofAfrica"

"WarofSpain"

"TheMeritofHercules"

"Oedipus"

GovernmentalMeasures

Duringtheperiodinpower,strengthenthecentralizationsystemandconsolidatetherulingfoundation.

Firstofall,hedestroyedtheoldaristocraticrepublicsysteminadevastatingway,concentratedmilitaryandpoliticalpowerinonebody,andbasicallycompletedthetransitiontothemonarchydictatorship.Theoldsystemofproblems,repairsandfixesatanytime,andfar-fetchedimprovisationhavedoneaneatanduniformjob.

Secondly,heattemptedtograduallyabolishthevariousprivilegesleftoverbyoldRomeasacity-statehegemony,raisethestatusofItaliancitiesandtownstothesamelevelasRome,andraisethestatusofallprovincestothesamelevelasItaly.AndthecitizenshiprightsweresuccessivelygiventotheprovincesofRome,sothatthefoundationoftherulinggroupofthisgreatempirewasexpandedandconsolidated.Butthisworkisonlypartiallycompleted.AfterCaesarwasassassinatedin44BC,hisheirandhissister'sgrandsonOctavius​​completelycompletedthetaskoftransformingtheslaveryRomanRepublicintoanempireonthebasisofCaesar'sestablishment.

Finally,heissuedadecreeagainstblackmailbyprovincialofficials,expandedthescopeofgrantingRomancitizenship,establishedcoloniesofretiredveterans,implementedmunicipallaws,andaddedseniorofficials.Inaddition,herevisedthecalendarandimplementedthe"Juliancalendar".Asamilitarycommander,heisgoodatusingbothpoliticalandmilitarymeanstodivideanddestroytheenemy;attachimportancetotheroleofcavalryandemphasizethecoordinatedcombatofinfantry;establishareserveteaminthedeploymentoftroops,whichincreasesthedepthandstabilityofthebattleformation.sex.

Artisticimage

Filmandtelevisionworks

	Title	Director
Movie	CaesartheGreat	UliEide
CaesartheGreat	JosephL.Mankiewicz
TVseries	Spartacus:Battle	JesseWarn

LiteraryWorks

""JuliusCaesar"isoneofShakespeare’sthreeplaysbasedonRomanstories.ThisworkisaboutBrutus,whoisnoblebutunrealistic.Becauseofhisobsessionwithrepublicanideals,hewasexploitedbyothersandparticipatedinthemurderofKay.Sa’sconspiracycausednationalandpersonaltragedies.BrutusisthekindofpersonwhomeetstheidealsofhumanisminShakespeare'sworks.SomepeoplecallBrutusthe"Hamletintheembryonicstate":theyareoftenshakenbetweenthoughtandaction.Brutusisamanwiththeabilitytobearheavyburdens.Heisfirmandcalm-headed.Thebiggestobstacletohisactionsisthatthereistoomuchkindnessinhischaracter.Hewantstofight,buthedoesnotwanttoshedblood,whichconstitutesanunresolvablecontradiction.Thisisalsothemainreasonforhisinneranxietyandcommotion.

Characterevaluation

CaesaristhefounderoftheRomanEmpire,soitisregardedbysomehistoriansastheuncrownedemperoroftheRomanEmpire,andisknownasCaesartheGreat.SomehistoriansevenregardhimasthefirstemperoroftheRomanEmpire,andthedayhetookofficeasalife-longdictatoristhebirthdayoftheRomanEmpire.Asfarastheinfluenceisconcerned,someRomanmonarchsusetheirname"Caesar"astheiremperortitle;subsequentmonarchsoftheGermanEmpireandRussianEmpirealsouse"Caesar"astheiremperortitle.

Caesar’slifelongstruggleisjustastrugglebetweenonerulinggroupintheslave-owningclassandanotherrulinggrouptochangethewayofgovernance,althoughithasimprovedtheslaverycountryoveraperiodoftimeThesituationledtothefurtherdevelopmentoftheslaveryeconomy,butitwasstillonlytheslaveownerclasswhobenefited,anditdidnotaffectthedestinyoftheslaveclassatthattime.Secondly,hislife'ssuccessshouldmainlybeattributedtohiscoincidenceinacountryliketheRomanRepublic.Insuchahistoricalera,amomentofturmoilandchancemakehimunconsciouslycompletethecausethathistorywantshimtocomplete.HereHispersonalqualitiessuchasperseverance,wit,boldness,sleekness,etc.,onlyplayedaverylimitedroleinit,soitisnotappropriatetopraiseCaesartoomuch.AstherevolutionaryteacherEngelssaid:"IthappensthatNapoleon,aCorsican,becamethemilitarydictatoroftheFrenchRepublicexhaustedbythewar.Thisisanaccidentalphenomenon.ButiftherewasneversuchamanasNapoleon.,Thenhisrolewillbeplayedbyanotherperson.Thiscanbeprovedbythefollowingfacts,thatis,wheneverthereisaneedforsuchaperson,hewillappear:suchasCaesar,Augustus,CroweRemwell,etc."

