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Theimprintoftheoriginalheart丨The"WTOhammer"witnessinghistory2021-08-0422:55

A"WTOhammer"witnessedthehistoricalmomentofChina'sreturntotheWorldTradeOrganization,andtoldthestoryofChina'sactiveintegrationintoeconomicglobalizationanditsdeterminationtopromotetheconstructionofanopenworldeconomy.ReturningtotheWorldTradeOrganizationisabigstepforChinatocatchupwiththetimesandactivelyembracetheworld....Details

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History

July1944,AttheBrettonWoodsmeeting,theideaof​​establishingtheWorldTradeOrganizationwasproposed.

InFebruary1946,theUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCouncilhelditsfirstmeeting.ThemeetingcalledforaUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandEmploymenttodraftacharterfortheInternationalTradeOrganizationandnegotiateaworldwidetariffreduction.Subsequently,theEconomicandSocialCouncilestablishedapreparatorycommittee.

In1947,theHavanaChartersignedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandEmploymentagreedtoestablishtheWorldTradeOrganization.Later,duetotheoppositionoftheUnitedStates,theWorldTradeOrganizationcouldnotbeestablished.Inthesameyear,theUnitedStatesinitiatedthedraftingoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeasatemporarycontracttopromotetradeliberalization.

From1947to1993,theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradepresidedover8roundsofmultilateraltariffandtradenegotiations.The8throundofnegotiationswasheldinGenevafrom1986toDecember15,1993,calledthe"UruguayRound.".Thefifthroundiscalledthe"DillonRound",thesixthroundiscalledthe"KennedyRound",andtheseventhroundiscalledthe"TokyoRound".

In1986,afterthestartoftheUruguayRoundofGATTnegotiations,

In1990,theEuropeanCommunityandCanadaformallyproposedtheestablishmentoftheWorldTradeOrganization.

OnApril15,1994,theUruguayRoundMinisterialMeetingoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeheldinMarrakech,Morocco,decidedtoestablishamoreglobalWorldTradeOrganizationtoreplacetheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade.

OnJanuary1,1995,theWorldTradeOrganizationwasestablished.

OnJanuary1,1996,theWorldTradeOrganizationformallyreplacedtheProvisionalAgencyoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,andKazakhstanappliedforWTOaccession.

OnDecember11,2001,ChinaformallyjoinedtheWorldTradeOrganization.

OnAugust30,2003,theGeneralCounciloftheWorldTradeOrganizationunanimouslyadoptedthefinaldocumentontheimplementationofthepatenteddrugcompulsorylicensingsystem.

OnNovember7,2006,theGeneralCounciloftheWorldTradeOrganizationheldaspecialmeetinginGenevatoacceptVietnamasamemberoftheorganization.

OnOctober26,2012,LaoswasformallyapprovedasamemberattheGeneralCouncilmeetingheldinGeneva,Switzerland;theinformalmeetingoftheGeneralCounciloftheWorldTradeOrganizationheldinGeneva,SwitzerlandonDecember10ofthesameyearApprovedthemembershipofTajikistanthroughapackageofdocumentsforTajikistan’saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization.

OnMarch2,2013,TajikistanofficiallybecameamemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization.OnDecember7ofthesameyear,theNinthMinisterialConferenceoftheWorldTradeOrganizationconcludedinBali,Indonesia,andtheBaliMinisterialDeclarationwasissued.OnDecember4ofthesameyear,theNinthMinisterialConferenceoftheWorldTradeOrganizationpassedanagreementinBali,Indonesia,approvingYemen'saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization.

OnApril26,2015,Seychellesconcludedthe20-yearWTOmembershipnegotiationwithmembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization.OnJuly27ofthesameyear,KazakhstanPresidentNazarbayevandWorldTradeOrganizationDirector-GeneralAzevedojointlysignedthe"ProtocolonKazakhstan'sAccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization"attheWorldTradeOrganizationGeneralCouncilmeetinginGeneva;OnJuly29ofthesameyear,LiberiaandAfghanistanbecamemembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization.

