Biological Engineering

Developmenthistory

China'sbioengineeringindustrybeganintheearly20thcentury.TheCentralEpidemicPreventionDepartmentwasestablishedin1919.ThiswasChina'sfirstbioengineeringresearchinstitute.Itwasverysmall,withonlyvacciniaandrabiesvaccines.Severaldeadbacteriavaccines,toxoidsandserumwereallcrudeproducts.AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theInstituteofBiologicalProductswasestablishedsuccessivelyinBeijing,Shanghai,Wuhan,Chengdu,ChangchunandLanzhou,andtheCentral(nowChina)BiologicalProductsInspectionInstitutewasestablished,whichimplementsthestate’squalitycontrolandsupervisionofbiologicalproducts.Distributebacterialstrainsandstandardproducts.Later,theInstituteofMedicalBiologyoftheChineseAcademyofMedicalScienceswasestablishedinKunmingtoproduceandresearchpoliovaccines.Biologicalproductsnowhaveahugeproductionandresearchteam,whichhasbecomeacenterforappliedresearchinimmunologyandscientificandtechnologicalguidanceforplannedimmunization.TangFeifanprovedthatthepathogenoftrachomaisnotavirusin1957,andhehasmadegreatcontributionstoChina'sbiologicalproductsindustry.

Inthecontrolanderadicationofinfectiousdiseases,vaccinationandpreventionofbiologicalproductshavesignificanteffects,andtheyhavethebestbenefitsintermsofpublichealthmeasures.Thisisnotonlyacountryorregion,butalsoaworldwidemeasure.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)issuedadeclarationin1966,proposingtheglobaleliminationofsmallpoxwithin10years,andin1980itofficiallyannouncedthatsmallpoxwouldbeeliminatedontheearth.In1978,theWHOmadetheExpandedImmunizationProgram(EPI)withthepurposeofimmunizingchildrenaroundtheworld.EPIusesfourvaccinestopreventsixdiseases,namely,BCGvaccinetopreventtuberculosis;livemeaslesvaccinetopreventmeasles;poliovaccinetopreventpolio;Diphtheriatriplettopreventpertussis,diphtheriaandtetanus,startingfromchildreninaplannedway.Immunizeallchildrenoftheworld.In1981,ChinarespondedtotheWHO'scalltoimplementplannedimmunizationandusedfourdomesticvaccinestopreventsixdiseasesasrequired.In1988,thevaccinationcoverageratereached85%onaprovincialbasis.In1990,withthecountyasaunit,childrenreached85%vaccinationcoverage.Theincreaseinthevarietyofdiagnosticpreparationsandtheimprovementofmethodshavepromotedtheimprovementoftheleveloftestdiagnosis;ithasnowbeenappliedtoseroepidemiologyanddiseasemonitoring.Chinahasproducedbloodpreparationsformorethan30years,andthevarietiesareincreasingyearbyyear.

Withthedevelopmentofmicrobiology,immunology,molecularbiologyandotherdisciplines,researchonbioengineeringhaschangedthetraditionalconcept.Microbialstructure,growthandreproduction,infectiousgenes,etc.,havealsobeenanalyzedatthemolecularlevel,andantigenicdeterminantsinproteinscannowbeidentified,andtheycanbeseparatedandextracted,andpeptidevaccinescanbeartificiallysynthesized.Wehaveabetterunderstandingofthegeneticgenesofmicroorganisms.Artificialmethodscanbeusedtocarryoutgeneticrecombinationtorecombinetherequiredantigengenesintoharmlessandeasy-to-cultivablemicroorganisms,modifytheirgeneticcharacteristics,andproducetherequiredantigensduringthecultureprocess.Thisistheso-calledgeneticengineering,fromwhichsomenewvaccinescanbedeveloped.Inthelate1970s,hybridomatechnologyemerged.Byusingpassagedtumorcellstohybridizewithspleencellsthatcanproduceantibodies,ahybridomacellthatcanbebothpassagedandsecretedcanbeobtained.Theantibodiesproducedarecalledmonoclonalantibodies.Onetechnologybelongstocellengineering.Thesemonoclonalantibodiescanbewidelyusedindiagnosticreagents,andsomecanalsobeusedintherapy.Therapidadvancementofsciencehasmadebiologicalproductsnolongerlimitedtotheprevention,treatmentanddiagnosisofinfectiousdiseases,butexpandedtothefieldofnon-communicablediseases,suchascardiovasculardiseases,tumors,etc.,andevenbrokethroughthecategoryofimmuneproducts.

