Qin State

Countryname

ThecountrynameofQinStatecomesfromplacename.IntheWesternZhouDynasty,QinFeizi,theleaderoftheQinpeople,wasgoodatraisinghorsesfortheZhouroyalfamily.In905BC,QinFeiziwasnamedtotheQinlandbyKingZhouXiao.Qin".DuringtheperiodofKingZhouYou,DogRongattackedHaojing,andQinXianggonghaddoneagoodjobindefendingtheZhouroyalfamily.AfterthereunificationofQinShihuang,thetitleof"Qin"wasstillused.

History

ArchaeologyofOrigin

ThemainstreamopinionforalongtimeisthattheQinpeoplecamefromtheWest.SimaQiandetailedQin’sancestorsin"HistoricalRecordsofQin"and"TheFamilyofZhaoFamily".InthelateShangDynasty,therewasRongXuxuanwhomarriedLiShan'sdaughterandwasawkwardduringhislife.ThepeopleofQinwerealreadyintheWestatthattimeandhadcloserelationswiththepeopleofRong.MengWentong’s"ZhouandQinMinorityStudies"thereforeconsideredthat"QinistheRongnationality"."SpeakingfromtheEast"wasfirstproposedbyFuSinian.HebelievedthatalthoughthepeopleofQinwerefoundedintheWest,theirethnicoriginwasintheEast,thatis,thesurnameDongyiintheShangDynastymovedwestward.AccordingtothebriefarticleofTsinghua's"XianNian",afterthecollapseoftheShangDynasty,FeiLianfledtoShangWei.FeiLianmusthaveplayedamotivatingroleintheanti-ZhouoftheEasternnationalitiessuchastheYingcountry.Afterthefailureofthechaos,theZhoudynastysealedZhouGong’seldestsonBoqintotheplaceoftheoriginaldynasty,establishedtheLuState,andruledthe"businessdyingpeople".The"businessdyingpeople"wereforcedtomovewestbytheZhoupeople."Zhimin"istheancestorofQin.Inthemid-WesternZhouDynasty,bothXunguiandShiyouguimentioned"QinYi"and"Qinpeople".ThedescendantsofShangyupeoplefromtheEastcancallthemselves"Yi".Qinpeople".

ArchaeologistsdiscoveredthatthestylesofculturalrelicsunearthedfromthesitesoftheQinandRongtribesarequitedifferent.TheQinculturemainlycomesfromtheZhouculture,whiletheRongculturecomesfromtheSiwaculture.ThearchaeologicaldiscoveriesoftheQintombinDabaozishan,LiCounty,GansuProvinceprovidedkeymaterialsforthestudyofthematerialandculturalfeaturesofthe"gongclan"oftheQinDynasty.ThetypicalQinculturerepresentedby"nationality"continuespartoftheShangculture.In2010,manytombsofQinculturewerediscoveredattheLiyasiteinQingshuiCounty,GansuProvince.SomeoftheburialobjectsshowtheShangculturestyle,especiallyrepresentedbythesquarelipcrotchandthetriangularpatternpottery簋.TheLiyasitehasprovidedimportantevidenceforconsolidatingtheQinpeople's"speakingtotheeast".TheresearchersalsodiscoveredthattheQinpeopleandtheRongpeopleliveinastaggeredcanine,facingeachother.TheQinpeoplemainlylivedontheopenplainsandflatplateausonbothsidesoftheupperreachesoftheWesternHanRiver,whiletheRongpeoplemostlylivedinthevalleysofthelowerreachesoftheWesternHanRiverortributaries.TwocitieswerealsodiscoveredinthewatershedoftheWesternHanDynasty,whichwereoneoftheearliestplaceswheretheQinpeoplelived.Thecrueltyofthestrugglebetweenthetwotribescanbeseenfromtheruinsandculturalrelics.Thetwotribesusuallyliveintheirownlivingquarters,guardingandfightingeachother.

"HistoricalRecords·FengchanBook"contains:"QinXianggongwasalord,livinginthewest,andheregardedhimselfasthemasterofShaohao(oneofthefiveemperorsinthelegend).TheemperorisShaohao,oneofthefivegods.AsearlyastheZhouDynasty,accordingtothe"ZhouLi",peoplesacrificedtheHaotianGodandtheWufangGodwithsixrounds.Thefivegodswere:EasternQingEmperorTaihaoFuxiandNanfangYandi.,CentralYellowEmperor,WesternWhiteEmperorShaohao,NorthernBlackEmperorZhuanxu).Itsanimalsarethreehorses,horses,cattle,andsheep.""ShuWen":"Ying,thesurnameoftheemperor.""ZuoZhuan"saidIt'sveryclearthatthelandofthedyingcountrywhereLuwassealedisalsocalledthe"VoidofShaohao".AfterQinZhongwaskilledbyRongDi,hisson'sfathersaid,"RongkillsmyeldestfatherZhong.IfIkillthekingofRong,Iwillnotdaretoenterthetown."

Later,Qin’sShangYangreformpassedThepolicyof"laipeople"hasattractedalargenumberofQincountriesfromthesixcountriesofShandong,whichhasreachedalargeareaandsparselypopulated.What'smore,mostoftheQinareawasoriginallyZhoupeople'sterritory,andmanyZhoupeopleoriginallylivedonit.ThelandofQinwasoccupiedbyXiRonglater,soQinwillnaturallyhavemanydescendantsofZhoupeople.Forexample,intheQinWengongera,hedefeatedtheRongpeople"ShouZhouYumin"andlateroccupiedtheoldplaceoftheWesternZhouDynasty.Inotherwords,ZhoupeopleareanaboriginalpeopleinthehomelandofQin,whileRongpeopleareoutsiders.ItwasnoteasyfortheXiRongpeopletomovetoQinintheeraofextremelyinconvenienttransportationintheancienttimes,sothereisnoevidencetoprovethattheRongpeoplearethemainethnicgroupinQin.Therefore,itisextremelywrongtosaythatQinWeirong,letaloneQinandRongpeopleneverregardeachotherastheirown.

EarlyAncestors

TheancestorsofQincanbetracedbacktoZhuanXu.Accordingto"ShanHaiJing.HaiNeiWesternJing":QinandZhouarebothdescendantsoftheYellowEmperor.ThepeopleofQinregardedthemselvesasHuaxiaandregardedHuangdiastheirancestor.Zhuanxu'sdescendant,Dafei,andDayuworkedtogethertocontrolthewater.Afterthewaterwassuccessfullycontrolled,DafeistayedwithEmperorShuntodomesticateandtrainbirdsandbeastsforEmperorShun.EmperorShunpraisedthegreatworkandgavethesurnameYing.ThisistheoriginofthesurnameYing.PeoplecallhimBaiYi(BoYi)becauseheisgoodattrainingbirdsandbeasts.DaFeiShenghastwosons,namedDaLianandRuoMu.SomeofRuomu'sdescendantsareinYidi,andsomeareintheCentralPlains.RuomuhasadescendantnamedFeiChang,wholivedintheXiaJieperiod.FeiChangcouldn'tstandtheviolenceofXiaJie,soheleftXiaDynastyandwenttoShangtang,speciallydrivingforShangtang,assistingShangtangindestroyingXiaLishang,andbecomingaheroofShangDynasty.BoYi'seldestson,Dalian,great-great-grandsonZhongyan,droveforEmperorTaiwu,andTaiwumarriedhisdaughter.Asaresult,theYingtribebecameanoblemanoftheShangDynastyandassistedtheShangDynastyforgenerations.UntilFeiLian,evilcomes.

Dalianhastwogreat-great-grandsons,MengXiandZhongYan.ZhongYandroveacarforthekingofShangTaiwu,andhewasveryappreciated.HiswifeanddaughterwereoftenseenafterZhongYan.ThegreatgrandsonofZhongyanwascalledZhonglu,andhelivedintheplacewheretheXirongpeoplelivedanddefendedthewesternfrontierfortheShangDynasty.ZhongYigavebirthtoXiaoLian,andXiaoLiangavebirthtotwosons:EvilLaiandJiSheng.IncorruptibleandevilcomebothtothekingofShangZhou,andkingWuofZhoucutsdownandkillsevil.

ShortlyaftertheestablishmentoftheWesternZhouDynasty,KingZhouWudiedandbecameking.Thekingwasyoung,andZhouGongdanwasleftwithstateandpoliticalaffairs.Atthistime,theremnantforcesoftheShangDynastyheadedbyWuGeng,thesonofKingZhou,joinedforceswiththethirdbrotherofKingWutolaunchtheSanjianRebellion,andtheYingclanalsoparticipated.ZhouGongconqueredatotalofseventeencountrieswiththeXiongsurnameandYingsurname.

XiaandShangonWednesdayentrustedthevassalstateandalwaysfollowedthepracticeof"XiaJunYipeople".TheStateofQinwasthefrontlineoftheZhouDynastytoresistXiRong.KingZhouPingoncepromisedQinXianggong:"ThereisnowayfortheRongtoinvadethelandofQiandFeng.IfQincanattackandfighttheRong,hewillhavehisland."QinculturemainlycomesfromJiZhouculture.

AttachedMinisterofZhou

TheevilbrotherJiShengistheancestorofZhaoKingdom.QinandZhaoareoriginallythesameancestorandcomefromthesameline.JiShengYouzinamedMengZeng,favoredbyKingZhouCheng.MengZenghadasoncalledHengfu,andHengfugavebirthtoaCepheid.Cepheuswasverygoodatdrivingcarriages.NotonlydidhedriveforKingZhouMu,healsomadegreatcontributionstotherebellionofKingXuGuoandKingXuYan,andwasrewardedbyKingZhouMutoZhaocheng(nowHongdong,Shanxi).TheCepheidfamilyisthereforetheZhaofamily.

DuringtheperiodofKingZhouXiao,theCepheidandNephewDaluolivedinDogHill.Secondly,ZiFeiZireignedforfiftyyears.HewasplacedbetweenJianandWeitomanagehorsesandbreedhorsesandanimals.TheCepheid'sgrand-nephewFeizi(GrandsonofBoYiXVI)wasentrustedtoQindi(nowTianshui,Gansu)byKingZhouXiaoforhismeritsinraisinghorses.Feizinamedthefiefashisfamily,named"QinYing",andbecameawinner.Theancestorofthesurnamecontinuedhissacrifice,andlatergenerationscalledhim"QinFeizi".Fromthenon,thepeopleofQinraisedhorsesfortheZhouroyalfamilyandfoughtagainstXiRongonthefrontier.Qin'sinitialterritorywassoutheasternGansu,prosperingintheGuanzhongareaof​​Shaanxi.Atthattime,theStateofQinwasonlyavassaloftheWesternZhouDynasty.

AfterQinFeizi'sdeath,hisgreat-grandsonQinZhongcametothethroneforthreeyears.ZhouLiwasinnocent,andsomeprincesbetrayedhim.TheXirongrebelledagainsttheZhoudynastyanddestroyedtheentireclanofDogqiuandDaluo.KingZhouXuanascendedthethrone,QinZhongwasnamedadoctor,orderedtofightXiRong.In822BC,QinZhongcametothethroneasadoctorfor23yearsanddiedinthehandsofXiRong.QinZhonghadfivesons,andhiseldestson,theprince,becametheQinZhuanggong.