Onthecontrary,somepeopletriedtheirbesttocriticizeCaesar,sayingthathesuppressedthedemocraticmovement,cancelledhisguildorganization,andrestoredItaliantariffs.Reducingtheshareofrationsdistributedtothepoor,etc.,issaidtobebetrayingthecivilians.Thesecensuresareoftentheresultofanover-modernizedinterpretationoftheso-called"civilian","democraticmovement"andothertermsinRomeatthattime.Ananalysisoftheso-calledcivilianswhogatheredinRomeinthelastyearsoftheRepublic,theircomposition,theirpoliticalroleandeconomicstatus,etc.isarelativelycomplicatedtask,anditisnottheworktobedonehere,butatleastitiscertain.Saidthattheyaredefinitelynotthekindofindustrialproletariatoftheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.

MarxquotedSismondi’sfamousquoteintheprefaceofthesecondeditionofthesecondeditionof"LouisBonaparte’sEighteenthDayoftheFog"-"TheRomanproletariatdependsonsocietyforitslivelihood,modernsocietyRelyontheproletariattolive"-thisisthemostpertinentconclusionaboutthem.InthefirsttwocenturiesBC,theyneverproducedarepresentativeoftheirowninpolitics,andneverputforwardtheirownsetofpoliticalprograms.Theyhavealwaysbeenthetoolsofvariouspoliticalactivists.Justaswecannotregardthemasthemodernproletariat,wemustneverregardCaesarasafigurelikeLouisNapoleonorevenThiers.Caesarwashere,buthedidnothingmoreorlesswhatotheractivistsdidatthetime.Themosttoblameisthatheusedthematfirstandthenleftthem.Andleavingthem,orevenharmingthem,wassomethingthatwasunavoidableoncethedemocraticactivisttookpowerwithoutasking.Inparticular,Caesar,aslongashebrieflycitedtheworkhewasdedicatedto,wecanknowthatthisistheinevitableresultofhiswork.Thenomadicclassinthecapitalhaslongbecomeaheavyburdenonthecountry.ToreducethesearchfortheprovincesandreducetheprivilegesofthecityofRome,ithastotakemeasuresthataredetrimentaltothesenomads,suchasthefreerationsgiventocitizens.Oneexampleisthesuddendropfrom120,000copiesto150,000copies.Thisisanexampleofseverelyrestrictingthisprivilege,whichhasalwaysbeenregardedasacitizen'sentitlement,intorealsocialrelief.Moreover,afterastrongpersonalrulewasestablished,thecitizenassemblylostevenitsroleasarubberstamp,andthepoliticalstatusofthevagrantclasscametoanend.Therewasnoneedtoexhaustallthetreasurytopleasethem.Thiswaslogical.Developmentisalsotheinevitableresultofthetransitionfromarepublictoanempire.AlthoughtherearemanythingsthatcanbediscussedaboutwhatCaesardidinhislife,itispreciselynotthisaspect.

Inadditiontomilitaryandpoliticaldeeds,Caesarsalsoinventedasecurecommunicationmethod.Theprincipleistomoveeachletterintheletterdownthreepositions,soastorealizethefunctionofhidingtheinformationinthearticle.Whentherecipientreceivestheciphertext,theymoveeachletterintheletterforwardbythreedigits,sothatthearticlecanbereadagain.Althoughthisconcealmentmethod(thetechnicaltermisencryptionmethod)hasnosecurityatallintoday'shigh-techsociety,itwasalreadyanimprovementatthattime.Evenso,peoplewhohavenotbeenexposedtotheconceptofencryptiontodaycanalsobeignorantofciphertexts.Thisdeedisknownandrespectedbymostpeoplewhoareengagedincomputerscience,becausethisencryptionprincipleisusedinmanyfields,butitismorecomplicated.WhetherthisencryptionprinciplewasinventedbyCaesar,Iamafraidwewillnotknow,butinhumanhistory,heisstillthefirstpersontouseencryption.

Tosumup,hewasanoutstandingmilitarycommanderandpoliticianattheendoftheRomanRepublic.