Demand
Sincethereformandopeningup,asthecountryhasimprovedthelevelofagriculturalmechanizationandacceleratedtheimplementationofruralinfrastructurepolicies,mycountry’sagriculturalmachineryindustryhasdevelopedsignificantly,andhasformedinternalcombustionenginesandtractors.,Transportationmachinery,harvestingmachinery,animalhusbandrymachinery,trailerinternalaccessoriesandmanyothersmallindustries,andformacompleteindustrialsystem.Therapiddevelopmentofagriculturalmachineryanditsapplicationinruralareashasacceleratedthereformoftheruralagriculturallaborstructureinmycountry,whichhaspromotedtheconstructionofanewcountrysideinmycountryandthedevelopmentoftheruraleconomy.Lookingatthecurrentsituationofthedemandanduseofagriculturalmachineryinruralareas,therearemainlythefollowingcharacteristics:
1)Ruraldemandforagriculturalmachineryhasgreatpotential
Chinahasavastlandandabundantresources,anditisalsoanagricultureBigcountry.China’sagriculturalarablelandis1.5billionmu,buttheuserateofagriculturalmachineryisstillverylowcomparedtodevelopedcountries.Thedemandpotentialofmachineryisstillgreat.WiththeadvancementofChina'sruralindustrialization,thereisstillhugepotentialfordevelopmentintheuseofagriculturalmachineryinruralareasinthefuture.
2)Thedifferencesandlevelsofagriculturalmachinerypurchaseinruralareasareprominent
Duetothevastterritoryandscattereddistributionofruralareas,itisdifficulttobuyagriculturalmachineryinthesamewayastheurbanpopulation.Concentratedpurchaseshaveledtooutstandingdifferencesandlevelsofagriculturalmachinerypurchasesintheruralmarket.First,thelevelofpurchaseofagriculturalmachineryvariesamongruralareas,andthedemandforagriculturalmachineryproductsisalsodifferentinruralplains,hills,grasslands,andmountains.Second,inruralareas,evenifdifferentfarmersinthesameareahavedifferentlevelsofwealth,therearedifferenceswhenbuyingagriculturalmachinery.Third,mycountry’sruralmarketisalsohierarchical.Itisroughlydividedintothree-tieredmarketsintheeastcoast,centralplains,andwesterninland.Thefarmersinthesethree-tieredmarketsalsohavedifferentconsumerpsychologyandconsumptionstructureinagriculturalmachineryconsumption..
3)Thepurchaseofagriculturalmachineryinruralareasisexemplary
Becausethemajorityofruralfarmersstillretainstrongpeasantideas,andthelivingcharacteristicsofneighboringruralareasalsoleadtofarmers’Thereisastrongconformityandcomparisonpsychologybetweenthetwo,andoftenanytroublesofafarmerwillspreadtheinformationtootherfarmers.Therefore,whatgoodagriculturalmachineryafarmerbuyswillusuallysoonbeknownandimitatedbyothers,thusformingagoodexemplaryrole.
4)Purchasingagriculturalmachineryinruralareaspayattentiontofunctionality
Theruralfarmers'consumptionoutlookisrelativelysimple,andtheagriculturalmachineryconsumermarketisstillinthestageoffunctionaldemand,thatis,farmersmainlyemphasizethepracticabilityofproductsAndmaterialbenefits,anddonotpaymuchattentiontotheindividualdisplayandaestheticvalueoftheproduct.Theperformanceoffarmers’functionalconsumptionconcepttothedemandforagriculturalmachineryproductsmainlyincludesthefollowing:First,thepracticalityofagriculturalmachinery,farmerspaymoreattentiontotheproductperformanceofagriculturalmachinery,andcanadapttotheconsumptionlevelandconsumptionenvironmentinruralareas.Idon’tpaymuchattentiontothebeautyofagriculturalmachinery;thesecondisthelowpriceofagriculturalmachinery.Onthepremiseofensuringthepracticalityanddurabilityofagriculturalmachinery,farmersrequirethatthecheapertheagriculturalmachineryis,thebetter.Ifthebasicfunctionsofthetwoagriculturalmachineryarethesame,thefarmersmustbeChoosetheonewithalowerprice;thethirdisthesimplicityofagriculturalmachinery.Farmersaregenerallynotwelleducated.Intheuseofagriculturalmachinery,itisenoughtoemphasizethatagriculturalmachineryhasbasicsimplefunctions,suchascombineharvestersinagriculturalmachineryandfarmers.Mostofthemonlyrequiretheharvestingofwheat,etc.,anddonotpayattentiontotheotherfunctionsofthecombineharvester,andtheeasyoperationandeasyrepairofagriculturalmachinerymaybemorepopularwithfarmers.
Introductiontomachinery
Theoriginofagriculturalmachinerycanbetracedbacktotheeraofprimitivesocietyusingsimpleagriculturaltools.InChina,duringtheYangshaocultureperiodoftheNeolithicAge(about5000to3000BC),therewasaprimitivefarmingtool-LeiLei.Copperplowshareshavebeenusedforcattlefarminginthe13thcenturyBC.BytheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodinthe3rdcenturyBC,therewereaseriesofironandwoodenfarmtoolssuchasarableland,planting,harvesting,processingandirrigation.Around90BC,ZhaoGuoinventedthethree-linedrill,thethree-linedrill,whosebasicstructureisstillusedtoday.Bythe9thcentury,ananimal-poweredplowwithafairlycompletestructurehadbeenformed.Inancientbookssuchas"QiMinYaoShu"(about540),"LeiLeiJing"(about880),WangZhen's"Nongshu"(about1310),"TiangongKaiwu"(1637)andotherancientbooks,theagriculturalproductionofvariousperiodsThevariousmachineryandtoolsusedinitarewelldocumented.IntheWest,theoriginalwoodenploughoriginatedinMesopotamiaandEgypt,andironploughshareswereusedaround1000BC.
The19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcenturywastheeraofthedevelopmentandlarge-scaleuseofnewanimalfarmmachinery.In1831,AmericanC.H.McCormickcreatedasuccessfulhorse-drawnharvester.Thefirsthorse-drawngraincombineappearedin1836.From1850to1855,grainplanters,lawnmowersandcornplantersweremanufacturedandpromotedsuccessively.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,tractorspoweredbyinternalcombustionenginesbegantograduallyreplacelivestock,andwerewidelyusedastractionpowerforvariousfieldoperationsandusedtodrivevariousagriculturalmachineryforfixedoperations.
Inthelate1930s,H.G.FergusonintheUnitedKingdomcreatedasuccessfultractor'sfarmimplementsuspensionsystem,whichmadethetractorandfarmimplementsformawhole,greatlyimprovingtheuseandoperationofthetractor.Thesuspensionsystemoffarmimplementscontrolledbyhydraulicsystemalsomakesthemanipulationandcontroloffarmimplementslighterandmoreflexible.Theagriculturalmachinerymatchedwiththetractorgraduallyshiftsfromthetractiontypetothesuspensiontypeandthesemi-suspensiontype,whichreducestheweightoftheagriculturalmachineryandsimplifiesthestructure.Sincethe1940s,graincombineharvestersinEuropeanandAmericancountrieshavegraduallychangedfromtractiontoself-propelled.Inthe1960s,harvestingmachineryforfruitsandvegetableswasdeveloped.Sincethe1970s,electronictechnologyhasbeengraduallyappliedtothemonitoringandcontroloftheoperationprocessofagriculturalmachinery,andhasgraduallydevelopedinthedirectionofautomationoftheoperationprocess.