(bioengineering;bion)

In1994,ZengBangzheproposedtheconceptofsystemsbioengineering(ZengBJ,ChineseAcademyofSciences),basedonthebioengineeringtechnologyofsystemsbiology(includingsyntheticbiologydevelopmentcellcomputer,Bioreactorandbioenergytechnology,etc.)hasbecomethefrontiertechnologyofthe21stcentury.

Bioengineeringincludesfivemajorprojects,namelygeneticengineering(geneticengineering),cellengineering,microbialengineering(fermentationengineering),enzymeengineering(biochemicalengineering)andbioreactorengineering.Inthesefiveareas,thefirsttwofunctionsaretouseconventionalbacteria(oranimalandplantcellstrains)asspecificgeneticmaterialreceptors,sothattheycanobtainforeigngenesandbecomeanewspeciesthatcanexpressultra-distanttraits-"engineeredbacteria"Or"engineeredcellline".Theroleofthelatterthreeistocreategoodgrowthandreproductionconditionsforthisnewspecieswithgreatpotentialvalue,andcarryoutlarge-scalecultivationtogivefullplaytoitsinherentpotentialandprovidepeoplewithhugeeconomicandsocialbenefits.

Theapplicationfieldsofbioengineeringareveryextensive,includingagriculture,industry,medicine,pharmacology,energy,environmentalprotection,metallurgy,chemicalrawmaterials,animalsandplants,purification,etc.Itwillhaveahugeimpactonthepolitics,economy,militaryandlifeofhumansociety,andwillprovideabrightprospectforthesolutionoftheproblemsofresources,environmentandhumanhealthfacedbytheworld.

December28,2012,thecrystalstructureofthepresenilinhomologousproteinPSH.

OnOctober3,2015,urineproteinwiththestrongestanti-epidemiceffectinDNA,urineprotein+1,urineprotein+2,urineprotein+3,DNAmethylationpatternsandepigeneticmemory,Preciousconch,etc.Applicationcasesarewritteninthemedicalandhealthfieldssuchasdeoxyribonucleicacid,sanitationandepidemicprevention.

Maincourses

Advancedmathematics,linearalgebra,inorganicchemistryandchemicalanalysis,planttissueculturetechnology,organicchemistry,biochemistry,chemicalengineeringprinciples,physicalchemistry,chemicalengineering,biochemicalengineering,BioseparationEngineering,Microbiology,CellBiology,Genetics,EmbryoEngineering,MolecularBiology,GeneticEngineering,CellEngineering,ProteinEngineering,MicrobialEngineering,DownstreamBioengineeringTechnology,FermentationEngineeringEquipment,ProbabilityTheoryandMathematicalStatistics,BiologyStatistics,immunology,animalphysiology,ecology,biopharmaceuticsandpharmacokinetics,biopharmaceuticalengineering,bioseparationengineering,pharmaceuticalanalysis,instrumentanalysis,etc.

TeachingPractice

Militarytraining,productionpractice,chemicalengineeringprinciplecoursedesign,processexperiment,professionalcoursedesign,graduationpractice,graduationhomework,etc.,atotalof35arrangementsAboutweeks.

Similarmajors

Biologicalsciences,genetics,biotechnology,bioinformatics,bioinformatics,biosciencesandbiotechnology,animalandplantquarantine,biochemistryandmolecularbiology,Medicalinformatics,plantbiotechnology,animalbiotechnology,biosafety,computationalbiology,chemicalbiology,syntheticbiology,biomedicalengineering,biopharmaceuticals,fermentationengineering,cellbiology,developmentalbiology,microbiology,microbiologyandBiochemicalpharmacy,biochemicalindustry

Professionaltraining

Objectives

Masterthebasictheoriessuchasthescientificprinciplesofbiotechnologyanditsindustrialization,technologicalprocessandengineeringdesign,Basicskills,engineeringtalentswhocanengageindesignandproductionmanagement,newtechnologyresearch,andnewproductdevelopmentinthefieldofbiotechnologyandengineering.

