Introduction
Computerisamodernintelligentelectronicdevicewithdatastorage,modificationfunctions,andcalculationofrelatedlogicanddata.Asanelectronicdeviceintegratingnetwork,computing,mediaandothertechnologies.
Computertechnologyreferstothetechnicalmethodsandtechnicalmeansusedinthecomputerfield,orreferstoitshardwaretechnology,softwaretechnology,andapplicationtechnology.Computertechnologyhasobviouscomprehensivecharacteristics.Itiscloselyintegratedwithelectronicengineering,appliedphysics,mechanicalengineering,moderncommunicationtechnologyandmathematics,andhasdevelopedrapidly.
Thefirstgeneral-purposeelectroniccomputerENIACwasbasedonradarpulsetechnology,nuclearphysicselectroniccountingtechnology,andcommunicationtechnologyatthattime.Electronictechnology,especiallythedevelopmentofmicroelectronicstechnology,hasamajorimpactoncomputertechnology,andthetwopenetrateeachotherandarecloselyintegrated.Achievementsinappliedphysicsprovideconditionsforthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology:vacuumelectronictechnology,magneticrecordingtechnology,opticsandlasertechnology,superconductingtechnology,opticalfibertechnology,thermalandphotosensitivetechnology,etc.,arewidelyusedincomputers.
Mechanicalengineeringtechnology,especiallyprecisionmachineryanditsprocessandmeasurementtechnology,arethetechnicalpillarsofcomputerperipherals.Withtheadvancementofcomputertechnologyandcommunicationtechnology,aswellastheincreasingdemandsofthesocietytoconnectcomputersintonetworkstorealizeresourcesharing,computertechnologyandcommunicationtechnologyhavealsobeencloselyintegratedandwillbecomethestrongmaterialandtechnologicalfoundationofsociety.
Discretemathematics,algorithmtheory,languagetheory,cybernetics,informationtheory,automata,etc.provideanimportanttheoreticalbasisforthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology.Computertechnologyisproducedanddevelopedonthebasisofmanydisciplinesandindustrialtechnologies,andiswidelyusedinalmostallfieldsofscienceandtechnologyandnationaleconomy.
SystemTechnology
Thetechnologyusedbythecomputerasacompletesystem.Mainlyincludesystemstructuretechnology,systemmanagementtechnology,systemmaintenancetechnologyandsystemapplicationtechnology.
Systemstructuretechnology
Itsfunctionistoenablethecomputersystemtoobtainagoodproblem-solvingefficiencyandareasonableprice-performanceratio.Theadvancementofelectronicdevices,theadvancementofmicroprogrammingandsolid-stateengineeringtechnology,thedevelopmentofvirtualmemorytechnology,operatingsystemsandprogramminglanguages,etc.,allhaveasignificantimpactonthestructureandtechnologyofcomputersystems.Ithasbecomeaclosecombinationofcomputerhardware,firmware,andsoftware,andinvolvesmultidisciplinarytechnologiessuchaselectricalengineering,microelectronicsengineering,andcomputersciencetheory.
Systemmanagementtechnology
Computersystemmanagementautomationisrealizedbytheoperatingsystem.Thebasicpurposeoftheoperatingsystemistomakethemosteffectiveuseofthecomputer'ssoftwareandhardwareresourcestoimprovethemachine'sthroughput,time-efficiencyforsolvingproblems,tofacilitateoperationanduse,toimprovethereliabilityofthesystem,andtoreducethecostofarithmetic.
Systemmaintenancetechnology
Thetechnologyofcomputersystemtorealizeautomaticmaintenanceanddiagnosis.Themainsoftwareforimplementingmaintenanceanddiagnosisautomationisthefunctioncheckprogramandtheautomaticdiagnosisprogram.Thefunctioncheckprogramaimsatallthemicro-functionsofthevariouscomponentsofthecomputersystem.Itusesstrictdatagraphicsoractionretriestoconductexaminationtestsandcomparethecorrectnessoftheresultstodeterminewhetherthecomponentsareworkingproperly.