TheKingZhouXuansummonedthefivebrothersofZhuangGongandgavethem7,000soldiersandorderedthemtofightagainstXiRong.ZhuangGongdefeatedXiRongandrecoveredDogHill.KingZhouXuanthengavethelandtoQinZhong'sdescendants,includingtheirancestorDaluo'sfiefDogHill,andappointedthemasDoctorXiChui.SotheQinStatehadtwoenclaves,oneinQin(Tianshui)andtheotherinDogqiu(Xingping,Xianyang).

DukeQinZhuanglivedintheirhometown,Xiquqiu(Tianshui),andgavebirthtothreesons.Theeldestsoniscalledtheworldfather.Theworldfathersaid:"XiRongkilledmygrandfatherQinZhong,IwillnevergohomeunlessIkillKingRong."SoheledhistroopstoattackXiRongandgaveupthepositionofheirtohisyoungerbrotherQinXiang.QinXianggongbecametheprince.Zhuanggongdiedforty-fouryears,andtheprince(Xianggong)succeededtothethrone.

In777BC,QinXianggongmarriedhissisterMiaoYingtoKingXiRongfengashiswife.In776BC,XiRongsurroundedDogHill,theworldfatherfoughtback,andwasfinallycapturedbyXiRong.Aftermorethanayear,XiRongfangreturnedtotheworldfather.

Rankedamongthelords

Afterahundredyearsofbleakmanagement,Qinwasexposedtofrostandthorns,andthepeopleofQingraduallyadaptedtotheharshenvironmentofXifeng,andtheirstrengthwasincreasingdaybyday.

Inthespringof771BC,KingZhouYouabolishedPrinceJiYijiubecausehelovedBaosi,andestablishedBaosi'ssonJiBofuastheheir.KingZhouYourepeatedlyusedabeaconfiretodeceivetheprincesintothecapital.Inordertoaskforpraise,hesmiled,andhewasknowninhistoryas"theprincesofthebeaconplay",andtheprincesbetrayedhimforthisreason.XiRong'sDogRongandShenHouattackedtheZhoudynastytogether,andkilledYouwangatthefootoftheLiMountain,andtheWesternZhouDynastywasdestroyed.

ThedogRongarmyisentrenchedinGaojing,theprinceYijiusummonedtheprincesQinwang,QinXianggongandWeiWugong,JinWenhou,andZhengWuledtroopstorescuetheWesternZhouDynasty.Therefore,thecrownprinceshouldbetheemperor,thekingofZhouPing,toprotectthecommunity.

In769BC,KingZhouPingmovedthecapitaleastwardtoLuoyiinordertoavoidtheharassmentofDogRong.QinXianggongledtroopstoescortKingZhouPingtothenewcapital.ThekingofZhouPingnamedXiangGongasavassalandgavehimlandwestofQishan,andQinestablishedthecountry.KingZhouPingalsosaid:“TheRongpeopledonotspeakmoralityandinvadeourlandinQishanandFengshui.IftheQinStatecandriveawaytheRongpeople,theselandswillbelongtotheQinState.”KingPingmadeanoathwithQinXianggong.DukeXiangmadeQinavassalstate(countryofcounts)atthistime,andexchangedenvoyswithothervassalstates,andexchangedinvitationsandgifts.Threehorses,oxen,andrams,eachwithblackmaneandnaked,weresacrificedtotheEmperorofHeaveninXizhen.In766BC,QinXianggongattackedXiRong,andwhenhearrivedatQishan,hediedthereandZiQinwenwasestablished.

In765BC,QinWengonglivedintheXicuiPalace.In763BC,Wengonghuntedwith700soldiers.In762BC,tothemeetingofWeiwei.Said:"InthepastZhouyi,IwonherebeforetheQinDynasty,andlaterbecameavassal.ItwastheresidenceofBuddhism,andtheauspiciousness,thatis,Yingyi.Thirteenyears,therewasachronicleofhistoryatthebeginning,andthepeopleweremultiplied.Sixteenyears,WengongFightagainstthearmywiththearmy,anddefeatthearmy.SoWenGongtookwhattherestofthepeoplehad,thelandreachedQi,andQiYidongofferedtheweek.

AfterQinWengong,throughtheeffortsofseveralgenerationsofmonarchs,hewasseekingOwndevelopmentspace,victoriousinthebattleagainstXiRong,allthelandofQifengwascontained,andsuccessivelyeliminatedtheDangSheRong,defeatedthetwoarmydivisionsofJunandJi,conqueredPengXiRong,marchedonHuashan,regainedDuThelandofZhengandXiaoguowaseliminated,andtheterritoryhasbeenadvancingtotheeasternendofGuanzhong.

QinmovedthecapitaltoYongin677BC.Sofar,thepeopleofQinhavealreadytakenuptheirbusinessthroughnearlyahundredyearsofhardworkintheearlyEasternZhouDynasty.MostoftheterritoryoftheCentralPlainshasrisenandbecomeanewpowerintheWest.Since677BC,QinhasbeenitscapitalinYong(nowBaojiFengxiang)fornearly300years.

DominateXirong

AtthetimeofQinXuangong,theQinarmyhadaborderconflictwithJin,whichhadjustbeenreunifiedandwasalsoinastateofrapidexpansion.QinXuangongandQinChenggongwerenotlong-lived,andtheiryoungerbrotherswereappointedforthesakeofQinMugong.

DuringtheQinMugongera,QinparticipatedintheCentralPlainshegemonyandbecameasecond-classpowerafterJin,Chu,andQi.QinMugongwasveryambitious,andMugongmarriedJinXiangong'sdaughterinordertomakeitastrongneighbortoJin.MakinggoodrelationswithQin,hesuccessivelysupportedJinHuiGongandJinWengongtostabilizethechaoticsituationofJin.QinMuGongoriginallywantedtoestablishJinWengongtoachievethepurposeofcontrollingJin,butJinWengongfinallyusedthepowerofQintoconsolidatethethroneanddominate.TheCentralPlains.

Later,QinMugongwantedtotakeadvantageofthedeathofJinWengong’sillness,butwasblockedbytheJininthemiddle.TheQinarmywasannihilatedduringtheBattleofWeiin627BC,andQinMugong’splantoencroachontheCentralPlainsBankruptcy.Atthistime,theJincountryisatthepeakoftheruler,theprosperityofthecountryandthestrongpeople.QinMugongdecisivelyadjustedthenationalpolicyandsetthestrategicgoalonthenomadictribesofXirong.Afterthebattleoftheking,hepointedthefingeratXirong.Herecruitedtalentsfromallcornersoftheworld."Fromthewest,YuYurong,andfromtheeast,XiYuwan.WiththeassistanceofthecounselorYuyu,hewentwestto"YiGuotwelve,openedathousandmiles,andthendominatedXiRong!"LuHunRongisapowerfultribeamongtheRongpeople.QinMuGongcouldn'tswallowthishardbone,sohewantedtodrivethemaway..Atthistime,QinandJinclashed,JinHuigongwascapturedbytheQinarmy,soQinMugongkickedLuHunrongtoJin.

JinHuigongisthesonofJinXiangongandtheyoungerbrotherofJinWengongChong'er.Duetothepersecution,heandChong'erwerebothforcedtofleefromJin.WiththehelpofQinMugong,JinHuigongwasabletoreturntothecountryandinheritthethroneofthemonarch.HeoncepromisedQinMugong:"Ifhecanreturntothecountry,heiswillingtocedethelandofHexitoQin."Butafterhewishedtoinheritthethrone,herefused.Cedeland.SoonafterJinwashitbyadisaster,JinHuigongaskedforgrainfromQin.QinMugongdispatchedalargenumberofshipstotransportgraintoJin.FromthecapitalofQintothecapitalofJin,therewasanendlessstreamofgrainships,whichwasknownasthe"RaftingBattle"inhistory.Inthesecondyear,QinwashitbyafamineandaskedJintobuyfood,butJinHuirefused,andtooktheopportunitytosendtroopstoattackQin.

QinMugongwasfurious,andaftergoingthroughthefamine,hesenttroopstoattackJinKingdominthesecondyear.ThetwocountriesfoughtinHanyuan.JinHuigongwasbetrayedbothinternallyandexternally.Helostallofhissupport.Hewasdefeatedinawar.HiscarriagewasalsocaughtinthemudandcaughtalivebytheQinarmy.WhenJinHuigongreturnedtoChina,hecededtheHexieightcitiesofJintoQin.Inthethirdyear,theprince圉wassenttoQinasapledge.Intheseventhyear,LuHunrongmovedeastwardasawhole.QinMugongstabilizedhisrearareaandlaidthefoundationforQinasthefourpowersintheSpringandAutumnPeriod.

Continueddecline

AfterQinMuGongdominatedXiRong,thenationalpowerwasstrengthened.SoonafterMuGongdied,theprinceFengLi,itwasforQinKangGong.QinKanggongandhisson,QinGonggong,step-fatherYuLie,challengedJin,movedclosertoChu,andwantedtoformanoffensiveagainstJinwithChu.WhentheJinLinggongwasstubborn,ZhaoDuncontrolledtheJingovernment,andthehegemonyoftheJinkingdomwasabouttocollapse.ThekingofChuzhuangwentnorthtocompeteintheJinDynasty.However,QinrepeatedlyattackedtherearoftheJinkingdom,butitwasararevictory.

In604BC,QinGonggong'sson,ZiRongli,wasQinHuangong.HuanGongwasnotsympathetictostatepolitics,andthepeoplecomplained.In597BC,thekingofChuzhuangwasdefeatedbytheJinshiYukun,andtheJinDynasty'shegemonyfellsharply.QinHuanGongyinattackedJin'sribs.In578BC,QinHuangongbrokethecovenantandturnedtotheJinDynasty.JinLigongledthefourarmiesandeightQingtoinvadetheQin,defeatingtheQinarmyatMatun,andthemasteroftheprincesraisedtheirmightinGuanzhong.Thefollowingyear,QinHuandied.Hisson,Shili,isQinJinggong.

QinJinggongascendedthethroneandcontinuedtopursuethepolicyof"joiningChutoattackShanxi".TheJinDynastymournedthepublicestablishment,theprinceswereinharmony,theJinKingdomregaineditsstrength,andtheChuKingdomwithdrewfromtheranksofhegemony.JinmournedtheregainingoftheCentralPlains,theprincesreturnedtotheirhearts,andtheQinwasunabletodealwiththeJinanymore.AftertheallianceoftheJinandChusoldiersin546BC,QinJinggongalsomadegreateffortstoimprovethediplomaticrelationswithJin,andthetwosidesrevisitedthegoodofQinandJin.Whentheforeigntroublesofthetwosideswereresolved,thesixofficialsoftheJinStatetookturnsinpower.TaiShigongsaid:"TheJingovernmentishumblebuttheLiuQingisstrong.Ifyouwanttoattackeachotherinternally,theQinandJinwillnotattackeachotherforalongtime."Qincannotsendalettertotheeast.,Zhengnancan'tmatchBashu.QintookJinasthecity,andJinalsohadinternalstrifeamongthesixprinces.Thegovernmentanddecreescouldnotbeunified,soQinstaggeredthroughtheroadofSpringandAutumn.