Requirements

Studentsofthismajormainlystudythebasictheoriesandbasicknowledgeofmicrobiology,biochemistry,chemicalengineering,fermentationengineering,etc.,andaresubjecttobiologicalcellcultureandbreeding,biotechnologyBasictraininginengineeringandengineering,withthebasicabilitytoengageindesign,production,management,newtechnologyresearch,andnewproductdevelopmentinthefieldofbiotechnologyandengineering.

Professionalanalysis

Advantages

Highsocialrecognition,highexpectationsforthismajor

Wideknowledgeandstrongbiologicalfoundation,Theengineeringknowledgeissolid,andthetwoareorganicallycombined

Withasolidfoundationandawiderangeofapplications,itcanbeeasilytransferredtothedirectionofbiologicalsciencesorotherrelatedapplications,suchasfoodscience,pharmaceuticalscience

Strongrationalthinking,goodatanalyzingandsolvingproblems;focusingonhands-onability,canconductindependentprojectexperiments,andsubmitprofessionalpapers

Therateofpostgraduateandpostgraduateentranceexaminationisverylarge,andmanystudentshavetheopportunitytogoabroadtocontinuetheirstudies

Begoodatinterpretingandanalyzingdata,cankeenlyobtainvaluableinformationfromreading,andusebiologicalanalysisdatatodrawconclusions.

Indailylife,Ihaveuniqueinsightsintohealthcareandotheraspects

Disadvantages

Thesettingofprofessionalcoursesisnotverymature,andtheschoolsareuneven,andsomeschoolsdonotPossessthecorrespondingteachingconditions

Thedepthofthebiologicalscienceprofessionalcoursesandtheengineeringknowledgeislimited

Therearemanysubjectsrequiredandheavyclasswork.Ifyouwanttolearnwell,youmustinvestalotofenergy,soThesparetimeisnotenough

Thejobprospectsforundergraduategraduationarenotveryclear,andtherelevantemploymentfieldsrequireahigherdegree.

Opportunities

Cultivatehigh-levelscientificresearchandtechnicaltalents.Theproportionofstudentsgoingabroadislarge,andthemajorfamousuniversitiespaygreatattentiontotheirdevelopment

Theapplicationofmajorsiswide,anditiseasytotransfertomajors.Youcanfurtherstudythelifesciencesoftheupstreamandthepracticalengineeringdisciplinesofthedownstream.Awiderangeofemploymentfields,suchaspharmaceuticals,food,scientificresearch,ortechnologydevelopment,etc.

Linkingadvancedandhigh-endlifesciencesandapplicationsisaverypopularprofessionwithverypromisingprospects

Challenges

Relativelyspeaking,highereducationisrequiredformajors,anditisrelativelydifficulttofindjobsaftergraduation.Forthisreason,manystudentsfurtherstudy,andthosewhoareemployedgenerallyengageinlower-leveltechnicaljobsorsimplygiveuptheirmajorsandswitchcareers.

Ifyouareaspiringtoengageinrelatedscientificresearch,youneedtocultivateasolidspiritofresearchandexploration,andpayattentiontoexerciseyourhands-onability,andfurtherstudyandstudy,youwilldefinitelybecomeaseniorscientifictalentinthisfield.

WayOut

GoingAbroad

Bioengineeringisacomprehensivecross-developmentdiscipline,andiscloselyintegratedwithapplications.Manyfamousforeignuniversitiespayattentiontoitsdevelopment,soTherearegreatopportunitiesforstudyingabroad,andtherewillbemoreroomfordevelopment.

