Interpretation
AccordingtoEngels'spointofview,fromtheperspectiveoforigin,productivityistheabilitytotransformnatureformedbythecombinationofpeoplewithlaborabilityandthemeansofproduction.Thetransformationoftheancientapesintohumanstoproducelaborproductivityisthesymboloftheformationofproductivityandthebeginningofhistory.Therefore,productivityistheabilityofpeopletoactuallycarryoutproductionactivities,theabilitytoproducelabor,andtheproductivityofspecificlabor.Theperformanceofproductivityistheexistenceofthesubject'sbehaviorinproductionandtheresultofthesebehaviors,thatis,theproductoflabor.Accordingtothenatureofthesubject,productivitycanbedividedintonaturalproductivityandsocialproductivity.
Inscientificresearchactivities,theresearchonproductivityisconductedintwoparts.Thefirstisthestudyofthematerialcontentofproductionbytechnology,graspingthematerialmovementinthematerialworldandthephysiologicalmovementandpracticemodeofhumanbeings.Thisisthevariousnaturaldisciplinesbasedonthepracticalscienceofproductivity.Thesecondisthetheoryofproductivity.Thelatterresearchesthemovementmodeandmovementstructureofproductiveforces.Theworkinthisareaistheresultofcross-penetrationofmultipledisciplines,suchasgeography,culture,andarchaeology.Therefore,itisnotonlynaturalscience,butalsoincludessomebasicfieldsofsocialscience.
Inanarrowsense,itreferstoregenerativeproductivity,thatis,theabilityofhumanbeingstocreatenewwealth.Fromahorizontalperspective,productivityisdividedintopersonalproductivity,enterpriseproductivity,andsocialproductivity;fromaverticalperspective,productivityisdividedintoshort-termproductivityandlong-termproductivity;fromahierarchicalperspective,productivityisdividedintomaterialproductivityandspiritualproductivity.Productivityisthefunctionoftheproductivitysystem.Theelementsthatmakeuptheproductivitysystemincludeworkers,labormaterials,andlaborobjects.Thesocialculturalsystemsystemenvironment-thestructureoftheproductivitysystemistherelationshipbetweentheelementsthatmakeuptheproductivitysystem.Ifthestructureoftheproductivitysystemissymmetrical,therateofproductivitydevelopmentwillbefaster;ifthestructureoftheproductivitysystemisasymmetric,therateofproductivitydevelopmentwillbeslow.Thedegreeofsymmetryoftheproductivitysystemstructuredeterminesthespeedofproductivitydevelopment,soproductivitydevelopmentistheresultoftheinteractionofsubjectandobjectandtheregenerationofresources,andistheoverallfunctionofthesocialsystem.Productivitydevelopmentistheintermediatelinkinthetransformationfromgrowthtodevelopment.
Thelevelofproductivitydevelopmentistheresultoftheaggregationandmatchingofthesystemconstitutedbytheproductivityelementsandthesystemconstitutedbythepolitical,economic,social,cultural,andecologicalenvironment.
Originanddevelopment
Theproductivityofprimitivesocietyismanifestedinthecollectionorhuntingofanimals.Laborproducesthefruitsoflaborfromthecollectionorhunting,whichenablestheanimalstosurviveandexercise.Thebodyandtheabilitytocooperate,thesearetheabilitytoproducevalueintheanimallaborofprimitivesociety.
Withthedevelopmentofproductivity,whetherhumanlaborbehaviorinthe21stcenturyisamanifestationofproductivityandwhetherithasthemeaningofproductivityitselfdependsonwhethertheoutputofhumanlaborreflectshumanexistenceItsownmeaningandvalue.Asfarasitsproductivityisconcerned,itisalsowithinthecapacityoflabortoproducevalue.Theproductivityofthefuturesocietystillcannotbeseparatedfromthecategoryoflabor'sabilitytoproducevalue.Mostoftheotheranimalsmaintaintheformofprimitivesociety.Onlytheproductivityofanimalslikeantshasreachedtheancientlevelofhumanbeings.Antshavelearnedtofarmandbreed.