DuringthereignofQinAiGong,in505BC,WuStatecapturedthecapitalofChuState.ChudoctorShenBaoxutraveledallthewaytoQinStateforhelp,cryingforhelpfromhisteacherfortherestorationoftheKingdomofChuZhao.QinAigongZhaoJisenttroopstorescuetheKingdomofChu.TheQinArmydefeatedtheWuJun.Then,WangHeluwithdrewhistroopsandreturnedtothecountry.KingChuZhaowasabletorecover.

In453BC,thethreefamiliesofHan,Zhao,andWeiattackedZhiboandtheZhifamilyfell.ZhaoXiangzi(WuXian)wasinpower,andthethreeJinlordstookthelead,knownasthe"ThreeJins".In425BC,ZhaoWuxiedied,andWeiSi(WeiWenhou)succeededinpower.In413BC,WeissledtheSanjincoalitionforcestoattacktheprinces,andthepoweroftheSanjinexpandeddramatically.Atthattime,WeiWenhoutookLiDiashisphase,andchangedhismethodstobecomestronger,andtheWeiclanquicklyprospered;healsoworshipedWuQiashisgeneral,swallowedthelandwestoftheQinRiver,andpeepedintoGuanzhong.QinJiangongandQinHuigongrepeatedlyattackedtheWeiandintendedtoregainthelandofXihe.TheywerealldefeatedbyWuQi.WuQiattackedintotheGuanzhongbyvictory.In389BC,QinHuigongraised500,000troopstofighttheWeiarmytothedeath.WuQidefeatedtheQinarmywithadeathof50,000inthebattleofYinandJin.QinwasdefeatedinthisbattleandwasnolongerabletoresisttheoffensiveoftheThreeJins.However,intheThreeJins,theStateofZhaowasdissatisfiedwiththesuppressionoftheStateofWei.WeiStategrudgesagainsttheprinces,andQinState'spressureisgreatlyreduced.

SinceQinLiGonggong,toQin'sreign,ministershavebeenmonopolizingthepower,thenumberofmonarchshaschanged,thestatepoliticsisunstable,andtheQincountryisdecliningdaybyday.AfterthedeathofQinLinggong,thesonofQinHuaigong'sYingfengandtheuncleofQinLinggong,whoweresupportedbythemostimportantofficialsintheKingdomofQin,returnedtothecountryandsucceededtothethroneforQinJiangong.Heallowedofficialsandordinarypeopletocarryswords,breakingtheprivilegethatonlythenoblescouldcarryswords;implementingthepolicyoflevyingrentsbasedonthenumberofacresoflandrecognizedthelegitimacyof"privateland",indicatingthatQinbegantotransformintofeudalism.ThesonofShiXiwasforcedtoexiletoWeiState.In387BC,QinHuigongdiedandQincametothethrone.WhenFangwastwoyearsold,hismotherpresidedovertheaffairsofthecourtandusedeunuchsandforeignrelatives.In385BC,ZuoShuChangjuninitiatedacouptokillQin'ssonandhismother,andwelcomeQinLinggong'ssonShiXitoreturntothethroneforQinXiangong.Dedicatedtothepublic,abolishedthedeathofpeople,movedthecapital,expandedcommercialactivities,establishedhouseholdregistrationandpromotedthecountysystem,andlaunchedseveralwarstoregainlostlandinHexi.In362BC,QinXiangongdiedofhislife,andhissonQuLiangwasnamedQinXiaogong.

Thereformisstrong

_{Mainentry:ShangyangReform}

AtthebeginningofDukeXiao’sascendedthethrone,yesThedeclineofQinwasheartbroken.Itwasanordertoseektalents:"GuestsandministerswhocandowonderstostrengthenQin,letmerespectofficials,anddividethelandwiththem"Hi,repelallopinions,andimplementreformsbasedonWeiMartingale.

In356BCand350BC,QinXiaogongappointedShangYangtocarryoutthemostthoroughreforms.ShangYang'sreformsencouragedpopulationgrowth,emphasizedagricultureandsuppressedbusiness,abolishedtheShiqingShilusystem,rewardedmilitarymerit,establishedhukou,andimplementedthelawofcontinuoussitting.Atthattime,theQinKingdomwasvastandsparselypopulated,andtheSanjinhadalotofpeopleandlittleland,andthepeoplelackedland.Therefore,ShangYangsuggestedthatQinXiaogongadoptpreferentialpoliciesforimmigrantstoattractthepeopleoftheSanjinDynastytoQininordertoreclaimwasteland.

In350BC,Daliangzao(ShangYang)ofQinState,inordertodeepenitsreformsandgetridoftheinterferenceoftheoldaristocracy,proposedthatthecapitalbemovedfromYongcheng(nowBaojiFengxiang)tothenewlybuiltXianyangCity,andobtainedQinXiaogongsupports.

WeimartingalecompletelyabolishedtheoldShiqingShilusystem,establishedanewauthoritariancentralizationsystem,implementedasystemofprefecturesandcountiestostrengthencentralization,andemphasizedagriculturalproduction.Intheprosperousscene,peoplealloverthecountryareashamedoffightingprivatelyandbeproudofthecountry’smilitaryexploits.Thecountry’scombateffectivenesshascontinuedtoincrease,andtheWeiarmyhasrepeatedlydefeated.Qin,aprosperousandpowerfulcountry,becamethemostpowerfulcountryinthelateWarringStatesperiod,arroganttotheWest.Thehistoricalrecordrecords:"Inthenineteenthyearofthefilialpiety,theemperorgavebirthtohisuncle."KingZhouXiancanonizedQinJunasFangBoandofficiallyrecognizedhishegemony.

Lianhengprinces

_{Mainentry:Lianhenghezong}

338BC,QinXiaogongdied,andtheprincestoodupandwasthekingofQinHuiwen.Atthistime,theoldaristocratswhowere"persecuted"byShangYang'snewlawanddeprivedoftheirpoliticalprivilegesattackedtogetherandlaunchedacounterattackagainstShangYang.Inordertoeasethecontradiction,KingQinHuiwentookoutShangYangasascapegoatandchasedShangYang.AlthoughShangYangdied,"QinFaisnotdead."KingQinHuiwencontinuedtopursuethestatepolicysinceShangYang'sreforms,anddevelopexternally.KingQinHuiwenbecamekingin325BC.In316BC,theQinarmydestroyedBa,Shu,andJu.TheQinarmycontinuedtodefeattheWeiarmyanddefeatedtheQincoalitionforcesagainandagain.ItalsojoinedtheHanandWeiforcestoattackQiChuanddefeatedYiquState.HetookcontrolofthestrategicinitiativetofightagainsttheprincesofShandong..AftertheeffortsofthethreegenerationsofXiaogong,Huiwen,andWu,theycannibalizedtheThreeJinsandsweptacrossJingchu,andtheyhavebeguntounify.

ThestateofWeiwasconsumedduringtheperiodofKingWeiHuiandlackednationalpower.UndertheattackofthegreatpowersofQin,Zhao,Chu,Qi,etc.,itdeclined.Inhislateryears,KingWeiHui,ZhaoSuhouintheThreeJinshadreplacedthestateofWei.TheleaderoftheThreeJinDynasties.ThefatherandsonofZhaoSuhouandZhaoWulingfoughtthroughouttheirlives,makingZhaoGuoxionginthenorth.

QiStatedoesnotborderwithQinState,andcandevelopindependently.IntheprocessoffightingagainstthestrongWei,itisafirmstrategicpartnerwithQinState.Developedin80yearsbythethreemonarchsintheearlystageofQiMinWang,Qicountryisrichandoneside,standingsidebysidewithQinChengdong.ThereformofWuQiintheChuKingdomoncemadetheChustateprosperousforawhile.AfterthedeathoftheChumourningking,thenewlawwasbasicallyabolished.BecauseofthestrongfoundationoftheChustate,heexperiencedthehardworkoftheChuXuanKingandtheChuWeiKing.TheChustatewasestablishedin333BC.In1year,theKingofYueWujiangwasdefeated,andthelandofWuYue,theworldwasshaken.

Theriseofgreatpowers

_{Mainentry:Distantandcloseattack、TheBattleofYique、TheBattleofYanying、TheBattleofChangping}

ADIn307yearsago,KingQinWudiedofanger,andhadnochildren,andhisyoungerbrothersfoughtforeachother.RangHouWeiRanwantedtoestablishHuiwenWang'sconcubine'sson,Huiji,andZhaoWulingconspiredtotakeadvantageoftheQinturmoil,andhesupportedtheeldestsonJi,theeldestsonofQinZhao'sking,astheking.ZhaoWangyou,MiBaZiistheQueenMother,WangUncleRangHouBingzheng.

In293BC,theHan,WeiandYucoalitionforcesattackedQin,QinGeneralBaiqiandhisbattleatYique(SouthLuoyang,Henan),defeatedthetwo-nationcoalitionforces,beheaded240,000people,andcapturedtheWei-Koreacoalitionforces.Commander-in-chiefWeiXiwu.In283BC,Leyi,thechiefofYanandZhao,ledthetroopsofthefivekingdomsofHan,Zhao,Wei,Qin,andYantoattack,andtrapped70cities.AlthoughHoutianShanwasrestored,thegeneraltrendofQiTian'sdeclinewasdetermined.

InthebattleofYanin279BCand278BC,theQinarmycommandedbyBaiQicapturedNanyangCounty,NanCountyandLinjiangCountyoftheChuKingdomwherethepoliticalcoreatthattimewasinNanyangandDanyang(JiangxiaCounty),QianzhongCounty.Sofar,thegreatsoutherncountry,ChuState,wasindeclineduetothelossoflargeareasofterritoryandpopulation.

In278BC,QinGeneralBaiqiwentoutofWuguantoattackChu,andthefollowingyearheinvadedthehinterlandofChuState,andfellintoYingdu.Chu'ssoldiersweredefeatedandcouldnotfight.ThekingofChuQingxiangmovedtoChenqiu.ToavoidthefrontoftheQinarmy.Sincethen,bothQiandChuhavedeclined,andtheworldhasbecomeabattlebetweenQinandZhao.

In270BC,KingQinZhaowasdeceivedbyKingZhaoHuiwen,andKingZhaowasangryandattackedZhaoYu.KingQinZhaoknewZhaoZhiqiang,FangRui,andcouldnotcompetewithhim.Instead,heusedFanJuashisface,forcinghismothertoannouncethatthequeenmotherwouldnottakepartinpoliticsandcompetewithRanghou,Huayangjun,Gaolingjun,andJingyangjun.FanJu'splanfor"distantfriendshipandnearattack",ZhaoWangbelievedit,andsetitasanationalpolicy.