Classificationcriteria
Agriculturalmachineryisgenerallyclassifiedbypurpose.Mostofthemachineryisspeciallydesignedandmanufacturedaccordingtothecharacteristicsofagricultureandthespecialrequirementsofvariousoperations,suchassoiltillagemachinery,plantingandfertilizingmachinery,plantprotectionmachinery,cropharvestingmachinery,animalhusbandrymachinery,andagriculturalproductprocessingmachinery.Theotherpartofagriculturalmachineryiscommonlyusedinotherindustriesandcanbedirectlyselectedaccordingtothecharacteristicsandneedsofagriculture,suchasagriculturalpowermachinery,waterpumpsinfarmlandirrigationanddrainagemachinery,etc.;orthesemachinerycanbedesignedasagriculturalvariantsaccordingtothecharacteristicsandneedsofagriculture,suchasagricultureAgriculturalvehiclesandtrailersintransportationmachineryandsoilandstonemachineryinfarmlandconstructionmachinery.
Agriculturalmachinerycanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothepowerusedanditssupportingmethods.Thepowerofagriculturalmachineryapplicationcanbedividedintotwoparts:onepartisusedforwalkingormovingofagriculturalmachinery,accordingtowhichitcanbedividedintomanpower(hand-held,backpack,chesthangingandpush-pull),animaltraction,tractortractionandpowerself-propelledtype.;Theotherpartisusedtodrivetheworkingpartsofagriculturalmachinery,whichcanbedividedintomanpower(handcrank,footpedal,etc.)drive,animalpowerdrive,electromechanicalpowerdrive(usinginternalcombustionengine,windturbine,electricmotor,etc.)andtractordrive.Onthesameagriculturalmachine,thetwopartscanusethesameordifferentpower.Accordingtothematchingmethodofagriculturalmachineryandtractor,itcanbedividedintotraction,suspensionandsemi-suspension.
Accordingtotheoperationmode,agriculturalmachinerycanbedividedintotwocategories:walkingoperationandfixedoperation.Amongtheagriculturalmachineryforwalkingoperation,therearetwotypesofcontinuouswalkingtypeinwhichtheoperationisincontinuoustravelandintermittentwalkingtypeinwhichthetravelandoperationarealternatelyperformed.Inthefixedoperationofagriculturalmachinery,therearetwotypesofmovabletype,whichcanbetransferredtotheworkingplaceinnon-operationstate,andnon-movabletype,wheretheworkingplaceisalwaysfixed.
Accordingtotheoperatinglocation,agriculturalmachineryisdividedintofieldoperations(fields,pasturesandorchards,etc.),yardoperations,indooroperations(plants,computerrooms,warehouses,greenhousesandlivestockhouses,etc.),waterorwaterTypesofoperations(rivers,channels,reservoirsandwells,etc.),roadoperations,andaviationoperations.
Powermachinery
Machinerythatprovidespowerforvariousagriculturalmachineryandagriculturalfacilities.Agriculturalpowermachinerymainlyincludesinternalcombustionenginesandtractorsequippedwithinternalcombustionengines,aswellaselectricmotors,windturbines,waterturbines,andvarioussmallgeneratorsets.Dieselengineshavetheadvantagesofhighthermalefficiency,goodfueleconomy,reliableoperationandgoodfiresafety,etc.,andarethemostwidelyusedinagriculturalinternalcombustionenginesandtractors.Gasolineenginesarecharacterizedbylightweight,goodlow-temperaturestartingperformanceandsmoothoperation.Theyaremostlyusedinsmallagriculturalmachinery,suchasricetransplanters,portableplantprotectionmachineryandteapickers.Accordingtotheregionalfuelsupplysituation,gasgeneratorsusingnaturalgas,petroleum-associatedgas,liquefiedpetroleumgasandproducergasasfuelcanalsobeusedinaccordancewithlocalconditions.Dieselandgasolineenginescanalsobemodifiedtousegasfuelssuchascoalgas,ortheycanbeconvertedtodual-fuelinternalcombustionenginesthatusecoalgasandareignitedbydieselasagriculturalpowermachinery.
Motorsaremostlyusedtodrivevariousagriculturalmachineryforfixedorindooroperations,suchasagriculturalproductprocessingmachineryandwaterpumps,aswellasvariousoperatingmachineryingreenhouses,warehouses,andlivestockhouses.Inareaswithwaterorwindresources,theuseofwindturbinesandwaterturbinestodrivevariousfixedoperatingmachinerycansavepetroleumfuel,andwindturbinesequippedwithwaterliftingdevicescanprovidewaterforhumansandlivestockingrasslandpastoralareas.Asmallgeneratorsetconsistingofaninternalcombustionengine,windturbineorwaterturbineandageneratorisusedtoprovideelectricityforagriculturalproductionandrurallifeinremoteareas.Solarenergyandbiogasgeneratedfromruralwastematerialscanalsobeusedtoprovideelectricitythroughsolarpowergenerationdevices,biogasgeneratorsets,andbiogas-dieseldual-fuelgeneratorsets.
Constructionmachinery
Farmlandconstructionmachineryisusedtoleveltheland,buildterracesandterraces,excavateditches,laypipelines,andexcavatewaterwellsandotherconstructionmachineryforfarmlandconstruction.Amongthem,earthandstonemachinerysuchasbulldozers,graders,scrapers,excavators(seeexcavators),loaders(seesinglebucketloaders),androckdrillsarebasicallythesameassimilarmachineryusedinroadsandconstructionprojects,buttheyarelargeMost(exceptrockdrills)areusedinconjunctionwithagriculturaltractors,whichareeasytohookuptoimprovetheutilizationrateofpower.Otherfarmlandconstructionmachinerymainlyincludestrencher,ratpathplough,shovelingandthrowingmachine,waterwelldrillingrig,etc.
Part-typetrencher
Itsworkingpartisatrenchingploughbodywithaploughshare-typesoil-cuttingpart,whichispulledbyatractorforonestrokeDitchingoperationscanbecompleted,withhighproductivity,butwithlargetractionresistance,itmustbematchedwithahigh-powertractor,whichissuitableforexcavationoperationsofsmallerditches.
Rotarytrencher
Usearotatingmillingandthrowingdisctomillandthrowthesoil.Itcanbeusedinconjunctionwithamedium-powertractor.Thetripcompletesthetrenchingoperation.Itsoperatingspeedislow,generally50-400m/h,sothesupportingtractorneedstobeequippedwithoradditionalultra-lowgear,andtheenergyconsumptionoftheunitearthworkisgreaterthanthatoftheditchtrencher.Itissuitablefortheexcavationoflargeditches.
Mouseplow
Theworkingpartisacylindricalconeshapedlikeacannonball,withacolumnandatractiondevice,andisdrivenbyatractorinthefarmland.Digdrainageculverts.
Ditchingandburyingmachine
Itcancompleteditching,burying,soilcoveringandcompactioninonetrip.
Shovelingandthrowingmachine
Thesoilisshoveledupbythediggingshovelandsenttothethrowingpart.RotatingdiscwiththrowingboardorupwardsTheinclinedring-shapedbelt-typesoilthrowingcomponentthrowsthesoillaterallytooneside,andthethrowingdistancecanreach15to18meters,whichcanbeusedforearthworksuchasbuildingterracesandexcavatingditches.