Systemapplicationtechnology
Theapplicationofcomputersystemsisveryextensive.Programmingautomationandsoftwareengineeringtechnologyaretwoaspectsthataregenerallyrelatedtoapplications.Programdesignautomation,thatis,theuseofcomputerstoautomaticallydesignprograms,isanecessaryconditionforthepromotionofcomputers.Earlycomputersreliedonmanualprogrammingwithmachineinstructions,whichwastime-consumingandlabor-intensive,error-prone,anddifficulttoread,debugandmodify.
DeviceTechnology
Electronicdevicesarethematerialbasisofcomputersystems.Themostbasiccircuitsofcomputercomplexlogicare"ANDgates","ORgates"and"inverters".Thehigher-levelcircuitsformedbythishavetwotypes:"combinationlogic"and"sequentiallogic".Theselogicsareimplementedbyelectronicdevices,andthetechnologicalchangesinelectronicdevicesareusuallyusedasasignofcomputergeneration.Computerdevicetechnology,fromvacuumelectronicdevicesinthe1950stoultra-large-scaleintegratedcircuitsinthe1980s,hasundergoneseveralmajordevelopmentstages,increasingtheassemblydensityofthemachinebyabout4ordersofmagnitude,increasingthespeedbyabout5-6ordersofmagnitude,andimprovingreliability.About4ordersofmagnitude(comparedwiththedevicefailurerate),thepowerconsumptionisreducedbyabout3to4ordersofmagnitude(withasingle"gate"astheunitofcomparison),andthepriceisreducedbyabout4to5ordersofmagnitude(withasingle"gate"asthecomparisonunit)unit).Theadvancementofdevicetechnologyhasgreatlyimprovedthecost-performanceratioofcomputersystems.
ComponentTechnology
Thecomputersystemiscomposedofalargenumberandvarietyofcomponents.Thetechnicalcontentofvariouscomponentsisveryrich,mainlyincludingoperationandcontroltechnology,informationstoragetechnologyandinformationinputandoutputtechnology.
①Computerandcontroltechnology
Computer'scomputingandlogicfunctionsaremainlycomposedofcentralprocessingunit,mainmemory,channelorI/Oprocessor,andvariousexternaldevicecontrollercomponentsAchieved.Thecentralprocessingunitisatthecore.Theresearchresultsofarithmeticalgorithmsplayanimportantroleinacceleratingthefourarithmeticoperations,especiallythemultiplicationanddivisionoperations.Asthepriceofdevicesdecreases,thelogicmethodgreatlyshortensthetimeofcarryandshift.
Theapplicationoftechnologysuchasinstructionoverlap,instructionparallelism,pipelineoperation,andcachememorycanincreasethecomputingspeedofthecentralprocessingunit.Theapplicationofmicroprogramtechnologyhasmadetheoriginallymessyanddifficult-to-changerandomcontrollogicflexibleandregular.Itappliestheconceptofprogrammingtotherealizationprocessofmachineinstructions,whichisamajorimprovementinthedesignmethodofcontrollogic,butDuetospeedlimitations,itismostlyusedinmediumandsmallcomputers,channelsandexternalequipmentcomponentcontrollers.Variouscontrolsofearlycomputerswereconcentratedontheprocessor,whichmadethesystemveryinefficient.
Theproductionofmulti-programsandtime-sharingsystemtechnologyandthefunctionalandtechnicaldevelopmentofvariousmemoryandinputandoutputcomponentshavemadethemanagementmethodandtransmissionofinternalinformationincomputersystemsanimportantissue,andcomputercontrolFromcentralizedtodistributed,memorycontroltechnologyandchannel,externaldevicecomponentcontroltechnology,etc.appeared.