Youcanturntostudyinglifesciences.Inthisregard,therearemoreadvanceddevelopmentresearchabroad.Well-knownuniversitiesinChinagenerallyhavefriendlyexchangerelationshipswithforeignuniversities,andmanystudentsofthistypeofmajorwillberecommendedtostudyabroad.

Ifyoutransfertoamajorthatiscloselyrelatedtoengineering,suchasfoodfermentation,etc.TheNetherlands,Japanandothercountriesarealsoidealplaces.

Postgraduatestudy

Theproportionofpostgraduatestudyisverylarge.Ifyouwanttomakeadifferenceinthissubjectorwanttoengageinadvancedtechnicalwork,youmuststudyforfurtherstudies.Generally,morethanhalfofthestudentswillchoosePostgraduatestudy

Therearemanyoptionsforpostgraduatestudy,andyoucanswitchtomanyrelatedfields,suchasbiology,pharmacy,food,etc.;thechanceofpostgraduateadmissionisrelativelylarge,andthereisagreatopportunityforschoolsandresearchinstitutestocross-recommend

Ifyouchooselifesciencesforgraduateschool,youwilldevelopinthedirectionofscienceresearch.Generally,youwillalwaysbeengagedinresearchwork,suchascontinuingyourmajororturningtofermentationengineering,pharmaceuticalengineering,foodscience,etc.Employmentprospects.

Lookingforajob

Suitableforthetechnicaldevelopment,engineeringdesign,productionmanagementandproductperformancetestingandanalysisofbiologicalproductsinthepharmaceutical,food,environmentalprotection,commodityinspectionandotherdepartmentsandteachingdepartmentsResearchandteachingwork

Undergraduatesareunlikelytodirectlyengageinscientificresearch.Somegraduatesturntootherindustries,andsomegraduatesengageindownstreamtechnicalworkinrelatedmajors

Employmentinthefieldsofmedicine,food,etc.,theworkcontentisgenerallymonotonoustechnicalwork,andfurtheraccumulationofexperienceandpracticaloperationabilitytrainingarerequired.

Ability

1.Masterthebasictheoriesandbasicknowledgeofmicrobiology,biochemistry,chemicalengineering,fermentationengineeringandotherdisciplines;

2.Masterthebasictechniquesofbiologicalcellcultureandbreeding,biotechnologyandengineering;

3.Havethebasicabilitytoengageindesign,production,management,newtechnologyresearch,andnewproductdevelopmentinthefieldsofbiotechnologyandengineering;

4.Familiarwiththeguidelines,policiesandregulationsrelatedtothebio-industry;

5.Understandthedevelopmenttrendsandapplicationprospectsofthecontemporarybio-industry;

6.Masterthebasicmethodsofdocumentretrievalanddataquery,andhavecertainscientificresearchandpracticalworkingability

Establishingcolleges

ZhejiangProvince:ZhejiangWanliUniversity,ZhejiangUniversity,ZhejiangUniversityofTechnology,ZhejiangUniversityofScienceandTechnology,NingboUniversity,ZhejiangGongshangUniversity,ChinaJiliangUniversity,ZhejiangUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicine,ZhejiangUniversityofScienceandTechnology,HuzhouNormalUniversity,TaizhouUniversity,JiaxingUniversity,ZhejiangShurenUniversity

Beijing:BeijingAirlinesUniversityofAstronautics,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,BeijingForestryUniversity,BeijingInstituteofTechnology,BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology,BeijingTechnologyandBusinessUniversity,BeijingUnionUniversity,CapitalNormalUniversity,BeijingNormalUniversity,BeijingUniversityofTechnology,BeijingUniversityofAgriculture

Tianjin:TianjinUniversity,TianjinUniversityofTechnology,TianjinUniversityofScienceandTechnology,TianjinUniversityofCommerce,TianjinTiensCollege,TianjinAgriculturalCollege

Shanghai:FudanUniversity,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,EastChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ShanghaiUniversity,DonghuaUniversity,ShanghaiUniversityofAppliedSciences

Chongqing:ChongqingUniversity,SouthwestUniversity,ChongqingTechnologyandBusinessUniversity,ChongqingUniversityofTechnology