In262BC,KingQinZhaoattackedSouthKorea.SouthKoreacededtheupperpartytobribeQin.TheupperpartywasunwillingtosubdueQintoZhao.ZhaoNazhi.KingQinZhaowasangryandwantedtowintheparty.ZhaoQipouredthecountry’ssoldierstoresistQin,andQinadjustedthesoldiersofGuanzhongtoattackZhao.ThetwoarmiesconfrontedChangping,ZhaoLianpocouldnotretreatfromQin,WangLucouldnotdefeatZhao,andstayedtogetherforseveralyears.

In260BC,KingZhaoXiaochengtookZhaoKuoashisgeneral,KingZhaoQinsecretlysentBaiQiasthecommander,ZhaoKuoattackedQinBuke,ZhaoJunliangRoadwasintercepted,andwassurroundedbyQinArmy46Tian,​​ZhaoKuodiedinbattle,andBaiQisuccessivelybeheadedZhaoJun450,000YuChangping.ZhaoGuowasdevastated.TheprotractedbattleofChangpingendedwithZhao'sdisastrousdefeatandQin'snarrowvictory.Qin'slastopponentwasdefeated,andtheunificationoftheworldwasfinallyaforegoneconclusion.

In256BC,theWesternZhouDynastyandthesixcountriesofShandongmadeanappointmenttoattackQin,butthemilitarycontractofthecountriesdidnotexpire,andthingsfellapart.QinWenwasfurious.FatewillcutZhou.Zhoucouldnotbeanenemy.TheWesternZhougongusedallthe36townsand30,000peoplehehadledtooffertoQin,andtheQinreceivedthelandandreturnedtotheWesternZhougong.Soon,thekingofZhouZhecollapsed,ZhouMindiedintheeast,QintooktheJiudingandreturned,andtheQinEmpirewasestablished.In250BC,theEasternZhouDynastywantedtotakeadvantageofthemourningtoattackQin,andwasruledbyQinXiangLuBuwei.QinZhizhiYuYang,diedinZhouDynasty,andFanestablishedthecountryin879.

Dominationoftheworld

_{Mainentry:BattleoftheQin’sDestructionoftheSixKingdoms}

247BCAfterthedeathofKingQinZhuangxiang,13-year-oldYingZhengwasestablishedasKingofQin.Atthattime,LuBuweiwastheMinisterofQinandwasindependentinpower.In239BC,theKingofQinwas21yearsoldandwasabouttotakeoffice.Butatthistime,fiercepoliticalstrugglesaroseintheQincourt.LuBuweiandLaiNaocontrolledthegovernmentandconfusedtheharem.In238BC,QinWangzhengquelledtherebellionofthemaiden,andthefollowingyear,hewasrelievedofLuBuwei'spost.LuBuweicommittedsuicidebydrinkingpoisonandalcohol.AfterQinWangzhengtookpower,WeiLiaoandLiSiwereappointedtoactivelyimplementtheunifiedstrategy.

In230BC,QinsentNaiShitengtoattackKoreaandcapturedHanWangan,andbuiltYingchuanCountyinHan,andKoreaperished.Atthistime,amajordroughtoccurredinZhaoState.QingeneralWangJianledterritorialtroopstoJingxing(westofJingxingCounty,HebeiProvince),QingeneralYangDuanheledHanoitroopsintoHandan,thecapitalofZhao.ZhaosentLiMuandSimaShangtoleadanarmytoresist.GuoKai,thefavoredministerofZhaoWang,receivedbribesfromtheQinStateandspreadrumorsthatLiMuandSimaShangwererebelling.KingZhaothereforereplacedLiMuandSimaShangwithZhaoCongandYanJu,andkilledLiMu.

In229BC,WangJiandefeatedtheZhaoarmy,killedZhaoCong,andcapturedZhaoWang.ZhaoGongzijialedhundredsofhisclantoescapetoZhao’sDaijunandsethimselfupastheDaiKing.QinestablishedHandanCountyintheareaof​​Handan,thecapitalofZhao.In226BC,theQinarmycapturedthecapitalofYanJicheng.YanWangmovedhiscapitaltoLiaodong.QinledLiXintochaseafterhim,andYanWangxiobeyedDaiWangJia'splanandkilledPrinceDananddedicatedhisheadtoQinQiuhe.

In225BC,thegeneraloftheQinDynasty,WangBen,attackedWeiandsurroundedtheWeicapitalbeamanddrewwaterfromtheYellowRivertofloodthecity.Forthreemonths,thebeamcitywasdestroyed,theWeikingcameout,andtheWeistatewasdestroyed.QinestablishedDangjunintheeasternpartofWei.

In225BC,QinsentLiXinandMengwutoattackChuwith200,000troops.Thepost-Qinempire,WangJian,ledanarmyof600,000troopsontheexpedition,breakingtheChuarmyinQi(nowsoutheastofSuxianCounty,Anhui),andforcingtheChugeneralXiangYantocommitsuicide.ThentheQinarmyattackedShouchun,thecapitalofChu,andcapturedChuWangChui.In222BC,WangJiancalmedtheJiangnanregionofChu,surrenderedtothemonarchofYue,setupKuaijiCounty,andtheKingdomofChuwasdestroyed.

In222BC,thekingofQinsentWangBentoattacktheeasternpartofLiaoninginYan,andthekingofYanwascaptured,andthekingdomofYanwasdestroyed.ThenhereturnedtothearmytoattacktheentrenchedgenerationoftheZhaoGuogongclan,andtooktheZhaoDaiWangJiatoestablishDaiJun(southwestofYuCounty,Hebei)andLiaodongJun(OldTownofLiaoyangCity,LiaoningProvince).In221BC,QinGeneralWangBenwentsouthfromYanStatetoattackQi,capturedQiWangjian,anddestroyedQiState.

From230BCtotheendoftheQiera,theQinStatetook10yearstoannexthesixeasternkingdoms.Sincethen,ithascompletedthegreatcauseofreunification,endedthekingdomperiodofnobledictatorship,andenteredtheempire.era.

Territory

Location

TheancestorofQinwasDongyi,anditaroseintheupperreachesoftheWeishuiwhereRongandDiweremixed.ThecustomsaremostlythesameasRongandDi.HelatersettledinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheWeiheRiver,engagedinfarming,andbecameadoctoroftheZhouDynasty.AfterKingPingmovedeast,hewasnamedavassalandestablishedhiscountryintheWesternZhouDynastyintheGaojingarea.DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,hewasgenerallyregardedasXirong.AftertheZhouroyalfamilymovedeastward,thepeopleofQingraduallymovedeastward.Afterseveralgenerationsofhardwork,theyfinallyconqueredGuanzhongwhentheyarrivedatQinMugong.Fromthenon,untilKingHuiwenQintookoverBashu(nowSichuan),fornearlythreehundredyears,theterritoryoftheStateofQinremainedroughlystableintheGuanzhongareaof​​present-dayShaanxi.ThisareawaslocatedatthewesternmostendoftheChinaCivilizationZoneatthattime.SimaQiansaidthattheStateofQinwas"remotelylocatedinYongzhou",whileDuYouoftheTangDynastysaidthat"theGuanzhongresidenceisslantedtothewest".ModernscholarssaythatQinState"livesaloneinthenorthwestamongtherulingprinces."Foreignhistoriansalsodescribe:"QinYuanislocatedinthewestoftheChinesefamilyandisolatedfromothercountries."

Qinhasnostrongenemiesonthenorth,west,andsouthsides.ThewesternpartoftheQinDynastywasavastsemi-aridgrassland,scatteredwithsomebackwardtribes,whichwascalled"Rong"invariousChinesecountries.AfterQinZifeiwasentrusted,hehasbeenfightingwithZhuRong.QinZhong,thefamousleaderoftheQinpeople,wasevenkilledbyRong.AfterKingPingmovedeast,thepeopleofQinmovedtoGuanzhongintheeastoverLongshan.Atthattime,inthevariousplacesinGuanzhong,thepeopleofQingraduallyseizedthelandfromZhuRong.AtthetimeofQinMugong,theQinpeoplebasicallyoccupiedtheentireGuanzhong,andthentheywereblockedfromadvancingeastward,andtheyworkedhardtoopenuptheterritorywestward,so"theeightkingdomsoftheWestRongweresubduedbyQin."Afterthis,theRongpeoplecouldnolongerposearealthreattotheQinState.

Expansion

TheQinpeoplefirstlivedintheeastofGansuProvincetothewestofLongshanMountain.TheylivedinthewrongplacewiththeRongpeople,farawayfromtheCentralPlains.AftertheZhouroyalfamilymovedeastward,Qintalentsgraduallymovedeastward.Afterseveralgenerationsofhardwork,bythetimeofQinMugong,hefinallyconqueredGuanzhong.Fromthenon,untilKingHuiwenQintookoverBashu(nowSichuan),fornearlythreehundredyears,theterritoryoftheStateofQinremainedroughlystableintheGuanzhongareaof​​present-dayShaanxi.ThisareawaslocatedatthewesternmostendoftheChinaCivilizationZoneatthattime.SimaQiansaidthattheStateofQinwas"remotelylocatedinYongzhou",whileDuYouoftheTangDynastysaidthat"theresidenceofGuanzhongisslantedtothewest".

ThedevelopmentofQinStateintwodirections,westwardandnorthward,hasbroadspaceforexpansionofthecountry.Intheeraofagriculturaleconomy,thelevelofproductivityisrelativelylow.Thelargerthelandareaoccupiedbyapoliticalpower,thelargerthepopulationintheruledarea.ThesouthernpartofQinStateistherichlandofBashu.Comparedwiththesixeasterncountries,Qinhastwoprominenttopographicaladvantages:first,itislocatedonaplateau,controlstheupperreachesoftheYellowRiver,andhasatendencytooverwhelmtheentireEast.Thesecondisthatthesurroundingmountainsaresurroundedbywater,anditisdifficultforforeignenemiestoinvade.

Division

QinStatehasalsoestablishedcountiesintheconqueredareasinthelongbattle.DuringtheShangYangReform,31countieswereestablishedinQinState.AfterQinShihuangannihilatedthesixcountries,heimplementedasystemofprefecturesandcountiesthroughoutthecountry,dividingthecountryinto36prefectures(laterincreasedto49prefectures).TheQinDynastyadoptedthesystemofprefecturesandcountiestobecomeapowerfulcountryinonefellswoop,fromasmallcountryinthewesttoannexingtheworld;theQinDynastyadoptedthesystemofprefecturesandcountiestomaintainaunifiedsituationandsettheprecedentforthelocaladministrativesystemofafeudaldynastyformorethantwothousandyears.