Waterwelldrillingrigs
Therearethreecategories:rotary,percussionandcomposite.Therotarytypeiswidelyused,anditconsistsoftwoparts:adrillingdeviceandacirculatingwellwashingdevice.Thedrillingdeviceincludesaturntable,adrillrod,adrillbitandadrivingdevice.Differentdrillbitscanbeselectedaccordingtodifferentrockformations.Thecirculatingwellflushingdeviceisusedtodischargethedrilledcuttingsoutofthewellwhiledrilling,anddifferenttypescanbeselectedaccordingtotheneeds.Thepercussiondrillingrigisusedtomakethedrillbitthatreciprocateupanddowntoimpactandbreaktherockformation.Itcanbeusedfordrillingoperationsinharderrockformationsandpebbleformations,butcuttingsremovalanddrillingcannotbecarriedoutatthesametime,sotheworkefficiencyislow.Generallyusedwithin250metersExcavationofAsai.Thecompounddrillingrigisequippedwithanimpactmechanismontherotarydrillingrig.Itismainlyusedforrotarydrilling.Whenitencountersapebblelayer,itispassedthroughbytheimpactdrilling,soithasstrongadaptability.
Shovelingandthrowingmachine
Farmlandconstructionmachinerythatcancontinuouslyshovelandthrowsoilhorizontally.Usedforconstructionofterraces,excavationofditchesandotheroperations.Accordingtothetypeofitsearth-throwingworkingparts,therearetwotypes:disctypeandbelttype.
Thedisc-typeshovelandpolisherhastwotypes,front-mountedandrear-mounted,accordingtoitspositiononthetractor.Thefront-mountedshovelingandthrowingmachinecancleartheroadbyitself,andhasastrongadaptabilitytocomplexterrain.However,thestructureismorecomplex,andthethrownsoilflowaffectsthedriver'svisionandworsenstheworkingconditions.Itismostlyusedfortheconstructionofsteepslopeterracesandtheopeningofmountaintunnels.Therear-mountedshovelingandpolishingmachinehasasimplestructureandgoodworkingconditions,butithaspooradaptabilitytosteepslopesandcannotopentheroadbyitself.Itismostlyusedtobuildgentleslopeterraces.Itisgenerallycomposedofaframe,asoilshovel,anarc-shapedsoilcollectingplate,asoilthrowingdiscandatransmissiondevice.Duringoperation,theshovelbladeandthegroundformasoilcuttinganglelineof15°～35°,andtheearthisshoveledandsenttothearc-shapedcollectingplateundertheearththrowingdisc.Theearththrowingdiscisdriventorotatebythetractorpoweroutputshaftviatheuniversalshaftandthegearbox.Undertheactionofthethrowingbladesonthediscandthecentrifugalforceofthediscrotation,theearthonthecollectingplateisthrowninthetangentialdirection..Thebladeendlinearvelocityis8-14m/s,andthethrowingdistanceis5-15m.Therotationdirectionofthethrowingdisccanbechangedsothatthebackandforthstrokesarethrowninthesamedirection.Thiskindofmachinehasacompactstructureandlowcost,buttheimpactloadisrelativelylargewhenthrowingsoil.Thepowerconsumptionperunitofearthworkforshovelingandthrowingis0.1～0.2kWh/m.
Thebeltshovelandthrowerishungontherearofthetractorandconsistsofashovel,averticalliftingchain,ahorizontalthrowingbelt,aframe,andatransmissiondevice.Thedrivingwheelsoftheliftchainandthesoildumpingtapearedrivenbythetractorpoweroutputshaft.Duringoperation,thesoilshoveledupbytheshovelissenttotherearlateralsoildumpingbeltviatheinclinedupwardchainplatetypelongitudinalliftingchain.Thesoildumpingbelttransportsthesoillaterallyatanadjustablelinearspeedof7-15m/s.Andthrowitatathrowangleof50°ononeside.Themaximumthrowingdistanceis10to18meters.Thiskindofmachinehasstrongadaptabilitytovarioussoils,theimpactloadofthethrowingpartsissmall,thethrowingsoilisconcentrated,andthecomprehensiveutilizationperformanceisgood;afterpartialmodification,itcanalsobeusedasapotatoharvesterandafieldraisingmachine.
Tillagemachinery
Basicsoiltillagemachineryisusedforplowing,looseningorsubloosing,andcrushingthesoil,includingbirchplows,discplows,chiselPlowsandrotarytillers.
Combplough
Themostcommonlyusedmachinetoolforsoilcultivation.Itsmainworkingpartisaploughbodycomposedofploughsharesandploughwalls.Theworkingsurfaceoftheploughshareandploughwallisacontinuousandsmoothploughbodysurface.Itsshapeandparametersareselectedaccordingtodifferentsoilandtillagerequirements,andarerelatedtothetravelingspeedoftheunit.Differentploughsurfaceshavedifferentfunctionssuchasturningsoil,looseningsoil,crushingsoilandcoveringweedstubble.Theamplitudemodulationplowthatappearedintheearly1980swasamajorbreakthroughinthetraditionalstructureofthesplitplow.Theamplitudemodulationdegreeoftheamplitudemodulationplowischangedbychangingtheanglebetweenthemainbeamandthemachineforwarddirectiontoadapttothedifferentresistancesofplowingundervarioussoilconditions.Thetwo-wayplowisaspecialformofthesplitplow,withtwosetsofleftandrightplowbodies(ordinarysplitplowsusetherightplowbody),orasetofplowbodiesthatcanbechangedinthedirectionoftheplow.Maketheplowturnthesoiltothesamesideduringthebackandforthstrokeofplowing,andleavenoridgesonthegroundafterplowing.Thiskindofplowisoftenusedforploughingoperationsonslopes,irrigatedfields,smallplotsandirregularlyshapedplots.
Discplough
Theworkingpartofthediscploughisaconcavediscwithaninclinationangleofabout20°totheverticalandanangleof40°～50°totheforwarddirection..Duringoperation,thediscrotatesandadvancesundertheactionofthesoilreactionforce,andthesoilcutbytheedgeofthediscrisesalongtheconcavesurfaceandflipsdown.Thediscplowcanchopupdryandhardsoilblocksandcutoffgrassrootsandsmalltreeroots.Itissuitableforplowingoperationsinrocky,grassy,moistandheavysoilsandhigh-yieldgreenmanurefieldsafterreturningthestrawtothefield.However,undergeneralsoilconditions,itsplowing,crushingandmulchingperformanceisnotasgoodasthatofasplitplow.
Chiselplough
Itsworkingpartis1to3rowsofchisel-shapedsoillooseningshovelwithrigidshovelcolumns,whichcanloosenthesoilwithoutturningoverthesoillayerwhenploughingtheground.AfterploughingthegroundRemainingstubbletocovercanreducesoilerosionandissuitableforbasicsoilcultivationinareaswitharid,rockyandseveresoilerosion.Thetillagedepthisgenerally30cm,andthemaximumtillagedepthcanreach45to75cmwhenusedforsoilimprovementindryland.