②Informationstoragetechnology
Storagetechnologyenablescomputerstostoreextremelylargeamountsofdataandprogramsinthesystemtoachievehigh-speedprocessing.Duetothesharpcontradictionbetweenthecapacity,speed,andpriceofstoragemeans,thememoryhastoadoptahierarchicalsystemtoformahierarchicalstructureofthememory.Memory)andlarge-capacityexternalmemory,etc.Themainmemoryisthecoreofthestoragesystemanddirectlyparticipatesintheinternaloperationsoftheprocessor.Therefore,itshouldhaveaworkingspeedandalargeenoughcapacitycompatiblewiththeprocessor.Althoughavarietyofstoragemethodsbasedondifferentphysicalprincipleshaveappearedsincethe1950s,noneofthemhaveachievedidealresults.Inthemid-1950s,ferritecorememorycameout,andithasbeenusedfor20years.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1970sthatMOSmemorytechnologywasgraduallyeliminatedaftertheriseofMOSmemorytechnology.
MOSmemoryhasgreatadvantagesintermsofspeed,price,powerconsumption,reliabilityandprocessperformance,andisanidealmethodformainmemory.Theworkingspeedofthemainmemoryhasnotbeenabletokeepupwiththeprocessor,generally5to10timesslower.Inordertogivefullplaytothepotentialoftheprocessor,therehasbeenacachememory.Thecachememoryisusuallycomposedofabipolardevicesimilartotheprocessortomatchthespeedofthetwo,butduetothehighprice,thecapacityisgenerallyonlyafewpercentofthemainmemory.
Thehugeamountofcomputerdataisstoredinslowerspeedandlowerpriceexternalmemory.Externalmemorymainlyincludesdiskdrivesandtapedrives.Thehierarchicalstructureofmemoryrelativelyeasesthecontradictionbetweenspeed,capacity,andprice,butitbringsdifficultiestousersinschedulingstoragespace.Forthisreason,thecachespaceisgenerallyautomaticallyscheduledbyhardwaretomakeittransparenttousers;thevirtualstoragemethod(seevirtualmemory)isusedtoimplementautomaticschedulingbetweenmainmemoryandexternalmemorywiththesupportofoperatingsystemsoftware.
③Informationinputandoutputtechnology
Inputandoutputdevicesarethemeansbywhichcomputerssendindataandprogramsandsendoutprocessingresults.Thebasicinputmethodisbasedonpunchedcardorpapertapeasthecarrier,andthedataandprogramsaresenttothecomputerthroughthecardorpapertapeinputmachine.Thekeyedfloppydiskdatainputmethod(ie,datainputstation)thatappearedintheearly1970shasgraduallybecomepopular.Opticaltextreadersthatdirectlyreadprinted(orhandwritten)textsanddataintocomputershavebeenrealized,andthetechnologyofdirectlyinputtingvoiceimagesintocomputershasalsoachievedcertainresults.
Intermsofoutput,themostcommonarevariousprintersbasedonpercussiontechnology,butthespeedislimitedbymechanicalmovement.Theoutputdeviceofnon-percussiontechnologycansignificantlyincreasethespeed.Therearemainlyelectrostaticprintersthatdirectlyapplyvoltagetothedielectric-coatedpapertoobtainelectrostaticlatentimages;laserelectrostaticprintersthatformelectrostaticlatentimagesbylaserscanningonthephotoconductordrum;Inkjetprintersthatuseinkjetfogdotstobechargedanddeflectedbyelectrodestoformcharacters.Asalightoutputmethod,thermalprintersthatusetheprincipleofthermalpaperdiscolorationwhenheatedaremorepopular.Theoutputofman-machinedialogueismostlyterminalequipmentthatusesapicturetubeforimageandtextdisplay.Computerinputandoutputtechnologyisdevelopingtowardsintelligence.