AfterprofoundreflectionontheZhouDynasty’sfeudalsystem,theStateofQindecidedtoadoptthesystemofprefecturesandcounties.AsafeudalstateoftheZhoudynasty,theStateofQinfacedagreatercrisisthanothervassalstates.AsearlyasZhou'svassal,QinwasonthefrontlineofthebattleagainstXiRong.ThedemiseoftheWesternZhouDynastymadeQindeeplyawareoftheunreliabilityoftheprinces.Inthelong-termbattlewithInuRong,Qinrealizedtheimportanceofthestandingarmy.QinwasontheborderoftheWest,livingtogetherwithRongDiforalongtime,andwaslessaffectedbythefeudaletiquettesystemoftheZhouDynasty.Therefore,itnaturallyproducedasenseofstrangenessanddoubtsabouttheenfeoffmentsystemoftheZhouDynasty.Inthepastdynasties,QinJunmadeadeepreflectionontheenfeoffmentsystem,andthenrealizedthedefectsofenfeoffmentsystem,sohedoubtedanddeniedtheenfeoffmentsystem.

Asthelatestprincetobeentrusted,QinwasalsoaprinceinthewesternfenceoftheZhouDynasty,facingasituationdifferentfromthatoftheprincesoftheKanto.First,theStateofQinmustimplementasystemofprefecturesandcountiestodealwithpowerfulexternalthreats.Foralongtimeafterthefoundingofthecountry,theQinStatehadbeenatwarwiththenomadssuchasInuRong.Secondly,theStateofQinshouldimplementthesystemofprefecturesandcountiestoresolvethepoliticalcrisisof"monarchsandministersdisorderly"thatfrequentlyappearedwithintheStateofQin.AfterQinNinggong'sdeath,thethirdfatherofQinQuanchen'sconcubineandeldersabolishedtheemperor,assassinatedhim,andestablishedanewemperor,whichcausedturmoilinthestateofQin.Inthissituation,Qinmustfindawayfromthesystemofprefecturesandcounties.Third,theQinStatemustimplementthesystemofprefecturesandcountiestosafeguardtheinterestsoftheemerginglandlordclass.

NationalCapital

NationalCapital

NowLocation

Politics

Aristocracy

Intermsofpoliticalstatus,theprincesofQinarecompletelydifferentfromtheprincesoftheEasternprinces.AmongthedoctorsoftheQinDynastyintheSpringandAutumnPeriodwereBailixi,Jianshu,Gongsunzhi,Yuyu,WangBao,WuYouMengMingshi,XiqiShu,andBaiYibing.Indiplomaticactivities,onlyXiaoziChouappearedin"ZuoZhuan".Inaddition,fengyiisthemostfundamentalpoliticalcapitalformedbythefamily,andthefeudingofthesonsoftheQingroupisfarlesscommonthanthatoftheeasterncountries.

TheenfeoffmentoftheQinKingdomdidnotincreaseuntiltheWarringStatesPeriod,andmostofthemwereentrustedtoofficialswithmerit,suchasShangYangFengYuShang,WeiRanFengYuTao,andFanJuFengYuYing.DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,Qin'sprinceswereoccupiedbydoctorswithdifferentsurnames,butonlybythepublic.ThisshowsthatuntiltheWarringStatesperiod,theQingovernmentstilldidnothavemuchpoliticalpower.Notonlythat,QinGongziwasalsosubjecttotheconstraintsofthemonarchfromtimetotime.WhenQinJinggong,QinGongziRongbecamerichbecauseofthefavorofhisancestors,"orshamit,orpunishhim,butrushtoJin."HedidnotdaretoreturntothecountryuntilJingGongdied..DukeJinping,whohadbeentroubledbythefamilyforalongtime,didn’tunderstandGongzijian’sbehavior.Heasked,"Thesonissorich,whydoyoudie?"InDukeJinping’sview,Gongzirong,asafamily,shouldbethesameasthefamilyofJin.Enjoymanyprivilegesandwillnotbeeasilydeported.BecauseinQinJinggong'ssecondyear,"theJinDynasty'spublicclanLiShuwipedhismonarchLiChunqiuattheendoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod,thefamilysystemdeclined."

KeQing

Qin’sKeQingwasthemosttypicalintheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriod.TheuseofforeigntalentsisamajorfeatureofQin’spolitics.Ancientscholarshavediscussedthispoint.Inthesecondvolumeof"RongZhaiEssays",HongMaisaid:"Thereasonwhy(Qin)diedisalsothepoweroftheworld."QingRenHongLiangJialsobelievesin"GengshengzhaiWenjiaEr":"IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,allcountriesusethesamesurname,butQinisnotthecase."Ofcourse,intheSpringandAutumnPeriod,JinandQialsouseddifferentsurnames,andQinalsohadpublicclanandgenerals.It'srelative,butKeQing'scontributiontothedevelopmentofQinisbeyonddoubt.AccordingtoMr.YangKuan’stextualresearch,mostofQin’smainenvoysduringtheWarringStatesPeriodweremeritoriousguestofficials.Forexample,ShangYangwasnamedShangYang,FanJuwasnamedYingHou,LuBuweiwasnamedWenXinHou,andsoon.ItshouldbesaidthatboththeQinandtheEasterncountriesarepoliticalgroupsthatenjoyahigherstatus.

ForeignRelatives

Qin'sforeignrelativesarethesmallestpoliticalgroupinQin,buttheyarethemostspecial.ProfessorLiYujiebelievesthatQin'sforeignrelativeshavedualidentitiesasbureaucratsandforeignrelativesofthemonarch.IntheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesera,theparticipationofforeignrelativesinpoliticswasnotuniquetoQin,butonlyQinformedthepoliticsofrelativesandmonopolizedstatepoweratonetime.Animportantreasonforforeignrelativestobeonthepoliticalstagewasthattherewasnoperfectbureaucraticsystem,especiallythetalentselectionsystem.

Military

MilitarySystem

TheageofQin’smilitaryserviceisfrom17to60yearsold.Inaddition,Qin’smilitaryservicesystemalsohasAnotablefeatureisthatallthepeoplearesoldiers.TheageofmilitaryserviceintheQinDynastyrangesfrom17to60.Thismeansthatamanhasforty-threeyearstoserveinhislife.Itcanbeseenthathisburdenisheavy.TheChronicleofMengqin'sBambooSlipswrote:"The12thyearofKingZhuang,hewashappytoruletheprison."and"Thirteenyears,hejoinedthearmy."Asasmallofficial,healsohastojointhearmyandperformmilitaryservice,whichexplainsthemilitaryservicesystemoftheQinState.Notonlyforordinarypeople,lower-levelofficialsalsoneedtoserve.ItcanbeseenthattheentireQincountrycanberegardedasallmenwhoneedtoperformmilitaryservice,fightingforthereunificationofQin.Inaddition,theelderly,women,andchildrenalsoneedtoperformmilitaryservice.Inservice,accordingtothe"HanShu·YanAnBiography","Dingmalewasfirst,andDingfemalewastransferred.""ShangJunshu·Bingshou"records,"Threearmedforces:strongmenareonearmy,andstrongwomenareonearmy.,Theoldandweakmenandwomenareonearmy,thisisalsocalledthethreearmies."AccordingtothestatisticsofLiangYushengoftheQingDynasty,QinXiangongbeheaded60,000beheadedinthe21styearoftheJinwar,andinthe13thyearoftheEmperorShiHuang,hehadbeheaded100,000,atotalof100.Sixty-sixty-eightthousandpeople.FromthiswecanfurtherinferthatwhiletheQinsoldierskilledmorethanonemillionsoldiersinthesixcountries,theirownstrengthwouldalsobegreatlydamaged.IntheUnificationWar,theQinarmyalsosufferedmanydefeatsinbattles,plusIntheageofwar,withextremelylowlevelsofproductivityandmedicalcare,thebirthrateanddeathrateofthepopulationcannotbedirectlyproportional.

Inordertobuildastrongarmythatisbraveandcapableoffightingandcanwinthevictoryoftheunifiedwar,Qinformulatedastrictandsystematictrainingmanagementsystem.ThespecificmethodsofmilitarytrainingatthattimearerecordedinWuZi’s"AdministrationoftheArmy":Forexample,onepersonlearnswar,teachesten,tenlearnswar,teacheshundreds,onehundredlearnswar,teachesthousands,andthousandslearnswar.Teachtensofthousandsofpeople,learntofight,andteachthemtobecomethethreearmies.Tobefarawayfromnear,toworkwithlost,tobefullofhunger,roundandsquare,situp,walkandstop,leftandright,frontandback,divideandcombine,knotanddissolve.Wheneverhechangeshisteachingandlearning,heteacheshissoldiersforthesakeofhisgenerals.ItcanbeseenthatthetrainingoftheQinarmyhasformedacertainsystem,withfull-timeinstructorsinchargeoftraining,anddifferentarmshavedifferenttrainingtasksandrequirements.Atthesametime,therulersofQinStatealsoenactedseveremilitarypenaltiestoensuretheeffectiveconductofmilitarytraining.

Logistics

Inordertoswallowupthesixnationsandrealizetheunificationofthesixnations,itisessentialforQintoestablishacompletelogisticssupportsystem.ThekingofQinissuedpreferentialpoliciestorecruitthepeopleofthethreeJinstocometoQin,exemptingthemfromthethreegenerationsofcorveetaxes,andthemountains,forestsandwaterswithintheterritoryofQinwereexemptfromtaxesfortenyears.TheQinpeoplefoughtoutside,andXinminfarmedinthecountry,whichsolvedtheproblemofrationsupply.Inthisway,itwillneitherdelayagriculturalproductionnorhinderthesendingoftroopstoconquerothercountries.Itisagoodwaytoprosperthecountryandstrengthenthetroops.Qinrulersalsoformulatedaseriesofstandardizedandstrictanimalhusbandrymanagementsystems.

Economy

Land

AftertheZhouPingkingmovedeastward,theroyalpowerdeclinedgradually,andtheZhouroyalfamily'scontroloverthelandalsoweakened.TherewasafiercebattleforlandbetweentheprincesandtheZhou,betweentheprinces,betweentheprincesandthedoctors,andbetweenthedoctors.ThiskindofprotractedstruggleresultedintheformationofadualstructureoflandstateownershipanditsunderlyingprivateownershipsystemduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.

OneofthecorecontentsoftheShangyangReforminQinStatewastoimplementlandnationalization.Theway:First,thestateabolishedthesystemoffeudalvassalsandfeudallords,whichweredividedintoterritories,andreplacedthemwiththecountysystem(theQinstatedidnothaveacountylevelatthetimeoftheShangYangReform),andrenewedthe"familyranks"ofnewmilitarymerits.",andorderedtheclanandotherpeoplewithoutmilitarymeritstonotbelongtothenationality.Second,thestatehascompletedtheconcentrationandmonopolyofvillageandcommunitylandownershipthroughmeasuressuchas"collectingsmalltownshipsandtownsintocounties"and"Yishanze".Underthebackgroundoftheimplementationoftheuniversallandstatesystem,thestategovernmentagenciesdirectlymanagemostoftheland,andtransferasmallpartofthelandtoprivateownershipandOperationaluse.AftertheShangYangReform,theQinState'sstate-ownedlandwaslargeinquantityandhighinquality,anditwascontrolledbytheCentralInternalHistory(latertheZhisuInternalHistory).Theincomefromstate-ownedlandhasbecomeoneofthemainsourcesofrevenueforthetreasury.Thestate-ownedlandintheQinStateisdividedintothreetypes:oneisagriculturalland;theotherisgardens,pastures,andgrasslands;andthethirdisnaturalresourcessuchasmountains,forestsandrivers.Therearefivepiecesoflegislationconcerningthemanagementofstate-ownedcultivatedlandintheQinBambooSlips"CangLaw".QinStatehassystematicmanagementmethodsforstate-ownedfarmland.Thestatehasdesignatedseedsforstate-ownedfarmlandandstipulatedfarmingmethods,andthegovernmentusedprisonerstounifyfarming.Theincomefromstate-ownedfarmlandishandedovertothestatetreasury,nottotheroyalfamily,andisundertheunifiedcontroloftheinternalhistoryoftheprimeminister'snationalfinances.GovernmentsatalllevelsintheQinStateoccupiedthepasturesandgrasslandsofthevillages,andsetupseparateofficialsforspecialmanagement.TheStateofQinimplementsanationalpatentpolicyformountains,forestsandrivers.