Rotarytiller
Theworkingpartoftherotarytillerisasetofcuttingbladesuniformlyarrangedonahorizontalaxisaccordingtothemulti-threadedthread,whichisdrivenbythetractor'spoweroutputshaft.Drivenbythedevice,itrotatestocutandcrushthesoil,andtheseedbedpreparationrequirementscanbemetinoneoperation.Itismainlyusedforthecultivationofpaddyfields,vegetablefieldsandorchards.Topsoilfarmingmachinery"Topsoilfarmingmachineryincludesdischarrows,nail-toothharrows,rollers,fieldcultivators,etc.
Discharrow
Itismadeupofconcavediscsarrangedingroups.Thecuttingedgeplaneofthediscisperpendiculartotheground,andisatanoffangletotheforwarddirection(workingstate).Itisusedforthelevelingofbrokensoilafterplowing,shallowploughingandstubbleafterharvest,andsoillooseningandweedinginorchards.
Spike-toothharrow
Theworkingpartisanumberofrowsofspikesthatareequidistantlyarrangedontherakeframe,whichcanbeusedtoloosenthesoilafterthecultivatedlandandbreakthesurfaceaftertherain.Weedingoperationssuchashardshellandcropseedlingstage.
Paddyfieldharrow
Itiscomposedofworkingpartssuchasdischarrowgroup,notcheddischarrowgroup,starharrowgroupandrolling.Crushingsoilandlevelingoperations.Accordingtodifferentregionsandsoilconditions,theseworkingpartscanbecombinedintodifferentformsofpaddyfieldharrows.
Suppressor
Usedforsurfacesoilcrushingandcompactionoperationsafterrakingorseeding.Theworkingpartisasuppressionwheel.Thecrushingwheelhasacylindricalshape,aringshapeoraVshape,etc.,whichisloopedontheaxleduringoperation.
Fieldcultivator
Itisusedforsoilloosening,weeding,ditchingandsoilcultivationduringcropgrowth.Commonlyusedworkingpartsareweedingshovel,soillooseningshovel,generalshovelandEarthenwareandsoon.Afertilizerapplicationdeviceisinstalledonthefieldcultivatortoapplyfertilizerwhilecultivatingandweeding.Thepaddyfieldcultivatingcanbeamanualpush-toothrollerpaddyfieldcultivator,orapower-drivenweedingwheelpaddyfieldcultivator.
Combinedmachinery
Combinedfarmingmachinerycancompletebasicsoiltillageandtopsoiltillage---arablelandandharrowinglandatonetime.Itsformcanbeacombinationoftwodifferentmachines,suchasasplitplow-nail-toothharrow,asplitplow-rotarytiller,etc.;itcanalsobeacombinationoftwodifferentworkingparts,consistingofasplitplowbodyandaverticalshaftrotarycultivator.Ploughingplows,etc.composedoftillagecomponents.
Orchardmachinery
Plowsandfieldcultivatorsareoftenequippedwithdevicesthatcanautomaticallyavoidthetrunkandresettheirworkingparts.Inadditiontoasmallareaofsoilaroundthetrunk,thesoilbetweentherowsandbetweenthefruittreescanbecultivatedatthesametime.
Plantingmachinery
Plantingmachinerycanbedividedintothreecategories:planters,plantersandseedlingplantersaccordingtotheplantingobjectsandprocess.
Planter
Theobjectplantedbytheplanteriscropseedsorcoatedseedsmadeintopellets.Itcanbedividedintothreetypesaccordingtotheseedingmethod:spreader,drillandholeseeder.Varioustypesofprecisionplantersdevelopedinthe1950scanpreciselycontroltheamountofseeding,thedistancebetweenholes(plants)andthedepthofseeding.Thepneumaticseedingprecisionplanterdevelopedinthe1970s,itsseedmeteringdevice(airsuction,airpressureorairblowing)usespositiveornegativeairflowtodischargearowofseedsatacertainintervaltoachievesingleprecisionholeseeding,andComparedwiththetraditionalmechanicalseedmeteringdevice,ithasthecharacteristicsofaccuratesowingrateandnodamagetotheseeds.Thereisalsoamechanicalprecisionseedmeteringdevice.Itisasuspended6-rowcultivatingcropplanterwithfertilizingdevice,whichcanbeusedfordrillandholeseedingofcultivatingcropssuchassoybeans,cornandsorghum.
Plantingmachine
Theobjectsplantedbytheplantingmachinearetheseedpiecesofcropssuchaspotatoes,sweetpotatoesandonions,andtheseedsegmentsofsugarcane.Duetothelargedifferencesinthetraitsandplantingrequirementsofdifferentcrops,seedblocksandsegments,mostplantersarededicatedplanters.Commonlyusedarepotatoplantersandsugarcaneplanters.
Seedlingmachine
Theplantingobjectsofseedlingtransplanterarerice,cotton,tobacco,vegetables,fruittrees,flowersandothercrops,andseedlingswithnutrientbowlsorsoil.Plantingmachinesaredividedintothreetypes:semi-mechanized,mechanizedandautomated.Semi-mechanizedseedlingtransplanterisamachinethatcompletestheprocessesoftrenching,soilcoveringandsuppression,whileseedlingpickingandseedlingplantingarecompletedbytheseedlingplantersittingonthemachine.Theplantingactionofthemechanizedseedlingplantingmachineisalsocompletedbythemachine,buttheseedlingsarestilltakenbytheplantinghandandplacedintheseedlingplantingmechanism.Theautomaticseedlingtransplanteronlymanuallyinstallstheseedlingsintrays(usuallyseedlingswithnutrientbowls)ontheseedlingtrayrackofthemachine,andthemachineautomaticallycompletesalltheplantingprocesseswhileitismoving.
Fertilizingmachineryisusedtoapplyvariouschemicalfertilizers(granularfertilizer,liquidfertilizer),stablemanure,manureandcompostinthefield.Itismainlyusedtoapplybasalfertilizerbeforearableland,whileplantingfertilizerandtopdressingaregenerallyseparatedbyattachedfertilizers.Thefertilizationdeviceinstalledontheplanterandfieldcultivatorapplies.Commonlyusedfertilizationmachineryincludemanurespreaders,fertilizerspreaders,liquidfertilizersprayers,fertilizerspreadersandammoniastripspreaders.
Protectionmachinery
Plantprotectionmachineryisamachineryusedtoprotectcropsandagriculturalproductsfromdiseases,insects,birds,animalsandweeds,usuallyreferstotheuseofchemicalmethodstocontrolplantsAllkindsofmachineryforsprayingpesticidesfordiseasesandinsectpestsalsoincludemachineryandequipmentusedforweedingbychemicalorphysicalmethods,controllingdiseasesandinsectpestsbyphysicalmethods,anddrivingawaybirdsandbeasts.Plantprotectionmachinerymainlyincludesspraying,dustingandsmokingmachines.