OnDecember11,2019,duetothefactthatthereisonlyonememberoftheAppellateBodyoftheWorldTradeOrganization,whichisbelowtheminimumnumberofeffectiveoperations,theAppellateBodyoftheWorldTradeOrganizationDisputeSettlementMechanismwasofficiallyclosedaftermorethan20yearsofoperation.

Organization

OrganizationalPurpose

Improvelivingstandards,ensurefullemploymentandsubstantiallyandsteadilyincreaserealincomeandeffectivedemand;expandproductionofgoodsandservicesAndtrade;adheretothepathofsustainabledevelopment,eachmembershouldpromotetheoptimaluseofworldresources,protectandmaintaintheenvironment,andstrengthentheadoptionofvariouscorrespondingmeasuresinawaythatmeetstheneedsofeachmemberunderdifferenteconomicdevelopmentlevels;Activelystrivetoensurethatdevelopingcountries,especiallytheleastdevelopedcountries,gainsharesandbenefitsthatarecommensuratewiththeirlevelofeconomicdevelopmentinthegrowthofinternationaltrade;establishanintegratedmultilateraltradingsystem;establishacompletesystemthroughmeasuressuchassubstantialtariffreductionAmoredynamicanddurablemultilateraltradingsystem;withtheprinciplesofopenness,equality,andreciprocity,graduallylowerthetariffandnon-tarifftradebarriersofeachmember,andeliminatethediscriminatorytreatmentofeachmemberininternationaltrade.Indealingwiththerelationshipbetweentradeandeconomicundertakingsamongthemembersoftheorganization,theaimistoimprovelivingstandards,ensurefullemployment,guaranteethehugeandcontinuousgrowthofrealincomeandeffectivedemand,expandthefulluseofworldresources,anddevelopcommodityproductionandexchange.,Strivetoreachmutuallybeneficialagreements,drasticallyreducetariffsandothertradebarriersandpoliticaldiscriminationininternationaltrade.

ThegoaloftheWTOistoestablishacompletemultilateraltradingsystemthatincludesgoods,services,trade-relatedinvestmentsandintellectualpropertyrights,etc.,whichismoredynamicandlasting,toincludetheliberalizationoftheGATT.AndalltheresultsoftheUruguayRoundofmultilateraltradenegotiations.

Basicprinciples

• Reciprocity

ReciprocityTheprinciple,alsocalledtheprincipleofreciprocity,meansthattwomembersgiveeachotherpreferentialtreatmentininternationaltrade.Itclarifiesthebasicpositionsthatmembersmustadoptintariffandtradenegotiationsandwhatkindoftraderelationsmustbeestablishedbetweenthem.

TheprincipleofreciprocityoftheWorldTradeOrganizationismainlyembodiedinthefollowingforms:

1.Reducetariffsornon-tariffmeasuresbyholdingmultilateraltradenegotiations,andofferothermembersreciprocallyOpeningupthedomesticmarkettoobtainopportunitiesfordomesticproductsorservicestoenterothermembermarketsistheso-called"investinginpeaches"and"repayingtheminreturn."

2.WhenacountryorregionappliestojointheWorldTradeOrganization,sincenewmemberscanenjoythepreferentialtreatmentofopenmarketsthatalloldmembershavereachedinthepast,oldmemberswillunanimouslyrequirenewmemberstofollowThecurrentWTOagreementsandagreementsprovideforpaymentof"entryfees"-openinguptheapplicant'scommodityorservicemarket.

3.Mutualtradeisthemaintoolforachievingeconomicandtradecooperationwithothermembersintheprocessofmultilateraltradenegotiationsandtradeliberalization.ThehistoryoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeandtheWorldTradeOrganizationhasfullydemonstratedthatthebenefitsofmultilateraltradeliberalizationtoamemberarefargreaterthanthebenefitsofacountry’sunilateralimplementationoftradeliberalization.Becausewhenacountryunilaterallydecidestoliberalizetariffandnon-tarifftradeingoodsandopentheservicemarket,thebenefitsitobtainsmainlydependontheresponseofothertradingpartnerstosuchliberalizationreforms.Iftheresponseisgood,itmeansIfconcessionsarealsograntedinotherplaces,thebenefitswillbegreater;otherwise,thebenefitswillbesmaller.