SincethereformofShangYangtounifythesixcountries,theStateofQinhasalwaysimplementedvariousformsofstategrantinglandsystem.Thestatecollectstaxesanddutiesfromfarmers,whichisbothtaxlandandtaxpayer.ThelandgrantsystemoftheQinStateisbasedonthehouseholdregistration,thatis,ordinarycivilianscanenjoythelandgrantedbythestateregularlyaslongastheyestablishthenationalversionoftheirhouseholdname.Citizenscangenerallyget100acresoflandgrantedbythestate.ThegovernmentofQinStatestipulatesthatlandisnotprivatepropertyofthecitizens,andthecitizensshallnotbuyorsellthegrantedland,orpledgeormortgageit.Thegovernmentalsourgedthepeopletoworkhardinplowingthefieldsandpunishingthelazy.Qin'sstatelandownershipwasrealizedintheformofaunifiedtaxation.QinMin’staxburdenonthecountryisunified,nomatterhowhighorlowitis,richorpoor,andhowmuchlanditis.

Taxation

In408BC,the"primaryrenting"wasimplemented,andtherealestaterentwascollected.QinStateusedtheamountoflandoccupiedbyindividualsinsteadofthenumberofpopulationasthestandardforcollectinglandrent.Thestateuniformlystipulatesthatafixedrentisleviedaccordingtoacertainestimateandproportion.InSeptemberofeachyear,therentermustdeliverthemilletandthedrafttoacertainplace,andthegovernmentdoesnotcountthecostofthefreight.ThemountainsandforestsofQinStateandChuanzeoccupyabout1/3ofthecountry'slandandaretreasuresfordevelopment.Accordingtotheconceptsandlawsofthetime,Shanzeanditsproductssuchasfish,salt,mirages,clamsandotheraquaticproducts,aswellasgold,silver,tin,stoneandothermineralproductsarethewealthofthemonarch,anditisnaturaltoimposeaShanzetaxonthepeople.

In348BC,theStateofQin"originallymadeatax"andbegantoformulateauniformregularsystemforsometaxes.Theexpropriationoftaxesisbasedonhouseholds,soitiscalled“householdtaxes”,whichwaslaterchangedto“koufa”.TheQinStateonlyallocatedtheprincesandprincestotheprincesanddidnotpaythesalaries,thatis,thecountryusedthelandinitsterritoryandthetaxesofthepeopletochangetotheprincestofillthesalaries.AftertheQinState,aftertheKingHuiwen,theformoflevywasmoneyandcloth,butmainlymoney.AsearlyasthebeginningofShangYang'spoliticalreform,landrentinQinStatebecameaheavyburdenforthefarmers,causing"thepeople'ssufferingwhilethepeoplearesorrowful."AfterShangYang'sreforms,Qin'srentsincreaseddaybyday.Inadditiontodealingwiththeconstantlandrentandhouseholdincome,thepeoplehavetoendurethearbitraryandillegalaccumulationofsomelocalofficials.AfterShangYang'sreform,theQinStateestablishedaspecial"FuLaw",whichstipulatedvarioussystemsrelatedto"Fu".ThepeopleofQinStatebegantoserveincorveeattheageofseventeen.Thegeneralpublichas33to39yearsofmilitaryserviceintheirlives.TheenlistmentofQin'smilitaryservicehaslongseverelyaffectedQin'sagriculturalproductionandthequalityoflifeofthepeople.IntheQinState’ssystemoftaxationandservitude,leviesaremoreimportantthanlevies,andservitudeisfarmoreimportantthanlevies.Withtheexpansionofthelandoccupationandtheincreaseofwars,theQin'sservitudeofthepeoplecontinuedtoincrease,andtheservitudesystemcontinuedtodeteriorate.

Agriculture

ShangYang’sreformsfocusedonchangingthephenomenonofpeopleabandoningagricultureanddoingbusinessatthetime.,Plowingandweavingcausesmanycornsandmilletstoregaintheirbodies;thosewhoendupbenefitingandneglectingbutbeingpoorareregardedasacceptingchildren."Thosewhoarecommittedtofarmingandweavingaregivenpreferentialtreatmentforexemptionfromlabor,andthosewhodobusinessandneglectagriculturearenotgovernmentservantsandmaidservants..Atthesametime,taxesonthecitywereincreased,merchantswerenotallowedtosellfood,andmerchants’servantshadtoperformservitudeinordertoforcemerchantstoabandontheirbusinessandreturntoagriculture.Thegovernmentmustcrackdownonanyeconomicactivitythatisnotconducivetoagriculture,andencourageanyeconomicactivitythatisconducivetoagriculture.TheQingovernmentleviedagriculturaltaxesinkind,andthetaxratewasrelativelylight.Atthesametime,thelevyofGuanshiisincreased,thelevyofwineandmeatisaggravated,andheavytaxesarealsoimposedontheidlers.DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,waterconservancyprojectssuchasZhengguoquandDujiangyanwerebuilttofurtherpromotethedevelopmentofagriculturalproduction.

IndustryandCommerce

AtthebeginningoftheWarringStatesPeriod,theeconomyofQinwasrelativelybackward,andthedevelopmentofcommodityeconomywasalsoslowerthanothercountries.QinStateonly"beginstoactasamarket"intheseventhyearofQinXiangong(378BC)andbegantodevelopacommodityeconomy.Soon,theQinStatemoveditscapitalfromYong(nowFengxiang,Shaanxi)toLiyi(nowLintong,Shaanxi),connectingRongditothewestandSanjintotheeast,whichgreatlyfacilitatedthedevelopmentofthecommodityeconomy.

QinState'sindustrialandcommercialmanagementpolicystipulatesthatthestatemonopolizesthebenefitsofmountains,forestsandrivers,implementsthemonopolyofsaltandiron,andprohibitsprivatecurrencycasting.Thecentralgovernmentsetupasmallgovernmentto"paytaxesonmountainsandseastoprovidesupport",andsetup"leftironmining"and"rightironmining"tomanageminingandironsmelting.Themintingindustryiscontrolledbygovernmentsatalllevels,andprivatemintingisprohibited.QinStateadoptedrelativelygenerousmanagementpoliciesforforeignbusinessmentostrengthenexchangesofmaterials.TheQinStateimplementedthe"distributionsystem"forforeignmerchants,thatis,merchantsfromforeigncountriesmustmeettheofficialsinchargewithFuChuanbeforeenteringthecountrybeforetheycanengageintradeactivities.AlthoughQin'slawsarestrict,thetreatmentofforeignmerchantsisrelativelylight.ThelawsoftheStateofQinprohibitthepeopleoftheStateofQinfromtradingpearlsandjadewithforeignmerchants.Thelawalsoprohibitsofficialsfromprivatelydoingbusinessforprofit,etc.

Thehandicraftindustryismostdevelopedincoppersmeltingandpotterymaking.Inventedanewprocessofchromiumsaltoxidationtreatmentofweapons;buildingmaterialsarequitedistinctive,andtiledisevenmoreexquisiteworksofart.

Currency

TheWarringStatesQinmoneywasmostlycirculatedwiththemilitary,andtherewereveryfewcommercialcirculationwiththesixcountries,soitwasmostlyfoundinthechannelsoftheQinarmyandthesixcountries.Forexample,the"GoldenNiuDao"fromQintoShu,fromQintoChu"ShangYuDao",fromQintoHanandWei"YiyangDao",etc.,sothespreadofmoneyisverysmall.Themoneytypeismostlybigmoney(themoneydiameterismorethan3cm).HalfandhalfoftheQinDynastywerealsofoundinXianyang,ShaanxiandMaowen,Sichuan.SevenandahalfwereunearthedfromtheTomboftheWarringStatesPeriodinQingchuan,Sichuan.AftertheQineradicatedthesixcountries,theoldcoinsofvariouscountriessuchasclothcoinsandknifecoinswereabolished,andthesquareholehalfandtwocoinswereusedaslegaltender.TheformofancientChinesecurrencyhassincebeenfixed,andithasbeenuseduntiltheendoftheQingDynasty.

Culture

Worship

UnlikeZhoupeople,the"God"worshipofYingqinpeopleismostlypan-god,representedbyGodThegods,animals,plantsandbirdsinnaturearetheirworshipobjects.SomepeoplebelievethatthereligiouslevelofYingQinatthattimecanonlybeata"lowlevel",withastrong"secularity","whichcomprehensivelyreflectsthemixedcharacteristicsofQinculture,theinherentnomadicpolytheismandXirongcultureoftheQinethnicgroup."ItisthefoundationofQinculture."Inthe"BookofHan·JiaoSiZhi",itandtheeasternQiluaredividedintotwomajorreligioussystems.Infact,hereinYingqin,theso-called"secularity"focusesonself-expression,whichisalsoamajorfeatureofYingqin’sreligiousworship,anditreflectsdailylifeeverywhere,aswellasthe“imperialgenerals”embodiedintheeasterncountries."Phase"iscompletelydifferent.Intheliterature,thepolytheisticworshipofYingqinpeopleisrelativelysimple,andtherearenotmanymaterials,anditisjustafewwords.

Sacrifice

ThesacrificeisaspecialmethodofsacrificeinYingqin,butbecausetherearenotmanyrecordsintheliterature,thepredecessorsofthesacrificeprocess,whatisneededduringthesacrifice,andthepurposeIdon'tknowmuchabouteverything,soIdon'thavemuchresearchontheritual.Accordingto"HistoricalRecords"SimaZhen"suoyin":"Zhen,stopalso,saythatthegodsrelyon....Itiscalledanaltar,tosacrificetothesky."Obviously,thisisakindofsacrificetotheskybyYingQin.Rituals,infact,inthesacrificesofZhoupeople,therearealsoritualstosacrificetotheheavens,buttherearefewrecordsofthesacrifices.Orthereisnosuchritual.

Stillblack

ThepeopleofQinstateadvocateblack.Fromtheprincesandnoblestothecommonpeople,andeventhehandymanservants,theyallworeblackclothesasthemaincolor.Theministersabovethecourtareallblack.Eventhedecorationstyleofthecourtisdifferentfromthemagnificenceofothercountries,butthemaincolorisblack.