Assemblytechnology
Assemblytechnologyiscloselyrelatedtothereliabilityofthecomputersystem,theconvenienceofmaintenanceanddebugging,theproductiontechnologyandthedelayofinformationtransmission.Thereliabilityofcomputerelectronicdevicesdecreaseswiththeincreaseofenvironmentaltemperatureandhumidity,andtheaccumulationofdustmaycauseshortcircuitoropencircuitoftheplug-inorbottomplate.Therefore,refrigerationandairconditioningareimportantissuesthatneedtobesolvedinassemblytechnology.Commonlyusedmethodsare:directcoolingmethodofintroducingliquidfreonintotheplug-incoolingfin;watercoolingmethodofusingfreontocoolthewaterandthenintroducingcoldwaterintotheplug-incoolingfin;usingfreontocooltheair,andthensendingthecoldairintothemachineTheforcedair-coolingmethodofthewarehouse,etc.Thefirsttwoprocessstructuresaremorecomplicated,soaircoolingisoftenused.Anotherproblemthattheassemblytechnologyneedstosolveistoincreasetheassemblydensity.Afterthecomputerdeviceentersthesub-nanosecondlevel,thesignaldelaygeneratedbyafewcentimetersofwiresisenoughtoaffectthenormaloperationofthemachine,makingtheproblemofassemblydensitymoreprominent.Thetransformationofcomputerelectronicdeviceshasagreatimpactonassemblytechnology.Theadvancementofassemblytechnologyhasalwaysbeencoordinatedwiththereplacementofcomputers,andhascontinuedtodeveloptowardsminiaturizationandminiaturization.Intheelectrontubeperiod,a"door"wasaplug-inunit,whichwasmadebybrazingnailsandwires.Transistorsincreasetheassemblydensitybyanorderofmagnitude.Eachplug-inunitcancontainseveral"gates",andsingle-sidedordouble-sidedprintedboardsareusedforassembly.Theintegratedcircuitabsorbsthepastplug-insintothedevice,andatthesametimeadoptsthemulti-layerprintedplug-inboardandthebottomplate,aswellasthewindingconnectionprocess,whichgreatlyimprovestheassemblydensity.Theapplicationoflarge-scaleandverylarge-scaleintegratedcircuitgatearrayshasenabledtheminiaturizationofassembly.Thetypicalmethodistosolderthebarechipoftheintegratedcircuitonmorethan30layersofceramicchipstoformamodule,andthensolderthemoduleonmorethantenlayersOntheprintedboard.
Developmenttrend
OnFebruary14,1946,thefirstelectroniccomputerinhistorywasbornattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.ThenameisKenyaK.Thiscomputerisformissiles.Theballisticcalculationisdesigned.Inthe1950s,duetothehighcostofcomputers,themainservicetargetsofcomputersweremilitarydepartments,includingmissilecalculationsandmilitary-relatedspacecalculations.Withthegradualreductionofcomputercosts,inthe1960sand1980s,inadditiontomilitaryapplications,manygovernmentdepartmentsandlargescientificresearchinstitutions,andevensomerelativelypowerfulcorporatedepartmentsbegantousecomputersformanagement.ThebirthofIntel'sfour-bitCPUmicroprocessorpromotedthefurtherdevelopmentandpromotionofcomputers.In1982,thefirstpersonalcomputerwasborn.Thedevelopmentofpersonalcomputershasledtoarapiddeclineinthecostoftheentirecomputer.Computershavealsobeentransferredfromamilitarydepartmentandpowerfulscientificresearchorenterprisedepartmenttoordinarysmallcompaniesandhouseholds.Sincethe1990s,manycompaniesandhouseholdshavealsousedcomputers.Atthesametime,computersarebecomingpolarized:ontheonehand,theyaredevelopingtowardmicro,small,andcheaptoenterthefamily;ontheother,theyaredevelopingtowardhigher,difficult,andlarge,andtheyarestillusedinmilitary,scienceandtechnology.