Onthecontrary,undertheWTOsystem,sinceamember’stradeliberalizationiscarriedoutwithinthescopeofobtainingtheopenmarketcommitmentsofexistingmembers,theactualbenefitsbroughtbysuchtradeliberalizationreformsarenaturallyTheWorldTradeOrganization’sinstitutionalguaranteeisnotasuncertainastheinterestsofunilateralorbilateraltradeliberalization.Therefore,multilateraltradeliberalizationisbetterthanunilateraltradeliberalization,especiallyforalargedevelopingcountrylikeChina.

• Theprincipleoftransparency

Theprincipleoftransparency(Transparency)referstotheThetrademeasuresformulatedandimplementedandtheirchangesshallbeannounced.Measuresthathavenotbeenannouncedshallnotbeimplemented.Atthesametime,thesetrademeasuresandtheirchangesshallbenotifiedtotheWorldTradeOrganization.Inaddition,therelevantinternationalagreementsthatthememberpartiesparticipateinthataffectinternationaltradepoliciesshouldalsobeannouncedandnotifiedtotheWorldTradeOrganizationinatimelymanner.

TheprincipleoftransparencyisanimportantprincipleoftheWorldTradeOrganization.ItisembodiedinthemainagreementsandagreementsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Accordingtothisprinciple,membersoftheWorldTradeOrganizationneedtoannouncetheeffectiveimplementationofcurrenttradepoliciesandregulations:

(1)Customsregulations.Thatis,thecustoms'rulesonproductclassificationandvaluationmethods,thecustomsdutiesandtaxesandotherfeesleviedonimportandexportgoods;

(2)relevantlawsandadministrativerulesandregulationsforimportandexportmanagement;

(3)Domestictaxes,lawsandregulationsrelatedtoimportandexportcommodities;

(4)Relatedlawsandregulationsonimportandexportcommodityinspectionandquarantine;

(5)Foreignexchangemanagementrelatedtoimportandexportgoodsandtheirpayment,andgenerallawsandregulationsonforeignexchangemanagement;

(6)Legislationandrulesandregulationsontheuseofforeigncapital;

(7)Regulationsandregulationsrelatedtotheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrights;

(8)Regulationsandregulationsrelatedtoexportprocessingzones,freetradezones,bordertradezones,andspecialeconomiczones;

(9)relatedLawsandregulationsontradeinservices;

(10)Arbitrationrulesandregulations;

(11)CurrentbilateralormultilateraltradepoliciessignedbymembergovernmentsandtheirinstitutionsAgreements,agreements;

(12)Otherdomesticlegislationoradministrativeregulationsaffectingtradebehavior.

Theprincipleoftransparencystipulatesthatallmembersshallimplementtheabove-mentionedrelevantlaws,regulations,judgmentsanddecisionsinafair,reasonableanduniformmanner.Uniformityrequiresthattherelevantlawsandregulationsgoverningtradewithintheterritoryofthemembersshouldnotbetreateddifferently.Thatis,thecentralgovernmentshalluniformlypromulgaterelevantpoliciesandregulations,andthelawsandregulationspromulgatedbylocalgovernmentsontheabove-mentionedmattersshallnotconflictwiththecentralgovernmentinanyway.However,specialadministrativeregionsandlocalgovernmentsauthorizedbythecentralgovernmentareexcluded.Fairnessandreasonablenessrequirememberstoimplementtheprincipleofnon-discriminationintheimplementationoflawsandregulations.

Theprincipleoftransparencyalsostipulatesthat,inviewoftheneedforinspectionandcorrectionofcustomsadministrativeactions,membersarerequiredtoretainorestablishjudicialorarbitraloradministrativeinstitutionsandproceduresassoonaspossible.Suchcourtsorproceduresareindependentoftheagencyresponsibleforadministrativeenforcement.Exceptthattheimportercanappealtoahighercourtoragencywithinthepermittedappealperiod,thedecisionwillbeenforcedbytheseagencies.