Inthe"HanShu·LvLiZhi"compiledbythehistoriansoftheEasternHanDynasty,therewassucharecord:"TodaytheQinDynastychangestotheZhouDynasty,whenthewaterismoral.Dezhirui.”ThispassagemeansthatwhenQinWengongwentouthuntingintheearlyyears,heoncecapturedablackdragon.Andthisisthesymbolofwatervirtueamongthefiveelements.Therefore,therulersoftheQinKingdomconsideredthemselvestobewatervirtuesandadvocatedwater.Inthefiveelements,thecolorofthesymbolcorrespondingtowatervirtueisblack.Therefore,fromtheQinStateduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriodtotheQinEmpire,whichruledtheworld,blackwasadmired.Theso-calledFiveElementsandFiveVirtuesaretheacademicviewpointsputforwardbyZouYan,theYin-YangmasterofQiduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.Mainlyreferstothefivevirtuesrepresentedbygold,wood,water,fire,andearth.Thesefivevirtuesrecurredandrevolvedtoexplaintheriseandfallofdynasties.

Qin’smilitaryflagisblack.Thefirstisculturalreasons.Thekingofwatermoralitycorrespondstoblack.Second,theblackmilitaryflagiseasytoconcealandresistanttodirt.AfterQinShihuangunifiedChina,hedesignatedblackasthenationalcoloroftheQinDynasty.

Technology

Yingqinisrichinmineralresources,withabundantreservesofjade,cinnabar,copper,andiron,whichprovidefavorableconditionsforsmeltingweaponsandmanufacturingwarequipment.Intermsofhandicraftproduction,Yingqin'sbronzeproductionhadalreadyformedadichotomywiththesouthernbronzeproductioninthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod.Accordingtothelatestarchaeologicaldata,ironwarefromtheSpringandAutumnPeriodwasdiscoveredinQin,whichwasrelativelyearlyinthevassalkingdomatthattime.TheearliestartificialironwarecurrentlyseenintheCentralPlainsistheTombofGuoguoState,ShangcunLing,SanmenxiaCity,HenanProvince,intheearlySpringandAutumnPeriod.Inaddition,theirontoolsfoundwereallintheQinregion,mainlyincludingabronzehandleironswordunearthedfromtheEarlySpringandAutumnPeriodQinTombinBianjiazhuang,LongCounty,Shaanxi;abronzehandleironswordunearthedfromtheEarlySpringandAutumnPeriodQinTombinJingjiazhuang,Lingtai,GansuPieces;ironshovelandironinsertsunearthedfromthetombofQinGongNo.1inthelateSpringandAutumnPeriodinFengxiangYongcheng;ironinsertsunearthedfromtheancestraltemplebuildingsiteinthemiddleandlateSpringandAutumnPeriodofMajiazhuanginFengxiangYongcheng;Twenty-threepiecesofironware.Amongtheironwareunearthedinthesebatches,thebronze-handledironswordunearthedfromtheQintombintheearlySpringandAutumnPeriodatJingjiazhuang,Lingtai,Gansu,andtheironswordunearthedfromtheQintombinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriodinYimenVillage,Baoji,havebeentestedtobeiron-smeltingandcarburizedsteel.TheironwareofQinGongNo.1TombandMajiazhuanginYongchengCityarecastironcastings.ComparedwiththecountriesoftheCentralPlains,theQinStatenotonlyhadalargenumberofironware,butalsohadanearlierage.ItcanbeseenthattheQinState'sironwaresmeltinganduselevelwasstillveryhighatthattime.

Inaddition,theamountofgoldusedintheCentralPlainsduringtheXia,ShangandZhouDynastieswasverysmall.Itseemsthatthecustomdoesnotlikegold.Onthecontrary,intheYingqinarea,manygoldproductshaveappearedinrecentyears,mainlyincludinganumberofcoffingoldleafproductsunearthedfromthestolenQinGongTombinLiCounty,Gansu;ZhaoZhaofromtheQinGongTombinDabaozishan,LiCounty,ontheothersideofthewaterintheWesternHanDynasty.GoldartifactssuchasgoldhandlesandbronzeswordswereunearthedatthePingsite;goldbucklesandothergoldartifactswerealsounearthedfromthetombofQinGongNo.1inthelateSpringandAutumnPeriodofFengxiang;GoldenhorsegearunearthedfromthesacrificialpitoftheQinzongmiaositeinFengxiangMajiazhuanginthemiddleandlateSpringandAutumnPeriodOtheraccessories;Agroupof204goldwaresunearthedfromtheQinTombinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriodatM2inYimenVillage,Baoji,weighing3.15kg.Thehandleoftheunearthedgold-handledironswordisdecoratedwithbeetlepatternsandanimalfacepatterns,andtheeyecornersonthepatternsareinlaidwithemeraldsandoriginalglassbeads.

Society

MarriageCustoms

BeforeShangyangReform,Qin'smarriagerelationshipwaschaotic."AtthebeginningofQinYidi'steaching,fatherandsonlivedinthesameroom."Thedaughter-in-law"holdsandfeedshissonandfather-in-lawtogether".ThecohabitationoffatherandsonshowsthatQinpeople'smarriagerelationshipisstillintheprimitivegroupmarriageperiod,oritcanbesaidthatmonogamyhasnotbeenestablishedinthesamewayastheCentralPlainscountries.Becauseofthis,thestatusofhusbandandwifeisnaturallyuncertain.IntheearlyhistoryofQin,thenamesofBangjun'swivesdidnotappearinhistorybooks,letalonetheirrelateddeeds.ItwasonlyafterShangYang'sreformthathe"restrictedhisteachingandmadethedistinctionbetweenmenandwomen."ThisshowsthatbeforetheQinpeoplewereaccustomedtobeingindifferentbetweenmenandwomenanddidnothaveafixedstatusofhusbandandwife,sothenameofBangjun'swifewasnotseeninthehistorybooks.

ThiskindofmarriagecustomoftheQinpeopleandtheexistenceofthematrilinealremnantsinsociallife,althoughtheShangYangreformshaveordereddifferentmenandwomen,thatis,monogamy,butpeople’sgenderconceptscannotbechangedimmediatelyAfterwards,thechaoticstateofthemarriagerelationshipwillnotdisappearimmediately,andtheQinpeople'sconceptofchastityisstillveryweak.TheQinpeople’sattitudetowardsthemarriagerelationshipbetweenmenandwomenisprimitive,natural,andopen.Freeassociation,divorce,andnonchalantattitude,eventakenforgranted.

Etiquetteandcustoms

TheQinpeoplereflectedinfunerals,religioussacrifices,marriages,patriarchalclansystem,Qinfigurinesandthe"JapaneseBook"havetheirowndifferencesfromtheritualandmusiccultureoftheCentralPlainsCharacteristicsofetiquetteandcustomculture.TheQinpeoplearefashionableinthefuneralandburialwiththeirlimbsbent,whichisthemostobvioussignoftheeasterncountries.ThewayofburialoftheQinpeopleandthecombinationoftombsandburialobjectsarealsodifferentfromthatoftheCentralPlains.Intermsofreligiousworship,thepeopleofQinandtheCentralPlainsaredifferent.Theyadvocatepolytheismanddonotplacethemostimportantpositionontheancestralgods.Whensacrificing,thereisaspecialsacrificialritualofitsown-畤offering.Intermsofpatriarchalpatriarchalrelationship,theQinStatedidnotinheritfromtheeldestsonoftheCentralPlains,butinsteadselectedtalentsandabilities,andmadefulluseofcapablepeople.QinShangwu'setiquetteandcustomsalsohaveobviousmanifestationsinmilitaryritualsandentertainment.

Diplomacy

ShangyangPeriod

AfterShangyang'sreforms,thenationalpowerofQinincreasedgreatly.ShangYangbelievedthat“itwouldbebettertofightagainstWeiwithaQinDynasty”.HesuggestedthatthemethodofrespectingWeiasthekingshouldbeusedtoparalyzethekingofWeiHui,directtheattacktargetsofvariouscountriestothestateofWei,andrelievethestateofWei’sthreattothestateofQin.IsolateWeiStateandeffectivelyweakenWeiState.BecauseofShangYang'sseparation,Weibecameatargetofpubliccriticism.AtthesametimethattheWeipeoplerebelledagainsttheirrelativesandleft,ShangYangsteppedupthearmedattackonWei.In341BC,theStateofWeiwasdefeatedbytheStateofQiinMaling.TheBattleofMaLingwasafiascothatWeihadneverexperiencedbefore.Hisstrengthwasgreatlydamagedandhewasneverrecovered.

Duringthisperiodoftime,asQinStateadoptedamoreflexiblestrategy,firstdeterminedthecorrectgoalofweakeningWeiStateandlaunchedatargetedstrugglearoundthisgoal.Secondly,itavoidedtheprematurefrontalbattlewithWei,thusgainingtime,andonthebasisofdomesticreforms,madethenecessarypreparationsforadecisivebattlewithWei.Third,QinadoptedthecorrectstrategyofneutralizingChuandHan,unitingQiandZhao,andisolatingandattackingWei.Weiwasattackedonallsides,passivelybeatenanddefeatedrepeatedly,andhadtocedeterritorytoQinforpeace.Inthisway,theQinStatenotonlyregainedpartofthelostgroundinHexiandweakenedtheWeiState,butmoreimportantly,thevictoryovertheWeiWarallowedittoaccumulatediplomaticexperienceandincreaseconfidenceinexpandingeastward.

TheperiodofZhangYi

InthegenerationofKingHuiwen,ZhangYiplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofQin.ZhangYi,anativeofWei,wasafamouspoliticalstrategistintheWarringStatesPeriod.ZhangYiwenttoQintopromotethe"LianHeng"thought,whichwasreusedbyKingQinHuiandworshippedQinXiang.AfterZhangYitookoffice,hefirst"wenttomakeWeithepredecessorofQinandtheprincestofollowsuit."WinningWeiwasonlyamoveofhiscontinuoushorizontalmovement.AtthebeginningofLianHeng,ZhangYipointedout:"ThereasonwhythehusbandandQinareweakisnotasgoodasChu,andtheweakerofChuisnotasgoodasLiang."WeiStateisthecoreofHezong,andChuStateisadecisiveweightforHezong.OnceWeiisconvinced,ifhecontinuestosubdueChu,theunitywillnaturallyloseitsfoundationandstrength,anditwillbedifficulttoachieveresults.Atthattime,ChujoinedforcestofightagainstQin,whichgreatlyaffectedthedevelopmentofQin.Therefore,destroyingthealliancebetweenQiandChuwasakeystepforQin.ZhangYithenturnedLianHeng'sgoaltoChuState.ZhangYiusedtheverballypromisedlandofShangyusixhundredmilesasaconditionfortheseveranceofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenQiandChu.Unabletoobtaintheland,hesenttroopstoattackQin,buttheylosttoQinboth,andtheHanzhongofChuwasalsoownedbyQin.Inthisway,themainlandofQinwasconnectedwithBashu,whichnotonlyeliminatedthethreatofChufromthesouth,butalsoallowedtherichmaterialresourcesofBashutobetransportedtoGuanzhongunimpededly,whichplayedanimportantroleintherapidgrowthofQin.SoafterWei,ChualsobecameaprisonerofZhangYi'sLianhengpolicy.ZhangYi'sdiplomacyinQinHuiwen'sgeneration,whetheritwasaweakWeioraweakChu,wasaimedatdismantlingthesix-nationcoalition,andZhangYi'scontributionisalsoconcentratedhere.