Computertechnologyisfacingaseriesofnewmajorchanges.ThesimplehardwareandspecializedlogicoftheNeumannsystemcannolongeradapttothetrendofincreasinglycomplexsoftwareandincreasinglycomplexandlargesubjects.Itisrequiredtocreateanewsystemthatobeystheneedsofsoftwareandthenaturallogicofthesubject.Parallel,Lenovo,special-purposefunctionalization,andthecombinationofhardware,firmware,andsoftwareareimportantimplementationmethodsofthenewsystem.Computerswilltransitionfrominformationprocessinganddataprocessingtoknowledgeprocessing,andtheknowledgebasewillreplacethedatabase.Human-machineconversationsinnaturallanguage,patterns,images,handwriting,etc.willbethemainformsofinputandoutput,bringingthehuman-machinerelationshiptoanadvancedlevel.GaAsdeviceswillreplacesilicondevices.
Method
Beforelearningthecomputer,firsteliminatethetensiononthecomputer.Infact,itisveryeasytolearnthecomputer.Thecomputerisnotamystery.Itisjustatool.TheinternalworkingsofthecomputerTheprincipleisverycomplicated,butyoudon’tneedtounderstandthoseprofoundprinciples,justknowhowtouseit.Theuseofacomputerisrelativelysimple,anditisnodifferentfromusingaTVoravideorecorder.UsetheremotecontroltoselectaTVchannel,andtheprogramofthechannelisjustfine.AppearsontheTVscreen.Similarly,aslongasyougivethecomputersomeinstructions,itwillworkasrequired.Secondly,don’tbeintimidatedbythecomputer’s"advanced"vocabulary,suchas"Windows","Mouse","ControlPanel">>.Theyarejustthenamesofsomepartsandfiles,anddonotneedtounderstandtheirmeaningdeeply.
Again,oneshouldunderstandalittleaboutthecompositionanddevelopmentofcomputerknowledge.Computerknowledgeisdividedintohardwareknowledgeandsoftwareknowledge,andhardwareknowledge,suchascomputercompositionprinciples,hardwareassembly,electricalengineeringandelectronics.Etc.,theknowledgeofthesoftwarepart,suchastheuseofoperatingsystem(win-dows),theuseoflanguageprograms,theuseofofficesoftware,generalnon-computerprofessionalusersonlyneedtomastertheknowledgeofthesoftwarepartfirst,andtheyshouldbefamiliarwiththisknowledgeAfterthat,youwillnaturallybeabletograspotherknowledgeofcomputersfromtheoutsidetotheinside.
Commonknowledge
1.Basiccomputerknowledge:abletousethekeyboardandtouchChineseandEnglishcharactersproficiently;
2,Windows;proficientinusingtheoperatingsystemKnowledge;
3.Officesoftwareapplications:proficientlyhandledailywork,tabulation,dataprocessingandoutput;
4,databaseapplications:usedatabaselanguagefordailyworkondataProgrammingiscompletedbythecomputerinbatches;
5.Graphicsandimageprocessing:softwareforgraphicsandimageprocessing;
6.Installation,debuggingandmaintenance:assemblingthecomputer,understandingthefunctionsofeachpart.
Learningmethod
Thedevelopmentandupdatingofsoftwareknowledgeisveryfast.Forexample,theoperatingsystemsoftwarehasbeenupdatedwithmultipleversionsfromDOS2.0in1988toWindows10.Infact,theupdateofcomputerknowledgeisnotacompletechange.Itisonlytheexpansionandimprovementoftheoriginalfunctions,sothatthecomputerisdevelopedtobeintelligent,closertopeople,masteredthesoftwareandmasteredtheupdatedsoftware,andusedthenewlyexpandedfunctions.,Iwillknowmoreaboutcomputers.Ihavealreadylearnedsomeaboutcomputersbeforelearningaboutcomputers.It’stimetoputasidethenervousnessaboutcomputersandtalkaboutcomputerlearningmethodsinarelaxedmood.