Hebei:HebeiUniversity,YanshanUniversity,HebeiUniversityofTechnology,HebeiAgriculturalUniversity,HebeiCollegeofTraditionalChineseMedicine,HebeiVocationalandTechnicalCollegeofChemicalMedicine,HebeiUniversityofEconomicsandTrade,HebeiUniversityofScienceandTechnology

Henan:ZhengzhouUniversity,ZhoukouNormalUniversity,PingdingshanInstituteofTechnology,HenanUniversity,HenanNormalUniversity,HenanAgriculturalUniversity,HenanIndustryUniversity,ZhengzhouUniversityofLightIndustry,NanyangNormalUniversity,HenanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ShangqiuNormalUniversity,HenanUniversityofScienceandTechnology

Shandong:QiluUniversityofTechnology,ShandongUniversity,OceanUniversityofChina,QingdaoUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ShandongAgriculturalUniversity,ShandongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,QufuNormalUniversity,ShandongUniversityofTechnology,QingdaoUniversityofScienceandTechnology,LiaochengUniversity,YantaiUniversity,LudongUniversity,QingdaoAgriculturalUniversity,ShandongJianzhuUniversity,HezeCollege,ShandongFirstMedicalUniversity,DongchangCollegeofLiaochengUniversity,DezhouCollege,QiluUniversityofTechnology

Shanxi:TaiyuanInstituteofTechnology,ShanxiUniversity,TaiyuanUniversityofTechnology,NorthUniversityofChina,ShanxiAgriculturalUniversity,TaiyuanUniversityofScienceandTechnology

Anhui:HefeiUniversityofTechnology,AnhuiUniversity,HuaibeiNormalUniversity,AnhuiUniversityofTechnology,AnhuiUniversityofScienceandTechnology,HefeiUniversity,BengbuUniversity,ChaohuUniversity

Jiangxi:NanchangUniversity,JiangxiNormalUniversity,JiangxiAgriculturalUniversity,JiangxiUniversityofScienceandTechnology,JiangxiUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicine,YichunUniversity,EastChinaUniversityofTechnology

Jiangsu:JiangsuUniversityofScienceandTechnology,YangzhouUniversity,SoutheastUniversity,ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology,SuzhouUniversity,ChangzhouUniversity,NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,NanjingUniversityofTechnology,JiangnanUniversity,ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity,NanjingForestryUniversity,JiangsuOceanUniversity,XuzhouInstituteofTechnology,YanchengInstituteofTechnology,YanchengNormalUniversity,NantongUniversity,ChangshuInstituteofTechnology

Hubei:HubeiBiotechnologyVocationalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,HubeiUniversity,YangtzeUniversity,WuhanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ThreeGorgesUniversity,South-CentralUniversityforNationalities,HubeiUniversityofTechnologySchool,WuhanInstituteofTechnology,WuhanInstituteofTechnology,WuhanInstituteofTechnology,HubeiUniversityforNationalities,WuchangInstituteofTechnology,HubeiInstituteofEngineering,WuhanInstituteofBioengineering,JingchuInstituteofTechnology,WuhanInstituteofTechnology

Hunan:CentralSouthUniversity,CentralSouthUniversityofForestryandTechnology,XiangtanUniversity,ChangshaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,HunanAgriculturalUniversity,ChangshaUniversity,HunanCityUniversity,JishouUniversity,HunanInstituteofTechnology,HunanUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicine,HunanInstituteofEngineering,ShaoyangUniversity,HuaihuaUniversity,HunanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,HunanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,HunanVocationalCollegeofEnvironmentalBiology

Guangdong:SunYat-SenUniversity,GuangdongInstituteofPetrochemicalTechnology,SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology,SouthChinaNormalUniversity,SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity,GuangdongUniversityofTechnology,GuangdongOceanUniversity,GuangzhouUniversity,ZhongkaiCollegeofAgriculturalEngineering,GuangdongMedicalUniversity,GuangzhouMedicalUniversity,JiayingCollege,ShenzhenUniversity

Guangxi:GuangxiUniversity,GuilinUniversityofElectronicTechnologyGuilinUniversityofTechnology