Theprincipleoftransparencyhasplayedaveryimportantroleintherealizationoffairtradeandcompetition.

• MarketAccessPrinciples

WorldTradeOrganizationMarketAccessPrinciples(MarketAccess)Itisvisibleandgrowing.Itaimstorequirecountriestoopenuptheirmarkets.Itisplannedandstep-by-steptoachievemaximumtradeliberalizationinstages.Themaincontentofthemarketaccessprincipleincludestariffprotectionandconcession,theremovalofquantitativerestrictionsandtheprincipleoftransparency.TheWorldTradeOrganizationadvocatestheultimateeliminationofalltradebarriers,includingtariffsandnon-tariffbarriers.AlthoughtariffbarriersarestillalegalprotectionmethodallowedbytheWorldTradeOrganization,theleveloftariffsmustcontinuetodecline.

• PrinciplesofPromotingFairCompetition

TheWorldTradeOrganizationdoesnotallowcontractingpartiestotradeunfairlyMeansforunfaircompetition.Theexportofgoodsintheformofdumpingandsubsidiesisparticularlyprohibited.Dumpingandsubsidiesareclearlystipulated,andspecificanddetailedimplementationmeasureshavebeenformulated.TheWorldTradeOrganizationadvocatesadoptingfairtrademethodsforfaircompetition..

• Theprincipleofeconomicdevelopment

Alsoknownastheprincipleofencouragingeconomicdevelopmentandeconomicreform,thisprincipleWiththepurposeofhelpingandpromotingtherapideconomicdevelopmentofdevelopingcountries,itisformulatedfordevelopingcountriesandeconomicallyconnectedcountries.Itisaspecialpreferentialtreatmentgiventothesecountries,suchasallowingdevelopingcountriestoimplementimportquantityrestrictionsorincreasewithinacertainrange.The“governmentassistancetoeconomicdevelopment”clauseoftariffsonlyrequiresdevelopedcountriestounilaterallyassumeobligationswhiledevelopingcountriesenjoycertainpreferential“tradeanddevelopmentclauses”,andestablishesthatdevelopedcountriesgrantmorereformstodevelopingcountriesandcountriesintransition.ThelegalityoflongtransitionaltreatmentandGSPtreatment.

• Theprincipleofnon-discrimination

Thisprincipleincludestwoaspects,oneisthemostfavorednationTreatment,theotherisnationaltreatment.Membersgenerallycannotdiscriminatebetweentradingpartners;thepreferencesgiventoonemembershouldalsobegiventoothermembers.Thisisthemost-favored-nationtreatment.Thisprincipleisveryimportant.ItranksfirstintheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichgovernstradeingoods,thesecondintheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices,andthefirstintheAgreementonTrade-RelatedIntellectualPropertyRights.Four.Therefore,themost-favoured-nationtreatmentappliestoallthreetradeareasoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Nationaltreatmentmeansthatforeigngoods,servicesandintellectualpropertyrightsshouldbetreatedthesameaslocalones.Thefundamentalpurposeofmost-favoured-nationtreatmentistoensurethatothercontractingpartiesoutsidethecountrycancompetefairlywithenterprisesfromothercountriesinthedomesticmarket.Theprincipleofnon-discriminationisthecornerstoneoftheWorldTradeOrganization,animportantmeanstoavoidtradediscriminationandfriction,andanimportantguaranteeforachievingequaltradeamongcountries.

1.Theprincipleofmost-favoured-nationtreatment:Amemberwillgivepreferentialtreatmenttoanyothercountryinthefieldsoftradeingoods,servicetradeandintellectualpropertyrights,andgiveothermembersimmediatelyandunconditionally.

Keypoints:

a.Automaticity:immediateandunconditional;

b.Identity:thebeneficiariesmustbethesame;

c.Mutuality:boththebeneficiaryandthebeneficiary,assumeobligationsandenjoyrightsatthesametime;

d.Universality:Applicabletoallimportandexportproducts,servicetrade,andallsectorsandalltypesofknowledgePropertyownersandholders.