BeforeMarxandEngels,FrenchdoctorQuesnay(1694-1774)firstproposedtheconceptofproductivity;later,BritisheconomistsAdamSmith(1723-1789)andDavidRicardo(1772)—1823)andFrencheconomistsJeanBaptisteSay(1767-1832)andSismondi(1773-1842)didinheritancestudies;finally,theGermaneconomistFriedrichLissTe(1789—1846)didextensiveandin-depthresearchonproductivity.
MarxandEngelscametothehistoricalstageofstudyingproductivityandendedthehistoryofpurelystudyingproductivity.Theycorrectedtheshortcomingsofthepredecessorsinthestudyofproductivityandraisedtheresearchonproductivitytotoday'slevel.TheoutstandingcontributionofMarxandEngelsinthestudyofproductivityliesinthefactthatMarxnolongerexaminesproductivityinisolation,butregardsproductivityasthereasonfordeterminingproductionrelations;secondly,heestablishedtheconceptofeconomicfoundation,takingtheeconomicfoundationasthereasonfordeterminingthesuperstructure.Thisrevealsthemostfundamentallawofsocialproblems.
(1)TheevolutionoftheconceptofproductivitybeforeMarx
Queenywasthefirsttoputforwardtheconceptof"productivity".Hesaid:"...alargepopulationandalargewealthcanmakeproductiveforcesplaywell."[1]74Quinaybelievedthatproductivelaborisonlyagriculturallabor,andtheproductivityhesaidactuallyreferstolandproductivity.Subsequently,AdamSmithgaveplaytothisview.OnthebasisofinheritingQuesnay's"landproductivity"viewandSmith's"labourproductivity"concept,Ricardofurtherproposedtheconceptof"labourproductivity".Almostatthesametime,Saywasinspiredbyhispredecessorsandputforwardhisowntheoryof"capitalproductivity";whileSismondiinheritedSmith'spointofview,studiedproductivityfromdifferentaspects,andputforwardsomereasonableideas.Intheearly19thcentury,FriedrichLisztdeniedthelaborvaluetheoryoftheBritishclassicaleconomistsandputforwardhisownindependenttheoryofproductivity,whichfocusedontheimportanceofacountry’sdevelopmentofproductivityandhowtodevelopthecountry’scomprehensiveproductivity.Question,itcanbesaidthatsomeviewsarevaluable.
LisztisdifferentfromlaterMarx.Hisproductivityactuallyreferstothe"capacityofproduction",oritcanbesaidtobethecapacityshownbythespecificmodeofproduction,inwhichtheproductionrelationshavenotbeenextracted..Theconceptofproductivityofthebourgeoisclassicaleconomistsisstillinitsinfancy.Theyhaveonlyexaminedindividualfactorsofproductivityinisolation,andfailedtorevealtheinnerconnectionbetweenproductivityandotherfactors,butstayedontheintuitiveunderstandingofproductivity.Itisnotascientificconcept.
(2)TheevolutionofMarx’sproductivityconcept
TheevolutionofMarxandEngels’productivitythoughtscanbedividedintopregnancy,infancy,transformationandmaturityWaitfourstages.Thefollowingisabriefdescriptionofthesefourperiods.
In1844,influencedbythe"NationalSystemofPoliticalEconomy",MarxusedLiszt'sconceptofproductivityextensivelyinhiswriting.Ashehimselfsaid:"Westartedfromthepremisesofnationaleconomics.Weadopteditslanguageanditslaws."[2]49Inhis1845"CommentonFriedrichLisztInhiswork<NationalSystemofPoliticalEconomy>,aclearconceptofproductivitythatisnotintegratedwithproductionrelationshasnotyetbeenformed.
Between1845and1846,MarxandEngelsco-authored"GermanIdeology".Inthiswork,theconceptofproductivityusedbyMarxandEngelsishighlyvariable.TherearenotonlytheconceptofproductivityconsistentwithQuesnay,Sayandothers,butalsotheconceptofproductivityindependentofproductionrelations,andthegerminationoftheconceptofscientificproductivity.
Forexample,"Anynewproductivity,aslongasitisnotamereexpansionofproductivityknownsofar(forexample,landreclamation),willcausefurtherdevelopmentofthedivisionoflabor."[2]147"...Thepremiseoforganizingacommonfamilyeconomyisthedevelopmentofmachines,theuseofnaturalforcesandmanyotherproductiveforces,suchastapwater,gaslighting,steamheating,etc.,aswellastheeliminationof[antagonism]betweenurbanandruralareas."[2]TheconceptofproductivityusedhereissimilartoQuesnayandSay'sarethesame.