Sprayingequipment
Itisusedtospraytheaqueoussolutionofliquidorpowderedmedicamentonthepreventionandcontroltargetintheformofdroplets,mainlydividedinto3types:sprayer,mistsprayerandultra-lowvolumesprayer.Commonlyusedaremanualsprayers,stretcher-typemotorizedsprayers,knapsack-typemotorizedmistsprayers,boomsprayersmatchedwithtractors,orchardairblowermistsprayers,andhand-heldmotorultra-low-volumesprayers.Thesprayerorsprayerusesaliquidpumporanairpumptopressurizetheliquidmedicine,andatomizetheliquidmedicineintomistdropletswithadiameterof150-400micronsthroughasprayrod,nozzleorspraygun.Themistdispersingmachineusesthehigh-speedairflowgeneratedbythefantofurthercrushtheliquidmedicinepressurizedbytheliquidpumpintomist-likedropletswithadiameterof50-150micronstoobtainbetteradhesionperformanceandsprayuniformity..Theultra-low-volumesprayeruseshigh-concentrationchemicalliquidwithnowateroronlyasmallamountofwater.Underthecentrifugalforceofthehigh-speedrotating(8000-10000rpm)atomizingdisk,thechemicalliquidisfinelycrushedintofineparticleswithadiameterof70-90microns.Thedropletsdriftwiththewindandevenlysettleonthepreventionandcontroltarget,whichhasthecharacteristicsoflowdosageofmedicamentandgoodpreventionandcontroleffect.Theatomizationdisccanbedrivenbyzinc-airbatteryordrybattery(handheldelectrictype),andwheninstalledonanagriculturalaircraft,itcanbedrivenbyaspecialwindwheelrotatingathighspeedduringflight.Onordinarypowersprayers,thespraynozzlecanalsobereplacedwithanultra-low-volumespraynozzlewithanatomizingdiskforultra-low-volumespray.
Powdersprayingmachine
Usefanairflowtoblowthepowderedmedicamenttothepreventionandcontroltargetthroughthenozzleandpowdersprayinghead.Commonlyusedaremanualbackpackandchest-mountedpowdersprayers.,Stretcher-typepowersprayerandtractor-mountedpowdersprayer,etc.
Smokesprayer
Usingthehigh-temperatureairflowgeneratedduringthecombustionofliquidfuelsortheexhaustgasfrominternalcombustionenginestovolatilizeandthermallycrackoilpesticidesintoparticleswithadiameteroflessthan50microns.Theairjetsformsmokesuspendedintheairandsettledonthepreventionandcontroltarget,whichissuitableforthepreventionandcontrolofpestsinorchards,warehousesandgreenhouses.
Powdersprayer
Installelectrostaticspraynozzlesonsprayersorpowdersprayers,andusehundredstothousandsofvoltshigh-voltagedirectcurrentpowersupplytothespraynozzlestomaketheliquidorpowderparticlesCharged,andthecontroltargetisinducedbystaticelectricitytoinducechargesofoppositepolarity,sothattheliquidmedicineorpowderparticlesrushtowardthecontroltargetundertheactionoftheelectrostaticfield.Theuseofstaticelectricitycansignificantlyincreasethehitrate,reducechemicallossandenvironmentalpollution,andspraythechemicalonthebackofthetargettoenhancethecontroleffect.
Multi-purposeplantprotectionmachinery
Itcanbesprayed,powdered,misted,ultra-low-volumesprayandpowdersprayedwithdifferentpartsonthesamemachineMachineryforvariousoperations.
DrainageandIrrigationMachinery
FarmlandDrainageandIrrigationMachineryisusedforirrigationanddrainageoffarmland,orchardsandpastures,includingwaterpumps,waterturbinepumps,sprinklerirrigationequipmentanddripirrigationequipment.
Waterpump
Drivenbyelectricmotors,internalcombustionenginesorwindturbines,therearecentrifugalpumps,axialflowpumps,mixedflowpumps,pistonpumps,diaphragmpumps,deepwellpumpsandsubmersibleelectricpumps.Kindoftype.Multi-stagecentrifugalpumpsareoftenusedforhigh-liftpumpingirrigationinhillyandmountainousareas.Large-scaledrainageandirrigationinplainareasmostlyuselarge-scaleaxialflowpumpswithlargeflowandsmalllift.Large-scalemixed-flowpumpsshouldbeusedforlarge-areairrigationwithlargerheads.Longshaftdeepwellpumpsanddeepwellsubmersibleelectricpumpsareusedtoliftwaterfromdeepwells.Pistonpumpsanddiaphragmpumps(seereciprocatingpumps)haverelativelysmallflowrates,andaregenerallystillusedtoprovidewaterforlivestockandpoultryinagriculture.
Sprinklerirrigationequipment
Thesprinklerirrigationequipmentusesapumptopressurizethewater(orusethedropofthehigh-levelwatersource)tosprayitintotheairthroughthepipesandnozzles,anddispersethemintouniformfinedroplets,formingrainSettledonthegroundandcrops.Comparedwithirrigationthroughditchesandgroundpipes,theuseofsprinklerirrigationequipmentcanmakeirrigationwatereven,lesswaterloss,andeasytoachieveautomationofirrigationmanagement.Thiskindofequipmentisespeciallysuitableforgentleslopes,undulatingterrainandareaswithfewwatersources.Therearemanytypesofsprinklerirrigationequipment,amongwhichthecircularsprinklerirrigationmachineorthecentralpivotsprinklerirrigationequipmenthasahigherdegreeofautomation.Thebranchpipesaremountedonarowofbracketswithwalkingwheels,andeachbracketisdrivenbyamotororotherpower.Itmovesinacircularmotionaroundthecentralpivotatoneendofthebranchpipe,andthepressurewaterissprayedfromthecenteralongthebranchpipethrougheachnozzle.Somebranchpipesaremorethan500metersinlength,andcancontrolanirrigationareaofmorethan1,500mu.Thetimeforbranchpipestoturnaweekrangesfromseveralhourstoseveraldays,whichcanbeautomaticallycontrolledaccordingtothewaterdemandinthefield.Themovementofthebranchpipeissimilartothehourhandofaclock,soitisalsocalledhourhandsprinklerirrigationequipment.Inordertosolvetheproblemofwaterirrigationintheblankareasatthefourcornersofthesquareplot,someroundsprinklersareequippedwithacornersprinklerdevicetoautomaticallystartthewaterspraywhenitrunstothecorneroftheground.
Dripirrigationequipment
Thisequipmentenableslow-pressurewatertopassthroughundergroundorgroundpipelines,anddripcontinuouslyandasmallamountofwaterfromthedripperinstalledonthepipelinetothewater-requiringpartsofthecrop.Waterconsumptionissmallerthansprinklerirrigationequipment,anditisoftenusedforirrigationinorchards,nurseriesandgreenhouses.
Harvestingmachinery
Cropharvestingmachineryincludesvariousmachineryusedtocollectvariouscropsoragriculturalproducts.Differentcropshavedifferentharvestingmethodsanddifferentmachinery.