Exceptions:

A.Regionaleconomicarrangementsintheformofcustomsunionsandfreetradeareas,whicharemorepreferentialthanmost-favored-nationtreatmentintheseregions,andtheworldoutsidetheregionTradeorganizationmembershavenorighttoenjoy;

B.Specialanddifferentialtreatmentfordevelopingmembers,suchasthegeneralsystemofpreferences;

C.GiveneighboringcountriesinbordertradeFormoretradefacilitation;

D.Inthefieldofintellectualpropertyrights,memberpartiesareallowedtoreserveexceptionsregardingtherightsenjoyedingeneraljudicialassistanceinternationalagreements.

2.Theprincipleofnationaltreatment:thetreatmentprovidedtoothermembers’products,servicesandserviceprovidersandintellectualpropertyownersandholdersshallnotbelowerthanthatprovidedbysimilarproducts,servicesandservicesinthecountryAndthetreatmentenjoyedbyownersandholdersofintellectualpropertyrights.

Keypoints:

a.Applicableobjectsareproduct,serviceandserviceprovidersandintellectualpropertyownersandholders,butbecauseofthedifferentspecificbeneficiariesinthesefields,nationalsThescopeofapplication,specificrulesandimportanceofthetreatmentclausesaredifferent;

b.Products,servicesandserviceprovidersandintellectualpropertyownersandholdersthatonlyinvolveothermembersareinvolvedinimportingmembers.Thetreatmentenjoyedwithintheterritory;

c.Themeaningofthetermnolessthaninthedefinitionmeansthattheproducts,servicesandserviceprovidersofothermembersandtheownersandholdersofintellectualpropertyrightsshouldbeImportingmembersofsimilarproducts,sameservicesandserviceproviders,andownersandholdersofintellectualpropertyrightsenjoythesametreatment.Iftheimportingmembergivestheformerhighertreatment,itdoesnotviolatetheprincipleofnationaltreatment.

Mainfunctions

• Basicfunctions

DevelopsupervisionandmanagementAndimplementthemultilateralandplurilateraltradeagreementsthattogetherconstitutetheWorldTradeOrganization;serveasaforumformultilateraltradenegotiations;seektoresolvetradedisputes;monitortradepoliciesofvariousmembers,andcooperatewithotherinternationalinstitutionsrelatedtotheformulationofglobaleconomicpolicies.

ThegoaloftheWorldTradeOrganizationistoestablishacomplete,moredynamicandpermanentmultilateraltradingsystem.ComparedwiththeGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,thescopeoftheWTO’sjurisdictionincludestraditionalandtheUruguayRoundofgoodstrade,aswellasintellectualpropertyrights,investmentmeasures,andnon-goodstrade(servicetrade)thathavebeenoutsidetheGATTforalongtime.Andotherfields.TheWorldTradeOrganizationhasthestatusofalegalperson,andithashigherauthorityandeffectivenessinmediatingdisputesamongmembers.

• Fivefunctions

Managementfunctions:TheWorldTradeOrganizationisresponsibleforthetradepoliciesofitsmembersSuperviseandmanagelawsandregulations,andreviewthemregularlytoensuretheirlegitimacy.

Organizationalfunctions:Inordertoachievetheestablishedgoalsofvariousagreementsandagreements,theWorldTradeOrganizationhastherighttoorganizeandimplementvarioustradeagreementsandagreementsunderitsjurisdiction,andactivelytakevariouseffectivemeasures.

Coordinationfunction:TheWorldTradeOrganizationcoordinatesitsrelationswithinternationalorganizationsandinstitutionssuchastheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldBanktoensuretheconsistencyandcohesionofglobaleconomicdecision-making.

Regulatoryfunction:Whendisputesandconflictsoccurbetweenmembers,theWorldTradeOrganizationisresponsibleforresolvingthem.

Providefunctions:TheWorldTradeOrganizationprovidesitsmemberswithavenuefornegotiationandrelatedmattersofvariousagreementsandagreements,andprovidesnecessarytechnicalassistancetodevelopingcountriestohelptheirdevelopment.