Foranotherexample,"Thesedifferentformsarealsoformsoflabororganization,andthereforeformsofownership.Thecombinationofexistingproductivityoccursineachperiod,becausedemandmakesthiscombinationnecessary"[2]195Theproductivityhereisindependentoftheproductionrelationship,anditcanformaspecificmodeofproductionwiththeproductionrelationship."Thecommonactivitiesofdifferentindividualsrestrictedbythedivisionoflaborproduceasocialforce,thatis,multiplyingproductivity."[2]165Thissentenceisoftenquotedasthebasisofthe"capabilitytheory"or"powertheory"bythecurrentviews.."Commonactivities"canindeedproducereal"socialforces",butthis"productivity"includesproductionrelations.
Foranotherexample,"everystageofhistoryhasencounteredcertainmaterialresults,acertainsumofproductiveforces,andthehistoricalrelationshipbetweenhumansandnatureandbetweenindividualshasbeenpasseddownfromthepreviousgenerationtothenext.Thelargeamountofproductivity,capitalandenvironmentofthenewgeneration.Althoughontheonehandtheseproductivity,capitalandenvironmentarechangedbythenewgeneration,ontheotherhand,theyalsoprescribethelivingconditionsofthenewgenerationitself,sothatitcanbedevelopedandpossessed.Specialnature."[2]172The"materialresult"herehasbeenveryclosetothe"historicalresult"concludedbyMarxin"DasKapital",whichcanbesaidtobethebuddingofthe"historicalresulttheory".
OnDecember28,1846,althoughMarx’sproductivitythoughtstilllefttracesofitspredecessors,itbeganaturningpointafterall.InhislettertoAnenkov,hesaid:"...peoplecannotfreelychoosetheirownproductiveforces-thisisthebasisoftheirentirehistory,becauseanyproductiveforcesareavestedforceandaproductofpreviousactivities.Itcanbeseenthatproductivityistheresultofpeople’sabilitytoapply."[3]408-409alsosaid:"Inordernottolosetheresultsthathavebeenachieved,inordernottolosethefruitsofcivilization,peoplehavetochangethewaytheycommunicatewhentheyarenolongersuitablefortheestablishedproductivity.Allsocialformsofsociety."[3]Thepreviousparagraphof409affirmedthatproductivityisa"productofpreviousactivities"andsaidthatitisakindof"acquiredpower",butintheend,productivityisdeterminedas"theresultofpeople'sabilitytoapply."";Thelatterparagraphisnothingmorethansaying"fruitsofcivilization"-productivitycannotbelost,theoriginalproductionrelationshipcanbelost,affirmingthatthenewconceptofproductivitydoesnotincludeproductionrelationship-itbreaksofffromLiszt'spreviousconceptofproductivity.
January1847markedthematurityofMarx’sthoughtsonproductivity.As"thefirsttwoworksofmatureMarxism"ThePovertyofPhilosophy"andthe"CommunistManifesto"[4]128in"ThePovertyofPhilosophy",theword"productivity"appearsonlyseventimesinthe"GermanIdeology".Onepart,butthethoughtisclearanddiscernible.Marxsaid:"Therelationsinwhichtheproductiveforcesdeveloparenoteternallaws,butthingsthatarecompatiblewiththecertaindevelopmentofpeopleandtheirproductiveforces.Willallchangesinpeople'sproductiveforcesinevitablyleadtochangesintheirproductionrelations?Theimportantthingisnottodeprivethefruitsofcivilization-theproductiveforcesthathavebeenobtained,sowemustsmashthetraditionalformsinwhichtheproductiveforcesareproduced."[2]233saidincriticizingPrudun:"Heassumedaperson,thisperson'Attention,divideproductionintodifferentpartsandletasingleworkerworkoneachpart',sothatproductivitycanbeexpanded."[2]242Thesetwopassagescandrawthefollowingconclusions:First,productivityisAcquiredcapabilities;second,furtheraffirmthatproductivityisthe"fruitofcivilization";third,Marx’sconceptofproductivitynolongerincludesproductionrelations,andcriticizesthatthereareproductionrelationsintheproductivityconceptofPrudenceandothers.