Yunnan:KunmingUniversityofScienceandTechnology

Guizhou:GuizhouUniversity,GuizhouUniversityofTechnology,ZunyiMedicalUniversity

Sichuan:SichuanUniversity,ChengduUniversity,SouthwestJiaotongUniversity,ChengduUniversityofInformationTechnology,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,SouthwestUniversityofScienceandTechnology,SouthwestPetroleumUniversity,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,XihuaUniversity,SichuanUniversityofLightChemicalTechnology,YibinCollege,PanzhihuaCollege

Shaanxi:Xi’anJiaotongUniversity,Xi’anPolytechnicUniversity,NorthwestUniversity,NorthwestAgricultureandForestryUniversityShaanxiUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ShaanxiUniversityofTechnology,Xi'anCollegeofBiomedicine,ShaanxiPreschoolNormalUniversity

Heilongjiang:HarbinInstituteofTechnology,HeilongjiangUniversity,NortheastForestryUniversity,NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,QiqiharUniversity,HarbinUniversityofCommerce,HeilongjiangBayiAgriculturalUniversity

Jilin:JilinUniversity,ChangchunUniversityofScienceandTechnology,JilinAgriculturalUniversity,YanbianUniversity,ChangchunUniversityofTechnology,NortheastDianliUniversity,JilinNormalUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology,JilinInstituteofChemicalTechnology,NortheastNormalUniversity,JilinMedicalCollege,NorthHuaUniversity,ChangchunUniversity

LiaoningDalianUniversityofTechnology,NortheasternUniversity,LiaoningUniversityofScienceandTechnology,LiaoningTechnicalUniversity,LiaoningUniversityofPetroleumandChemicalTechnology,ShenyangUniversityofChemicalTechnology,DalianUniversityofTechnology,ShenyangAgriculturalUniversity,ShenyangPharmaceuticalUniversity,ShenyangUniversity,DalianUniversity,DalianNationalitiesUniversity

Xinjiang:XinjiangUniversity

InnerMongolia:InnerMongoliaUniversity,InnerMongoliaAgriculturalUniversity,InnerMongoliaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,InnerMongoliaUniversityofTechnology

Hainan:HainanUniversity

Fujian:XiamenUniversity,FuzhouUniversity,FujianAgricultureandForestryUniversity,FujianNormalUniversity,HuaqiaoUniversity,JimeiUniversity,MinnanInstituteofScienceandTechnology,FuzhouUniversityZhichengCollege

Gansu:LanzhouUniversityofTechnology,LanzhouJiaotongUniversity,GansuAgriculturalUniversity,NorthwestUniversityforNationalities

Modernbiotechnology(bioengineering)referstobiologicalorganismsatthemolecular,cellularorindividuallevelthroughcertaintechnicalmeansDesignoperationstoachievegoalsandneedstoimprovethequalityofspeciesandthecharacteristicsoflifemacromoleculesorproductionSpecial-purposelifemacromolecularsubstances,etc.Includinggeneticengineering,cellengineering,enzymeengineering,fermentationengineering,ofwhichgeneticengineeringisthecoretechnology.Sincebiotechnologywillopenupbroadprospectsforsolvingmajorproblemsfacedbymankind,suchasfood,health,environment,energy,etc.,itandcomputermicroelectronicstechnology,newmaterials,newenergy,aerospacetechnology,etc.areclassifiedashigh-techandareConsideredtobethecoreofscienceandtechnologyinthe21stcentury.Themostactiveapplicationfieldofbiotechnologyisthebiopharmaceuticalindustry,andbiopharmaceuticalsareconsideredbyinvestorstobeoneoftheindustrieswiththehighestgrowth.Theworld'smajorpharmaceuticalcompaniesareaimingattheirgoalsandhaveinvestedhugesumsofmoneytodevelopbiologicalmedicines,launchingunprecedentedfiercecompetitionfacingthe21stcentury.