• Basicrights

(1)Enableproductsandservicesandintellectualpropertyrightsin150Themembersenjoyunconditional,multilateral,permanentandstablemost-favoured-nationtreatmentandnationaltreatment;

(2)Theindustrialproductsandsemi-manufacturedproductsexportedbymostdevelopedcountriesreceivetheGSPtreatment;

(3)Enjoymostofthepreferentialortransitionalarrangementsofdevelopingcountrymembers;

(4)EnjoythebenefitsofopeninguporexpandingmarketaccessforgoodsandservicesbyotherWorldTradeOrganizationmembers;

(5)UsethedisputesettlementmechanismoftheWorldTradeOrganizationtofairly,objectivelyandreasonablyresolveeconomicandtradefrictionswithothercountriesandcreateagoodenvironmentforeconomicandtradedevelopment;

(6)Participateintheactivitiesofthemultilateraltradingsystemtoobtainthedecision-makingpowerofinternationaleconomicandtraderules;

(7)EnjoytherightofWTOmemberstousevariousrules,takeexceptions,andguaranteemeasurestopromotetheirowneconomicandtradedevelopment.

• Basicobligations

(1)Intermsofgoods,services,intellectualpropertyrights,etc.,AccordingtotheprovisionsoftheWorldTradeOrganization,othermembersaregrantedmost-favored-nationtreatmentandnationaltreatment;

(2)AccordingtotherelevantagreementsoftheWorldTradeOrganization,expandthemarketaccessofgoodsandservices,thatis,specificrequirementsforloweringtariffsandregulationsNon-tariffmeasures,andgraduallyexpandtheopeningoftheservicetrademarket;

(3)FurtherregulatetheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsaccordingtotheprovisionsoftheIntellectualPropertyAgreement;

(4)AccordingtothedisputesettlementmechanismandotherMembersresolvetradefrictionsfairlyandcannotengageinunilateralretaliation;

(5)Increasethetransparencyoftradepoliciesandregulations;

(6)Regulateinvestmentmeasuresforforeigninvestmentingoodstrade;

(7)Payacertainmembershipfeeaccordingtotheproportionoftheworld’sexports.

Institutionalsettings

• Meetingmechanism

MinisterLevelMeeting

ThehighestauthorityoftheWTO.Itiscomposedofalltheministersinchargeofforeigntradeandeconomiccooperation,deputyministerialofficialsortheirplenipotentiaryrepresentatives.Theministerialconferenceisheldatleastonceeverytwoyears.Theministerialconferencehasawiderangeofpowers,including:legislativepower;quasi-judicialpower;Obligationsunderspecificcircumstances;toapproveapplicationsforobtainingWTOobserverqualificationssubmittedbynon-WTOmembers.

• Permanentestablishment

GeneralCouncil

DuringtheadjournmentoftheCouncilofMinisters,theGeneralCouncilcomposedofrepresentativesofallmemberswillactonbehalfoftheCouncilofMinisters.TheGeneralCouncilmaymeetatanytimeasnecessarytodrawupitsownrulesofprocedureandagenda.Meetingsareheldatanytimetoperformitsdutiesofresolvingtradedisputesandreviewingtradepoliciesofeachmember.

TheGeneralCouncilconsistsoftheGoodsTradeCouncil,theServiceTradeCouncil,andtheIntellectualPropertyCouncil.Thesecouncilsmaydrafttheirownrulesofprocedureaccordingtothesituation,andimplementthemafterbeingapprovedbythegeneralcouncil.Allmemberscanparticipateineachcouncil.

Specialcommittees

Specialcommitteesaresetupundertheministerialmeetingsofspecialcommitteestodealwithspecifictradeandotherrelatedmatters.Morethan10specialcommitteeshavebeenestablished,includingtheTradeandDevelopmentCommittee;theInternationalBalanceofPaymentsRestrictionCommittee;theBudget,FinanceandAdministrationCommittee;andtheTradeandEnvironmentCommittee.

SecretariatandDirector-General

SecretariatandDirector-General:SecretariatstaffareappointedbytheDirector-GeneralandtheyaredeterminedaccordingtotherulesadoptedbytheCouncilofMinistersResponsibilitiesandconditionsofservice.