AfterDecember1847,Marx’sthoughtsonproductivitymadesteadyprogress.Inordertoexpresstheactualproductivecapacity,heproposedtheconceptof"productivityoflabor"[2]354,whichwasstandardizedas"productivityoflabor"in1864.[5]6.Inhislateryears,Marxresolutelyaffirmedtheconclusionof"historicalresult"andstrictlydistinguishedthetwoconceptsof"socialproductivity"and"socialproductivity",andthetwoconceptsof"productivity"and"laborproductivity".In"DasKapital",thereisnolongera"capacity"thatisconfusedwith"result".Marxsaid:"Likeanyothercertainmodeofproduction,itregardsapredeterminedstageofsocialproductivityanditsdevelopmentformasitsownhistoricalcondition,andthisconditionisthehistoricalresultandproductofanadvancedprocess,anditisnew.Theestablishedbasisfortheproductionofthemodeofproduction."[6]994TheevolutionofMarx’sconceptofproductivityissignificantlydifferentfromthatofLisztetal.:Marx’soriginalintentionwastoseekthereasonsfordeterminingproductionrelations-productivity;LisztanditspreviouspoliticaleconomyThepurposeofthefamilyistodeterminethecoreissueofthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy-productivity.Thesetwo"productiveforces"arenotthesamething.Ifyoudon'tunderstandthis,youwon'tbequalifiedtotalkabouthistoricalmaterialism.
Componentelements
Thebasicelementsthatconstituteproductivityare:labormaterialsbasedonproductiontools,laborobjectsintroducedintotheproductionprocess,andlaborerswithcertainproductionexperienceandlaborskills.Itistheinnerpowerfoundationofsocialdevelopment.Inaddition,humanbeingsusevariousprofessionalscienceandengineeringtechnologiestomanufactureandcreatematerialandspiritualcivilizationproductstosatisfytheirownsurvivalandlivingabilities.
Productivityalsocontainsscienceandtechnology.Scienceandtechnologycanbeappliedtotheproductionprocess,penetratedintothebasicelementsofproductivity,andtransformedintoactualproductioncapacity.Inventionsandcreationsinscienceandtechnologywillcauseprofoundchangesandgreatprogressinlabormaterials,laborobjects,andthequalityoflabor;theapplicationofsciencetotheorganizationandmanagementofproductioncangreatlyimprovemanagementefficiency;scienceandtechnologyaremasteredbylaborersandcanbeextremelyGreatlyimprovelaborproductivity.Withtherapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,thecycleappliedtotheproductionprocessisshorteningdaybyday,anditplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinthedevelopmentofproduction,andhasincreasinglybecomeadecisivefactorinthedevelopmentofproduction.Inthissense,scienceandtechnologyaretheconcentratedexpressionandimportantsymbolofadvancedproductiveforces,andaretheprimaryproductiveforces.
DiscriminationofMarx’sConceptofProductivity
MarxandEngels’expressionsofproductivityinarticlesofdifferentperiodsareoftendifferent,sometimesinthesamearticle.So,whichconceptistheconceptofproductivityintheMarxistsense?Inotherwords,whichconceptcanbeusedastheconceptofproductivityinMarxistphilosophicalprinciplesandMarxistpoliticaleconomytextbooks?
Firstofall,thepursuitofMarxandEngelsthroughouthislifeistoeliminateprivateownershipandbuildasocialistandcommunistsociety.Therefore,theconceptcontrarytothispursuitisbynomeansaconceptofproductivityintheMarxistsense;secondly,itisrelatedtoMarx’sFundamentalcontribution-theconceptofproductivity,whichcontradictshistoricalmaterialismandsurplusvaluetheory,isbynomeansaconceptofproductivityintheMarxistsense.ThisarticlewillusethisasabasistoanalyzewhatistheconceptofproductivityintheMarxistsense.
IntheworksofMarxandEngelsinhislife,theformulationofproductivitycanbesaidtobeextremelyrich,productive,laborproductivity,socialproductivity,laborsocialproductivity,sociallaborproductivity,modernproductivity,livinglaborproductivity,deathLaborproductivity,subjectiveproductivity,objectiveproductivity,personalproductivity,capitalproductivity,materializedproductivity,actualproductivity,potentialproductivity,directproductivity,jointproductivity,naturalproductivity,generalproductivity,materialproductivity(therearetwotermsformaterialproductivity,butthemeaningFundamentallydifferent)andspiritualproductivity.However,thefundamentalsarenothingmorethanthedefinitionof"ability"orthedefinitionof"results."Inthe"abilitytheory",itisdividedintotwocategories:actualabilityandpotentialability.Thefollowingwillidentifytheseconceptsindifferentcategories.