WeiRanperiod

In307BC,KingQinWudiedandKingQinZhaowasestablished.WeiRanwastheuncleofKingZhao.Duringhistenureasprimeminister,heactivelypursuedthediplomaticstrategyofencroachingonHanandWeiandweakeningQiandChu,andQin'sterritorywasgreatlyexpanded.InthetwelfthyearofKingQinZhao,WeiRanappointedthefamousmilitarystrategistBaiQiasageneral,steppinguptheattackonHanandWei.InthebattleofYique,QindefeatedHanandWeicoalitionforces.ThisistheheaviestlossthatHanandWeihavesufferedsincetheyfoughtwithQin.Atthistime,theQiStateUniversityhadthetendencytodominatetheworld,andtheprinceswereterrified,andtheYanStatesecretlycontactedthecountriestopreparetojoinforces.KingQinZhaosawthatthiswasagreatopportunitytomanipulatecountriestoweakenQi.Soin284yearsago,Qinparticipatedinajointattack.ThecoalitionforcesdividedintomultipleforcesandattackedQi.QiwascompletelydefeatedandKingQiZhaowaskilled.Sufferedfromthisblow,QiGuonevercheeredupagain.

WeiRanbelievesthatWeiisthe"middlebody"intheworld.Attackingthemiddlebodywillsaveyoufromtheend.ItisbettertohitChu.In279yearsago,WeiRansentBaiqitoattackChuinabigway,andcapturedYingduinonefellswoop.KingChuQingxianghadtomovehiscapitaltoChen(nowHuaiyang,Henan),andChualsolosttheabilitytofightagainstQin.ChuStatewasdefeated,andBaiQiturnedtotheThirdJinDynasty.UndertheattackofQinState,WeiState'sterritorywaserodedinalargeamountandlosttheabilitytoresist.AttheendofEmperorZhao'syears,onlyZhaoStatecouldresistQinState.SinceKingQinZhaocametothethrone,WeiRanadvocatedtheuseofencroachmentpolicytoachievethepurposeofannexation.Thepolicyhasindeedachievedgreatresults.JustasSimaQiansaid:"Ifthewholeworldiswestward,itisthemeritofRanghou."

OverviewofQinZhaowang'sforeignpolicyduringthisperiod,theachievementsarethemostimportant.InthecontinuousattackonHanandWei,heobtainedalargeareaof​​territory.Atthesametime,heactivelyplannedandparticipatedinactivitiestoweakenQiandChu,whichweakenedthestrengthofthesecountries,thusgraduallygaininganabsoluteadvantageinthecomparisonofthestrengthoftheenemyandtheunityofQin.Playedapositiveroleinpromoting.

DuringtheFanjuPeriod

ThespecificstepsofFanju's"distantcommunicationandcloseattack"strategywere:firstforceHan,WeiandQinwhoareinthecenteroftheworldtogettogether,andusethistothreatenChu,Zhao,andmakeChuandZhaosuccumbed,andthenfrightenedtheQiStateinthedistance.AfterthedistantkingdomofQiattached,thekingdomofQincouldletgoofannexingthelandsofthetwokingdomsofHanandWeithatborderedQin.AmongHanandWei,FanJuadvocatedtakingHanfirst,because"QinHan'stopographyisasinconsistentasembroidery.QinhasHan,forexample,woodhasbeetles,andpeoplehaveconfidantdiseases."Togetridofhisheartdisease,QinmustfirstTakeHanforsurgery.FanJualsoproposedthestrategyof"Don'tattackthelandalone,butattackthepeople."Thatis,itfocusesondividinganddisintegratingtheenemybymeansofdivorce,anddestroyingtheenemy'sviablepower.

Nationalities

Distribution

InthenorthwestoftheQinState,distributedintheareaof​​Shaanxi,Gansu,Qinghai,andNingxia,thereareDali(inDali,Shaanxi).Southeast),Mianzhu(totheeastofTianshui,Gansutoday),Yueshi(tothewestofQilianMountaininGansuandtotheeastofDunhuang),Wusun(intheareaof​​Dunhuang,Gansutoday),Jiu(southeastofGansu,Gansu),Quyan(Intheareaof​​Yanchiintoday'sNingxia),Wu'sfamily(inthenorthwestofPingliang,Gansu),Xizhi(agiftbranch,alongtheYellowRiverinthenorthwestofGuinan,Qinghai),andYiqu.Amongthem,Yiquismorepowerful.

InthesouthwestofQinState,distributedinpresent-daySichuanProvince,thereareShu,Ba,Zhi(namelyMimeng,northeastofJiangeinpresentSichuan,southofGuangyuan,nearBaolunyuan),Danli,Zhadu(Intheareaof​​Hanyuaninpresent-daySichuan),Dengdu(intheareaof​​Xichanginpresent-daySichuan),Zha(intheareaof​​Tianquaninpresent-daySili),RanPan(intheareaof​​Maofeninpresent-daySilil),Qi,etc.Amongthem,Shuisthelargest,withtheareanorthoftheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverinthewesternpartofSichuanProvincetoday,andpartofthesouthwesternpartofShaanxiProvincetoday;Baisthesecond,andthereistheeasternpartofSichuanProvincetoday.

Yiqu

YiquisanancientnationoftheChinesenationandabranchoftheQiangRongnationintheWest.ItisdistributedinQishan,Liangshan,JingshuiandQishuiInthenorth(nowQingyangandJingchuan,Gansu).Subsequently,YiqumovedinwardandgraduallyoccupiedtheDayuanareainLongdong.IntheWesternWeekend,YiqutookadvantageofthechaosintheZhoudynastyandannouncedthathewouldbreakawayfromtheruleoftheZhoudynastyandformallyestablishthecounty.ThecapitalwasestablishedinXigouVillage,JiaocunTownship,NingCounty.Sincethen,thenameofYiquCountryhasbeenestablishedinChinesehistory.YiquStatehasexperiencedrepeatedmilitarybattleswithQiangQinformorethan400years,andbecamethemainopponentofQinState'sdominanceofXiRongatthattime.

In430BC,YiqusenttroopstoattackQin,fromJingbeitoWeinan,forcingQinsoldierstoretreatfromthelowerreachesoftheWeiheRiver,asinthethirteenthyearofGongXiangong,"YiquattackedQinandinvadedWeiYang":Chuan.Thefollowing30yearswasthemostpowerfulperiodinYiquCountry.AtthebeginningoftheWarringStatesPeriod,theQinStatetookadvantageoftheinternaldisturbancesinYiqu,senttroopstoattackYiqu,andflatlydefinedthechaosinthecanal,andYiqusurrenderedtoQin.Afterthat,thetwosideshadpeaceintimeofwar.In327BC,YiquregardedthecountryasthecountyofQinandtheemperorastheministerofQin,andformallybecameaterritoryofthestateofQin."HistoricalRecords·QinBenji"recordsintheeleventhyearofKingHui:"Intheeleventhyear,thecountyYiqu.ReturnedtoWeijiaoandQuwo.Yiqumonarchisaminister."In318BC,hebrokeawayfromthecontroloftheQinStateandjoinedthefiveeasterncountriestoconquertheQinState,threateningQinStatewithQinCheng.Inordertogetridoftheworriesofthefuture,aftertheQinStatewonthebattleintheCentralPlains,itmobilizedheavytroopstoattacktheYiqufromtheeast,south,andwest,andsuccessivelycapturedthetwenty-fivecitiesofYiqu,andthelandoftheYiquwasgreatlyreduced.In306BC,KingQinZhaobecameamonarch,andhismotherproclaimedthequeenmotherregent.ShechangedthestrategyofconqueringtherighteousQuRongcountryfrontally,adoptingthepolicyofbeingsoft,wooing,andcorroding,inordertofallintotheambitionoftheRongking,andstabilizetherearformorethan30years.In271BC,theQueenMotherkilledtheKingofYiquinGanquanPalace,andthensenttroopstoattackYiqu,thekingdomofYiqudied,andtheterritorywasmergedintotheQinState.

Bashu

In451BC,theZuoShuoftheQinfactiongrewupinNanzheng(nowHanzhong,Shaanxi)tobuildacityforthedefenseofShu.Qin’sNanzhengrebellionin441BCshouldhavesomethingtodowithShu.By387BC,ShucapturedNanzheng("HistoricalRecords·ChronicleoftheSixKingdoms");inthesameyear,QindefeatedShuandcapturedNanzheng.Atthistime,ShubeicompetedwithQinforNanzheng,andeastwardcompetedwithChuforland.In377BC,ShudefeatedChuandcapturedZifang(nowSongzi,Hubei),soChubuiltayakguan(westofYichang,Hubei)todefendShu.SinceGongsunYan'sunityfailed,thetwogreatpowersofQinandQibegantoseekannexationofland.SinceKingQinHuicametothethrone,theStateofQinhasfurtherattemptedtoexpandabroadandestablisha"kingindustry".Therearetwodifferentopinionsonhowtobuildthe"WangYe":ZhangYiadvocatedattackingSouthKorea’snewcity,Yiyang,"totheoutskirtsoftwoweeks,accordingtoJiuding,askforpictures,taketheemperortocomedowntoday";andSimaWronglyopposedthe"attackHanJieTianzi"plan,believingthatitwas"notorious"invainandcouldnotgetrealbenefits,advocatedthefirstattackontheSouthwestern"RongDi'slong"ShuKingdom,andbelievedthat"thelandissufficientforGuangguo","Thewealthisenoughtoenrichthepeopleanddefendthesoldiers",anditcan"profittheWestSea".Inaddition,BashucanpassthroughChuthroughthewaterways.KingQinHuiadoptedSimaCuo'sproposition.Atthistime,ithappenedthattherewasawarbetweenShu,Ju,andPakistan.ItturnedoutthatBaandShuhadbeenenemiesforalongtime.BecauseJuhouwasfriendlywiththekingofBa,thekingofShuattackedJu,andJuhourushedtothecountryofBaandaskedQinforhelp.In316BC,KingQinHuisentSimaCuo,DuWeimoandotherstoattackShufromHanzhongviaShiniuDao.KingShupersonallyledhistroopstoMimeng(nownortheastofJiange,Sichuan)toresisttheQinarmy,andfledtoWuyang.(TodayPengshan,Sichuan),waskilledbytheQinarmy,andtheKingdomofShuwasdestroyed.ThenSimaCuoandothersattackedJuandBa,andcapturedthekingofBa.

Lineage

Algebra

PosttitleNumber

Name

Yearinposition

Beginningandendinginposition

Identity