GrainCombineHarvester
Itiscomposedofaharvestingtable,aconveyingdevice,athreshingdevice,aseparatingdevice,acleaningdevice,agraintankandatransmissiondevice.Accordingtothefeedingmethodofthecrop,therearetwotypes:fullfeedingandhalffeeding.EuropeanandAmericancountriesallusefull-feedgraincombineharvesters,whicharemainlyusedtoharvestwheatandotherwheatcrops,andcanalsobeusedtoharvestcorn,beans,rice,sunflowers,etc.afterpartialmodificationandadjustment.Duringoperation,thereciprocatingcutteratthefrontendoftheharvestingtable,withthecooperationofthereel,cutsdownthestrawwithearsontheharvestingtable,andsendsittothethreshingdevicethroughtheharvestingtableconveyingdeviceandtheintermediateconveyingdevice,andthenpassesthroughthethreshingdrumandThegapbetweentheconcaveplatesisthreshedbyrubbingandstriking.Mostofthegrainspassthroughthesieveholesoftheconcaveplateandenterthecleaningdevice.Asmallamountofgrainsentrainedontheconcaveplatearethrowntotheseparationdevice.Thegrainsareseparatedundertheupanddownandbackandforthshakingofthechainseparator.Aftergoingoutintothecleaningdevice,largedebrissuchasstemsanddraftsaretransportedbackwardsandthrownoutofthemachine.Thegrainsenteringthecleaningdeviceareremovedfromthefineimpuritiesbyfansandsieves,andthecleangrainsaresenttothegrainbin.Afterthegrainboxisfull,startthegrainunloadingconveyortounloadthegrainsintothegraintruck.Inthemiddleandlate1970s,varioustypesofaxialdrumfull-feedgraincombineharvestersappearedinNorthAmerica,whichcombinedthethreshingdeviceandtheseparationdeviceintoone,therebyeliminatingthehugechainseparationdeviceandshorteningthelengthofthewholemachine.InsouthernChinaandJapan,asemi-feedinggraincombineharvesterthatmainlyharvestsricehasbeendeveloped.Duringoperation,onlytheearheadpartofthecutricestrawentersthethreshingdeviceduringtheclampingandconveyingprocess,andthestrawafterthreshingisrelativelycomplete,whichisconvenientforcomprehensiveutilization.Theamountofbrokenstrawmixedinthegrainissmall,andaseparateseparationdeviceisgenerallynotrequired.Therefore,comparedwiththefull-feedtype,thestructureissimpleandthepowerconsumptionissmall.
Cottonpicker
Itusesarotatingtoothpickingspindletograbtheseedfiberintheopencottonbollandfeeditintothecottonbyairflow.box.Therearetwomaintypesofcottonpickers:horizontalspindlepickingmachinesareusedintheUnitedStates,whichhaveahighpickingrate,butthestructureiscomplex,themanufacturingaccuracyrequirementsandthecostarehigh;intheSovietUnion,mostoftheverticalspindlepickingmachinesareused.Thestructureissimplerandthecostislower,butthepickingrateislower,therearemorecottonontheground,andthedamagetothecottonplantisgreater.Machine-pickedseedcottonhasahighimpuritycontent,anditsqualitylevelissignificantlylowerthanthatofhand-pickedseedcotton.Machine-pickedseedcottonneedstobeequippedwithacompletesetofcottoncleaningequipment,andthepickedcottoncanbeusedastextilerawmaterialafterrepeatedcleaningbeforeandafterginning.
Processingmachinery
Agriculturalproductprocessingmachineryincludesthepreliminaryprocessingofharvestedagriculturalproductsorcollectedpoultryandlivestockproducts,aswellassomemachineryandequipmentthatuseagriculturalproductsasrawmaterialsforadvancedprocessing.Theprocessedproductsareeasytostore,transportandsellfordirectconsumptionorasindustrialrawmaterials.Differentagriculturalproductshavedifferentprocessingrequirementsandprocessingcharacteristics,andthesameagriculturalproductcangetdifferentfinishedproductsthroughdifferentprocessingprocesses.Therefore,therearemanyvarietiesofagriculturalproductsprocessingmachinery.Themostusedaregraindryingequipment,grainprocessingmachinery,oilprocessingmachinery,cottonprocessingmachinery,hemppeelingmachinery,teaprimaryandrefiningmachinery,fruitprocessingmachinery,anddairyprocessingmachinery.,Seedprocessingequipmentandstarch-makingequipment,etc.Inordertorealizethecontinuousoperationandoperationautomationbetweenthevariousprocedures,multipleprocessingmachinesinthefrontandrearproceduresareoftencombinedintoaprocessingunit,aprocessingroomoracomprehensiveprocessingplant.
Grainprocessing
Accordingtotheprocessflow,itisdividedintotwocategories:thefirsttypeisusedtodehullandpeelrawgrainssuchasrice,sorghum,milletandmillet,andmillthemintofinishedrice.Forexample,therawricegrainisfirstremovedbyvariousimpuritycleaningequipment,andthenentersthehullingmachineandseparatesthericehusks.Thedischargedgrainbrownmixtureentersthegrainbrownseparatingsieve.Theseparatingscreenusesthedifferenceinparticlesize,densityandsurfacecharacteristicsofriceandbrownricetoseparatetheunhuskedriceandsenditbacktothehullingmachine.Thebrownriceismilledintowhitericeinaricemill,andthenthebranandbrokenriceareremovedthroughthefinishedproductgradingsievetoobtainthefinishedwhiterice.Theotherisusedtoremovethecortexandgermofrawgrainssuchaswheat,corn,barley,buckwheatandnakedoats,andgrindthemintofinishedflour.Forexample,rawwheatgrainsareremovedbyvariousimpuritycleaningequipmenttoremovevariousimpurities,soilanddustadheringtothesurfaceofthewheatgrains,andthenenterthemilltogrindintopowder,andthenpassthroughasetofflatscreenstoextractthefinishedflour.Theintermediatematerialentersanothermilltogrind,sothattheflourisrepeatedlyextracted,andfinallythebranisdischargedbythebranbrushingmachine.
Oilprocessing
Theoilproductionprocessismainlydividedintopressingmethodandleachingmethod.Differentoil-makingprocessesusedifferentmechanicalequipment,buttheoil-makingrawmaterialsarefirstcleanedbyoilcleaningmachinerytoremoveimpurities,andvarioustypesofoilshellingmachinesareusedtopeelofftheshellandseparatetheshellsandkernels,andthenpresstheembryosintoembryos.material.Whenusingtheleachingmethod,theembryoisimmersedinasolvent(hexaneorlightgasoline)toextracttheoil,andtheoilisseparatedfromthesolventthroughequipmentsuchasfiltration,evaporationandsteamstripping.Thesolventcanbeusedrepeatedlyafterrecovery;whenusingthesqueezingmethod,Aftertheembryosarefriedinasteamingandfryingpan,theyaresenttoascrewoilpressorahydraulicoilpresstosqueezeouttheoil.Theleachedorsqueezedcrudeoilisthenfilteredbyvariousrefiningequipment,hydration,alkalirefining,acidrefining,decolorizationanddeodorization,etc.,toberefinedintoessentialoilorfinishedoil.
AnimalHusbandryMachinery
Animalhusbandrymachineryisavarietyofmachineryandequipmentusedintheproductionprocessofgrazing,poultrybreedingandlivestockbreeding.
Grasslandmaintenanceandimprovementmachinery
Includingbaitspreadersusedtokillgrasslandrodents,andsoillooseningplantersusedtoimprovegrasslandtoincreaseforageyieldAndgrasslandsprinklerirrigationequipment,etc.
Pasturemanagementequipment
Includingelectricanimalhusbandryfenceanditserectionmachinery,mobileepidemicpreventionvehicleandmedicineshowerequipment,etc.①Electricgrazingfence:thehigh-voltagepulsecurrentgeneratedbytheelectricpulsegeneratorispassedintotheelectricfence,sothatthelivestockwillreceiveanon-lethalelectricshockwhentheytouchtheelectricfence,sothattheycanmoveintheelectricfenceenclosedbytheelectricfence.Feed.Theinstallationofsolarorwindpowergeneratorscanprovideconvenientandcheappowersupplyfortheelectricanimalhusbandryfence.②Mobileepidemicpreventionvehicle:Aspecialvehiclewithgoodoff-roadperformance.Thevehicleisequippedwithepidemicpreventionandveterinarytesting,disinfection,treatmentequipmentandinternalcombustiongeneratorsets.Itcancarryseveralepidemicpreventionorveterinarypersonneltotheepidemicareaintime.③Medicinalshowerequipment:mainlyusedtopreventandcurescabiesandsurfaceparasitesingrazingsheep.