Thedevelopmentofbiotechnologycanbedividedintothreedifferentstages:traditionalbiotechnology,modernbiotechnology,andmodernbiotechnology.Thetechnicalfeatureoftraditionalbiotechnologyisbrewingtechnology,thetechnicalfeatureofmodernbiotechnologyismicrobialfermentationtechnology,andthetechnicalfeatureofmodernbiotechnologyisthatgeneticengineeringistheprimarysymbol.Thebiotechnologymentionedinthisarticlereferstomodernbiotechnology,whichcanalsobecalledbioengineering.Modernbiotechnologybegantoemergeinthe1970s,andithasdevelopedextremelyrapidlyinthepastonetotwodecades.Itislistedasthefourmajorscientificandtechnologicalpillarsthataffectthenationaleconomyandpeople'slivelihoodinthefuturealongwithmicroelectronicstechnology,newmaterialtechnologyandnewenergytechnology,andisconsideredtobethecoreoftheworld'sknowledgeeconomyinthe21stcentury.

Theapplicationrangeofbiotechnologyisverywide,mainlyincludingmedicineandhealth,foodandlightindustry,agriculture,animalhusbandryandfishery,energyindustry,chemicalindustry,metallurgicalindustry,environmentalprotectionandotheraspects.Amongthem,thefieldofmedicineandhealthisthefirststageofmodernbiotechnology,anditisalsothefieldwiththemostextensiveapplication,themostsignificanteffect,thefastestdevelopment,andthegreatestpotential.

Theapplicationofbiotechnologyinthefieldofmedicineandhealthmainlyincludesthefollowingthreeaspects:

1.Itsolvesthetechnicalproblemsintheproductionofdrugsthatcouldnotbeproducedbyconventionalmethodsortheproductioncostisparticularlyexpensiveinthepast,andalargenumberofnewspecificdrugshavebeendeveloped,suchasinsulin,interferon(IFN),andinterleukin-2(IL-2),TissuePlasminogenActivator(TPA),TumorNecrosisFactor(TNF),ColonyStimulatingFactor(CSF),HumanGrowthHormone(HGH),EpidermalGrowthFactor(EGF),etc.ThesedrugscanbeusedseparatelyPreventsandtreatsdifficultdiseasessuchastumors,heart,brain,lung,bloodvessels,heredity,immunity,endocrine,etc.thatseriouslythreatenhumanhealth,anditissignificantlybetterthantraditionalmedicinesinavoidingtoxicsideeffects.

2.Ithasdevelopedsomenewclinicaldiagnosticequipmentwithhighsensitivity,specificperformance,andstrongpracticability,suchasinvitrodiagnosticreagents,immunodiagnostickits,etc.,andfoundthepathogenesisandnewtreatmentmethodsofsomedifficultdiseases.ThemonoclonalantibodydiagnosticreagentmarketinChinahasagoodmarketprospect.

3.Itisthesuccessfuldevelopmentofgeneticallyengineeredvaccinesandvaccinesuntillarge-scaleproductionhaveshownabrightfutureforhumanstoresisttheinvasionofinfectiousdiseasesandensuretheeugenicsandfertilityoftheentirepopulation.ThefocusofChina'sdevelopmentisthehepatitisBgenevaccine.

Modernbiotechnologyusesregeneratedbiologicalresourcesasrawmaterialstoproducebiopharmaceuticals,sothatsufficientquantitiesthatweredifficulttoobtaininthepastcanbeobtainedforclinicalresearchandtreatment.Forexample,1gramofinsulin(h-Insulin)needstobeextractedfrom7.5kgoffreshporcineorbovinepancreatictissue,andthereare60milliondiabeticpatientsintheworld,andeachpersonneeds1gramofinsulineachyear,whichrequiresatotalof4.5billionkg.Itisactuallyimpossibletoextractfromfreshpancreas.Biotechnologycaneasilysolvethisproblem.Usinggeneticallyengineered"engineeredbacteria"toproduce1gramofinsulinrequiresonly20litersoffermentationbroth,whichisnotworthit.Calculatedwithmoney.