TheCouncilofMinistersclarifiedthepowers,responsibilities,conditionsofserviceandtermrulesoftheDirector-General.TheDirector-GeneraloftheWorldTradeOrganizationmainlyhasthefollowingresponsibilities:hecanexertmaximuminfluenceonthemembersandrequirethemtoabidebytherulesoftheWorldTradeOrganization;theDirector-GeneralshouldconsiderandforeseethebestdevelopmentpolicyoftheWorldTradeOrganization;andhelpmemberssolvetheirproblems.Responsiblefortheworkofthesecretariat,managingthebudgetandadministrativeaffairsrelatedtoallmembers;presidingoverconsultationsandinformalnegotiationstoavoiddisputes.

Members

AsofMarch2020,theofficialwebsiteshowsthattheWorldTradeOrganizationhas164members.WTOmembersaredividedintofourcategories:developedmembers,developingmembers,andtransitioneconomiesmembersAndtheleastdevelopedmembers.

AnycountryoracustomsterritorywithafullyautonomoustradepolicyiseligibletojointheWorldTradeOrganizationandbecomeitsmember.

• Members

• Observer

TreatyRegulations

TreatyAgreements

BaliMinisterialDeclaration,SingaporeMinisterialDeclaration,SingaporeDeclaration,MinisterialConferenceDeclaration,MinisterialDeclaration,Asia-PacificInformationInfrastructureSeoulDeclaration,JointDeclaration,BogorDeclaration,OsakaActionAgenda,GoldCoastDeclaration,CancunDeclaration,ActionPlan

Regulations

MutualRecognitionArrangement(MRA)""GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade","GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices","Trade-RelatedIntellectualPropertyAgreement","IntellectualPropertyAgreement","MarrakeshAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganization","MultilateralAgreementonTradeinGoods","ServicesGeneralAgreementonTrade"Trade-relatedKnowledgePropertyRightsAgreement,"UnderstandingonDisputeSettlementRulesandProcedures","TradePolicyReviewMechanism","MarrakeshAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganization","UnderstandingonWorldTradeOrganizationDisputeSettlementRulesandProcedures"

Managementcollective

termofoffice

Name

Nationality

CulturalTradition

ImageLogo

OnOctober9,1997,theWorldTradeOrganizationlaunchedanewlogo.Thelogoiscomposedofsixupwardcurvedarcs,theupperthreeandthelowerthreeareinred,blue,andgreencolors.ThelogomeansthatthevibrantWorldTradeOrganizationwillplayakeyroleinthesustainedandorderlyexpansionofworldtrade.ThespherecomposedofsixarcsindicatesthattheWorldTradeOrganizationisaninternationalorganizationcomposedofdifferentmembers.Thelogoisdynamicafteralongtime,symbolizingthevitalityoftheWorldTradeOrganization.ThedesignerofthelogoisYangShufromSingapore.HerdesignadoptsthegesturesoftraditionalChinesecalligraphy.Thesixarcshavetherhythmofbrushcalligraphystartingandending.

Organizationlanguage

Theofficiallanguages​​oftheWorldTradeOrganizationareEnglish,FrenchandSpanish.Ithaslegaleffect;thesignificanceofincludingEnglish,French,andSpanishtextsisthatwhendisputeswithWTOmembersoccur,theprovisionsinthesetextscanbedirectlyinvokedandapplied,andhaveformallegaleffect;theyincludethelegaldocumentsofChina’saccessiontotheWTO.Chinesetranslation,sothatreaderswhoarenotaccustomedtoreadingforeignlanguages​​canlearnandmasterWTOrules.

Significanceofevaluation

MaintainingthemultilateraltradingsystemwiththeWorldTradeOrganizationasthecoreisofgreatsignificanceforpromotinginternationaltradeandthestabledevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.TheWorldTradeOrganizationhascreatednewmechanismsandproceduresforresolvingglobaltradedisputes,includingsettingupadisputesettlementmechanismanditsappellatebody,andestablishingarulingmechanismwiththeenforcementeffectofinternationallaw.Therefore,itiscalledaninternationalorganizationwith“teeth”.(ChinaNewsNetworkReview)