Forageandgreenfodderharvestingmachinery
Themachinerythatcollectsforageinthefieldandformsloosegrass,bales,haystacksandgrassblocks,etc.,mainlyincludingcuttingGrassormowermodulators,hayrake,pickingandbaler,haycollectingandstackingmachinery,foragehandlingmachineryandgreenfodderharvester,etc.Therearetwotypesoflawnmowers,reciprocatingandrotary.Comparedwiththetraditionalreciprocatingtype,therotarylawnmowerdevelopedinthe1970shastheadvantagesofhighcuttingandforwardspeed,stablework,andstrongadaptabilitytopasture.Itissuitableforhigh-yieldpastures,butthecuttingisnotneatenoughandmoreheavycutting,Theenergyconsumptionislarge.Addingapressingrollertothemowerbecomesamowermodulator,whichcansqueezethecutfreshforagestalkstospeedupthedryingprocess.Therearetwotypesofhayrake,horizontalandlateral,whichareusedforrakingtheforagegrassthathasbeencutdownandspreadonthegroundintodifferentformsofgrassstrips.Thepick-upbalerisusedtopickupstripsofhayfromthegroundandcompressthemintocompactbaleswithrectangularorcircularcross-sectionsforeasytransportationandstorage.Therearetwotypesofgreenfodderharvesters,theflailtypeandtheuniversaltype.Theformerusesahigh-speedrotatingshreddertochopoff,shred,andthrowthegreenforagecropsintoatrailer,whichismainlyusedtoharvestlow-risegreenforagecrops.Thelatterisequippedwiththreekindsofattachments:full-widthcuttingheader,oppositerowheaderandpickingdevice,soitcanharvestallkindsofgreenforagecrops.
Feedprocessingmachinery
Mainlyinclude:feedgrinders,weedersandgreenfeedshreddersforprocessingvariouscoarseandconcentratedfeeds;compoundingandmixingFeedmixersforfeed;feedpelletizersformakingpowderedfeedintopellets;stalkmodifiersforprocessingstrawfeed;washingmachines,slicers,andshreddersusedtoprocessjuicyfeedssuchaspotatoes,melonsandvegetablesMachine,beater,vegetablepureemachineandfeedpelletcooker,etc.
Feedingmanagementmachinery
Mainlyinclude:environmentalcontrolequipmentsuchasventilation,temperaturecontrolandlightingoflivestockhouses;livestockfeedinganddrinkingwaterEquipment;poultryandlivestockepidemicpreventionequipment;manureremovalandfecaltreatmentequipment,aswellaspoultryeggcollectionandmilkingequipment,etc.Themodernlayerhouseincludesacompletesetofmechanizedandautomatedequipmentfromhatchingandbroodingtoeggpacking.Undertheconditionofisolationfromtheoutsideworld,theenvironmentinthehousecanbeautomaticallycontrolledasrequired.Accordingtotheneedsofdifferentchickenagesandlayinghens,full-pricecompoundfeedisfedquantitatively,andautomaticdrinkingfountainsandregularmanureremovalequipmentareinstalled.Eggsareautomaticallycollectedbytheeggcollectionsystem,cleaned,graded,andpackedinboxesforshipment.
Manufacturingrequirements
Agriculturaltechnicalrequirements
Agriculturalmachineryusedforacertainoperationmustfirstmeettheagriculturaltechnicalrequirementsoftheoperation,Andhavethepossibilityofadjustmentwithinacertainrange,oradoptamodifiedmethodtoadapttodifferentagriculturaltechnicalrequirements.
Operationanduserequirements
Theuseofagriculturalmachineryisscattered,theenvironmentalconditionsarepoorandcomplexandchangeable,andtheseasonalityofagriculturaloperationsisstrong,soitisTherequirementsofthemachineryare:installation,adjustment,maintenance,couplingwiththetractor,liftingandfallingofworkingparts,replacementofwearingpartsandgeneraltroubleshooting,etc.aresimpleandeasy,andvarioussafetyprotectionmeasuresaretakentoensurethenormaloperationofthemachine.Safetyofoperationandoperatingpersonnel.Forexample,installautomaticobstaclecrossingdevicesandprotectivecoversorbafflesforvariousexposedmovingpartsonsoiltillagemachines,aswellasfacilitiesforcoldprotection,heatinsulation,dustprevention,soundinsulation,andvibrationreduction.
Universalandcomprehensiveutilization
Inordertoincreasetheutilizationrateofagriculturalmachineryandreduceoperatingcosts,underthepremiseofensuringtherequirementsofagriculturaltechnology,agriculturalmachineryshouldIthasawiderangeofversatilityandahighdegreeofcomprehensiveutilization.Forexample,auniversalrackcanbereplacedwithvariouscomponentssuchasseeding,fieldtillage,ditching,soilcultivation,fertilization,plantprotection,andpotatodigging,sothatitcanbeusedfordifferentoperationsindifferentseasons.Agraincombineharvestercanbeusedtoharvestrice,wheat,beans,corn,sorghum,sunflowerandothercropsbyreplacingandadjustingafewparts.
Serializedmachinery
Thestandardization,generalizationandserializationofagriculturalmachineryanditspartsaretoensureproductquality,reduceproductioncosts,andfacilitatesupplyImportantmeasuresforaccessoriesandmaintenance.InChina,nationalstandardsandministerialstandardsconcerningthetypes,basicparameters,technicalconditions,testmethods,anddimensionsofmainpartsofvariousagriculturalmachineryhavebeenformulatedandimplemented.Theyhavealsoformulatedsub-typeploughs,rotarytillers,Discharrows,paddyfieldrakes,planters,ricetransplanters,submersibleelectricpumps,sprinklerirrigationpumps,rockersprinklersandfeedgrindersandotherproductseries,someofwhichhaveauniversaldegreeof80-85%.
Othertechnicalandeconomicindicators
Includingtheproductivity,servicelife,priceandoperatingcostofagriculturalmachinery,aswellastheconsumptionoflabor,energyandsteel,etc.,usuallyItismeasuredbythemachineweightperunitwidthorunithourproductivity,metalconsumption,machineprice,andrequiredpower,oritcanbemeasuredbythecost,labor,andenergyconsumptionperunitofwork.Whendeterminingtheeconomiceffectsandthepossibilityofpopularizationofnewagriculturalmachineryproductsorvarieties,theseindicatorscanbecomparedwiththeoriginalproductsormanualoperations.
Manufacturingmaterials
Mostagriculturalmachineryworksintheopen,dusty,humidanddirtyenvironmentorinwater,andcomesincontactwithsoil,fertilizers,pesticides,feces,decayingplantsandwater,etc.,Subjecttothecorrosiveeffectsofthesematerialsandtheenvironment.Duringoperation,somepartsrubbedagainstsoil,croprhizomesandlivestockfurandothermaterialsandwereseverelyworn,andsomepartsweresubjectedtorelativelylargedynamicloadsandimpacts.Therefore,inthemanufactureofagriculturalmachinery,metalandnon-metalmaterialswithcorrosionresistance,wearresistance,frictionreduction,impactresistanceandfatigueresistanceareoftenused,andthecostislow,andtherawmaterialsarebasedontheresourcesofthecountry,andvarioustreatmentsareused.Processtoimproveandenhancetheperformanceofthesematerials.