Rankingofprofessionalschools

Rankingofforeigninstitutions

1JohnsHopkinsUniversity[JohnsHopkinsUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:14th

2GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology[GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology]overallranking:35th

3UniversityofCalifornia–SanDiego[UniversityofCalifornia–SanDiego]overallranking:38th

4UniversityofWashington[UniversityofWashington]Comprehensiveranking:42nd

5DukeUniversity[DukeUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:8th

6BostonUniversity[BostonUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:57th

7UniversityofPennsylvania[UniversityofPennsylvania]Comprehensiveranking:5th

8MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology[MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)]ComprehensiveRanking:7thplace

9RiceUniversity[RiceUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:17th

10WashingtonCatholicUniversity[CaseWesternReserveUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:41st

11UniversityofMichigan-AnnArbor[UniversityofMichigan–AnnArbor]Comprehensiveranking:No.25

12NorthwesternUniversity[NorthwesternUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:No.14

13WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis[WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis]Comprehensiveranking:12th

14StanfordUniversity[StanfordUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:4th

15UniversityofCalifornia–Berkeley[UniversityofCalifornia–Berkeley]Comprehensiveranking:21st

16UniversityofPittsburgh[UniversityofPittsburgh]Comprehensiveranking:59

17UniversityofVirginia[UniversityofVirginia]Overallranking:23rd

18UniversityofTexasatAustin[UniversityofTexas–Austin]Comprehensiveranking:No.44

19ColumbiaUniversity[ColumbiaUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:No.9

20UniversityofUtah[UniversityofUtah]Third-levelnationaluniversity

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21VanderbiltUniversity[VanderbiltUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:19th

22CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology[CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology]Comprehensiveranking:5th

23UniversityofWisconsin–Madison[UniversityofWisconsin–Madison]Comprehensiveranking:38th

24PurdueUniversityWestLafayetteCampus[PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette]Comprehensiveranking:64th

25CarnegieMellonUniversity[CarnegieMellonUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:22nd

26UniversityofCalifornia–Davis[UniversityofCalifornia–Davis]Comprehensiveranking:42nd

27UniversityofMinnesotaTwinCities[UniversityofMinnesota—TwinCities]Comprehensiveranking:71st

28CornellUniversity[CornellUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:12th

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29RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute[RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute]overallranking:44th

30TexasA&MUniversity–CollegeStation]Comprehensiveranking:62nd

31UniversityofSouthernCalifornia[UniversityofSouthernCalifornia]overallranking:27th

32PennsylvaniaStateParkcampus[PennsylvaniaStateUniversity–UniversityPark]overallranking:48th

33ArizonaStateUniversity[ArizonaStateUniversity]overallranking:124th

34IowaStateUniversity[IowaStateUniversity]overallranking:85th

35StonyBrookUniversitySUNY[StonyBrookUniversitySUNY]Combinedranking:96thplace

36NorthCarolinaStateUniversity[NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh]Comprehensiveranking:85thplace

37CityUniversityofNewYork[CUNY–QueensCollege]4NationalUniversity

38UniversityofRochester[UniversityofRochester]comprehensiveranking:35th

39YaleUniversity[YaleUniversity]comprehensiveranking:3rd

40UniversityofCalifornia-Irvine[UniversityofCalifornia–Irvine]overallranking:44th

41UniversityofAlabama[UniversityofAlabama]overallranking:91st

42Rutgers,theStateUniversityofNewJersey–NewBrunswick[Rutgers,theStateUniversityofNewJersey–NewBrunswick]Comprehensiveranking:59th

43MarquetteUniversity[MarquetteUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:82nd

44DrexelUniversity[DrexelUniversity]comprehensiveranking:108th

45HarvardUniversity[HarvardUniversity]comprehensiveranking:2nd

46BrownUniversity[BrownUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:14th

47ClemsonUniversity[ClemsonUniversity]Comprehensiveranking:67th

48UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles[UniversityofCalifornia–LosAngeles(UCLA)]Comprehensiveranking:25th

49UniversityofArizona[UniversityofArizona]Comprehensiveranking:96

Domesticuniversityrankings

2012-2013BioengineeringProfessionalRanking