Traditionalmethod,stepbystep
Accordingtotheclassificationofcomputerknowledgejustnow,learnthebasicsofcomputerstepbystep,learntheelementaryandintermediatelevel,andthenlearnOtherbranchesofthecomputer.Thiskindoflearningmaynotbeeffectiveatthebeginning,butlateryouwillfeelthatyouhaveamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofcomputersanditwillbeeasiertolearnothercomputersoftware.Thatistosay,throughtheaccumulationofknowledge,theunderstandingofcomputerknowledgeisstrengthened.Afterlearningtoacertainextent,whenyouhaveanunderstandingofallaspectsofcomputerknowledge,youwillfeelthatcomputersarenothingmorethanthat.
Learnwhatyouneed
Ifyouneedacertainaspectofcomputerknowledgeforyourwork,youcanstarttolearnthisaspectofcomputerknowledge,don’tworryaboutnotknowingcomputersOtheraspectsofknowledge,throughcarefulstudyoftherequiredcomputerknowledge,youcanalsolearncomputerwell,directlyapplytowork,assistinwork,andmakebetterresults.Thisishowcomputerknowledgecanbelearnedseparately.Whenyouarefamiliarwiththisaspectofknowledge,youcanlearnanotheraspectofcomputerknowledge,thatis,learnfromonetotheother,andyoucanalsomastercomputerscompletelyandthoroughly.Thecomputerisatoolthatassistsworkandlife.Learnwhatyouneed.Thisisenough.
Getonthecomputermoreandgetmorehands-on
Thekeytolearningacomputerwellisto"getonthecomputer".Onlywhentheacquiredcomputerknowledgeisapplied,willIhaveabetterunderstandingofthevarioustemperamentsofcomputers.Generallyspeaking,thebesttimeratiobetweencomputerandstudyis3:1.Youstudyforonehourandworkonthecomputerforthreehours.Theeffectiscompletelydifferentfromstudyingforonehourwithoutusingthecomputer.Manyproblemswillbefoundintheprocessofgettingonthemachine,andyoucanimproveityourself.Theimportanceofgettingonthecomputerisalsoreflectedintheneedtouseitwhenlearningacomputer,evenifyoudon’tknowanythingaboutthecomputer,justturnitonandfollowtheinstructionsonthebooktodirectlyoperateit,youcanmasteritanduseitinafewminutesNS.
Inshort,choosealearningmethodaccordingtoyourneeds.Ifyouoperatethecomputerfrequently,youwilllearnthecomputerquickly,andthecomputerwillbecomeagoodhelper.
Traininggoals
Thismajorcultivatesthecomprehensivedevelopmentofmorality,intelligence,andphysicalfitness,hasbasictheoreticalknowledgeofcomputerapplicationtechnology,hasthemaintenanceandrepairofcomputersandrelatedequipment,industryapplicationsoftware,High-leveltechnicalappliedtalentswithapplicationabilityandoperationalabilitysuchasplaneimageprocessing,advertisingdesignandproduction,animationproduction,computernetworkandwebsiteconstructionandmanagement,databasemanagementandmaintenance.
Maincourses
Computerapplicationfoundation,computerassemblyandmaintenance,VisualBasiclanguage,professionalEnglish,computergraphicandanimationdesign,computernetworkfoundationandlocalareanetworkconstructionandmanagement,databaseDevelopmentandapplication,advertisingdesignandproduction,websiteconstructionandwebdesign,multimediadesignandproduction.
Employmentdirection
Graduatesaremainlyforbanks,securities,transportationsystemunits,transportationinformationande-governmentconstructionandapplicationdepartments,variouscomputerspecializedcompanies,andadvertisingdesignandproductionCompanies,automotivemarketingandtechnicalservices,etc.areengagedinITindustrywork.