Steelpipesandcold-formedsteel
Framesforplantersandfieldcultivatorswithsmallloads,usuallysquareorrectangularsectionlowcarbonsteelweldedsteelpipes,Theframeoftheheavy-dutysplitplough,chiselplough,discploughanddischarrow,etc.,useslow-alloymanganesesteelpipes.Theuseofcold-bentchannelsteelorcrimpedchannelsteelmadeofthinsteelplatetomanufactureplantersandfieldcultivatorscansignificantlyreducetheweightcomparedtotheuseofhot-rolledsteelframes.High-precisioncold-drawnthin-walledseamlesssteelpipesaresuitableformanufacturinghydrauliccylindersforagriculturalmachineryhydraulicsystems.
Alloysteelandlow-alloysteel
Madeofalloysteelsuchasmanganesesteel,silico-manganesesteel,nickel-chromiumsteel,chromium-molybdenumsteelandchromium-manganesesteelTheploughshares,discharrowblades,fieldcultivatorbackhoesandbladesofharvestersandshearingmachineshavegoodwearresistance.Deep-wellpumpshaftsandsprayerpartsmadeoflow-alloysteelcontainingchromium,nickel,copper,titaniumandrareearthelementshavehighcorrosionresistance.Bimetalliccompositesteelwithwear-resistantsteelorcorrosion-resistantsteelasthesurfacematerialorcoatinglayerisalsoanimportantmaterialforthemanufactureofagriculturalmachinery.
Cementedcarbide
Alayerofcementedcarbideisdepositedonthesurfaceofploughshares,fieldcultivatorshovelandharvesterblades,whichcanbedoubledImprovetheservicelifeoftheseparts.
Specialcastiron
Plowsideplatesmadeofnodulargraphitemanganesecastiron,feedpelletsmadeofbainiteplusboronnodularcastironafteraustemperingMachinedie,feedmillhammermadeoftoughwhitecastiron,ploughshareandrotarytillerscimitarmadeofpearliticmalleablecastiron,andpumpimpellermadeofboroncastiron,etc.,inordertoensurethenecessarystrengthandtoughness.Bottom,bothhavehighwearresistance.
Powdermetallurgymaterials
Usepowdermetallurgymaterialstomanufactureagriculturalmachinerygearsandothercomplex-shapedparts,whichcanreplacesomesteelorironcastings.Oil-bearingbearingsmadeofpowdermetallurgyporousmaterialshavebetteranti-frictioneffectsandself-lubricatingproperties.
Engineeringplastics
Engineeringplasticshavethecharacteristicsoflightweight,corrosionresistance,wearresistanceandfrictionreduction,andarewidelyusedinthemanufactureofplantprotectionmachinery,livestockBreedingequipment,farmlanddrainageandirrigationmachineryandotheragriculturalmachineryparts,suchasmedicinetanks,liquidpumps,sprayandpowderspraynozzles,drainageandirrigationpipes,sprayirrigationnozzles,bearingsforwaterturbinepumpsandsubmersibleelectricpumps,milkstoragetanksandConveyingpipelines,feedandwatersupplypipelines,drinkingfountainsforpoultryandlivestock,andseedingtroughsofplanters,etc.Commonlyusedplasticsincludepolyethylene,polypropylene,polyesterorepoxyglassfiberreinforcedplastics,polyvinylchloride,nylon,polyoxymethylene,phenolicplastics,andpolystyrene.Inaddition,usinglow-pressurepolyethylenetomakeplasticploughwallsorcoveringtheworkingsurfaceofploughwallswithpolytetrafluoroethyleneplasticcanreducefrictionalresistance.
Rubber
Ithasthecharacteristicsofwearresistance,corrosionresistanceandgoodelasticity.Inagriculturalmachinery,rubberisusedinadditiontovarioustransmissionbelts.Tomakerubbercrawlersofharvestingmachinery,fertilizingstarwheelsoffertilizationdevices,seedlingclawsofseedlingplanters,feedingrollersofsugarcaneplanters,rubberrollersofhullingmachines,irrigationhosesandvariousseals,etc.
Developmenttrend
Thedevelopmentofagriculturalmachineryisdirectlyrelatedtotheeconomicconditionsofthecountryandthecountryside.Ineconomicallydevelopedcountries,especiallyintheUnitedStateswheretherearefewagriculturallabors,agriculturalmachinerycontinuestodevelopinthedirectionoflarge-scale,wide-width,high-speedandhigh-productivity,andgraduallytransitiontotheautomationoftheproductionprocessonthebasisofmechanization.Variousadvancedscienceandtechnology,suchaselectronictechnologyandmicro-electroniccomputertechnology,areincreasinglywidelyusedinagriculturalmachineryproductsandtheirdesignandmanufacturing.Intheanimalhusbandryindustry,especiallythechickenindustryhasenteredthestageoffactorycontinuousproduction,theairtightchickenhousethatautomaticallycontrolsthemicroclimateisanewdevelopmentinanimalhusbandrymachinery.
Infieldmachinery,automaticcontroldevicesthatcombinehydraulicandelectricalcontrol,ordirectlyuseelectricalorelectromagneticcontrol,havebeguntobeapplied,suchastheliftingcontroloftheharvestingtableonthegraincombineandthereelcontrolContinuouslyvariablespeedandsoon.Thereareincreasingvarietiesofelectronicmonitoringinstruments,suchasseedinguniformitymonitorsonplanters,grainlossmonitorsanddrumspeedmonitorsongraincombineharvesters,andsprayrangeandsprayvolumemonitorsonsprayers.Electronictechnologyisincreasinglyusedinmechanicalequipmentsuchasautomaticgradingofvegetablesandfruitsandautomaticmanagementoffieldirrigation.
Chinastillfocusesonthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedagriculturalmachinery.Thekeydevelopmentprojectsareagriculturalmachineryvarietiesthathavehigheconomicbenefits,canimprovetheabilitytoresistnaturaldisasters,ensurestableandhighoutput,andincreaseproductionandincome,suchasirrigationanddrainage,plantprotection,andfertilizationmachinery.Thetypesofmachineryusedfordiversifiedoperationsinruralareaswillbegreatlydeveloped,suchasvariousagriculturalandsidelineproductsprocessingmachineryandlivestockbreedingmachinery,aswellasbeekeeping,silkwormbreeding,pondfishbreedingandediblefunguscultivationmachineryandequipment.
Theenergy-savingofagriculturalmachineryandthedevelopmentofavarietyofagriculturalenergysourceshavereceivedincreasingattention.Thedevelopmenttrendis:①Startingfromimprovingthecombustionprocess,recyclingexhaustgasandcoolingwaterheat,etc.,reducetheinternalcombustionengineFuelconsumption.②Internalcombustionenginesthatusevegetableoil,alcoholandbiogastoobtainfuelfromagriculturalandsidelineproductsorruralwastes,anddual-fuelinternalcombustionenginesthatcanchangethefuelused.③Usingsolarenergy,geothermalheatandwasteheatfromthermalpowerstationstodrygrainsandotheragriculturalproducts,orusetheminheatingsystemsforgreenhousesandlivestockhouses.④Usingwindpowerandwaterlifting,etc.