Nature
Productivityisnotonlyverticalbutalsohorizontal.
Sincetheprimitivesocialform,laborersandlaborobjectshavehardlyundergoneessentialchanges(laborershavenotcompletelyseparatedfromanimals,laborobjectsarestillwater,landandplants),onlylabortoolshaveoccurredStonetools,bronzes,ironware,machines,andelectricalappliancesarefivekindsof"materialchangesthatcanbespecifiedwiththeaccuracyofnaturalscience."Stoneware,copperware,andironwarecanbejudgedaccordingtothematerialsofthemanufacturingtools;machinesaredevicesthatusemechanicalenergytodowork;electricalappliancesaredevicesthatuseelectromagneticenergytodowork.Theproductivityofmaturestonetoolsdeterminestheformofprimitivesociety;theproductivityofmaturecopperwaredeterminestheformofslavesociety;theproductivityofmatureironwaredeterminestheformoffeudalsociety;theproductivityofmaturemachinerydeterminestheformofcapitalsociety;andtheproductivityofmatureelectricalappliancesdeterminestheformofcommunistsociety.
Relatedconcepts
Productionrelations
Productionrelationsarealsoanobjectivematerialrelationship.Inthematerialrelationshipofproduction,therelationshipbetweenindividuals,thegroupandthenaturalenvironment,andthesocietyisthespecificcontentoftheproductionrelationship.Therelationshipbetweenanimalsandproductivityiscomplex.Generallyspeaking,man-madepeopledeterminetheirproductionrelationsbasedontheirownproductivity,andthefinalproductionrelationsarealsocreatedbymankind.Nomatterwhatkindofsociety,whatkindofproductioncapacitythereis,thereareallkindsofmaterialproductionrelationsandliferelations.Theoccurrenceofthephenomenonofproductivityisahistoricalandsocialevolutionarystructure,justlikebiologicalevolution,itgraduallyevolvesanddevelopscumulatively.
Whatdeterminesthedevelopmentprocessofacertainsocialformistheabilityandqualityoftheworkersthemselves.Conversely,thelowproductivityofsocietyisthelackofhumanlaborability.
Productivityisthegeneralizationandoverallnormofthepowerofdevelopmentandchange.Ultimately,itisreflectedinthepeople'slivingstandardsandindividualswhohavedevelopedandimprovedinanall-roundway.Thisisthemeaningofproductivityandthepurposeofproductivity.
Thedevelopmentofproductionrelations
Inhumanhistory,wehaveexperiencedprimitivecommunism,slavery,feudalism,andcapitalisminorderfromlowtohigh.5kindsofproductionrelationswithcommunism.Asthelowerstageofcommunistproductionrelations,socialistproductionrelationsarebyfarthemostadvancedproductionrelationsinhumanhistory.Theyhavegreatadvantagesandopenupbroadprospectsforthedevelopmentofproductiveforces.Onthebasisofthehighlydevelopedproductiveforces,itwillgraduallygrowintoahigh-levelcommunistproductionrelationshipthat"everyonedoeshisbestanddistributesaccordingtohisneeds".Theconceptofproductionrelationsoccupiesaveryimportantpositioninthehistoricalmaterialistsystem.Theproductionrelationshipisamaterialsocialrelationshipthatisdeterminedbyproductiveforcesandisnottransferredfromconsciousness.Itdeterminesthesocialrelationshipofthought,thatis,thesocialrelationshipformedthroughconsciousness.Chinesetheoreticalcircleshavedifferentviewsonthecontentofproductionrelations.
Themaincontentoftheproductionrelationship:Theproductionrelationshipincludesthreecontents:theformofownershipofthemeansofproduction,thepositionofthelaborerinproductionandtheirmutualrelationship,andthewayofproductdistribution.
ThecoreoftheancientChinesefeudalrulers'adjustmentoftheirrulingpoliticsistheadjustmentofproductionrelations.Fromthecontentpointofview,theadjustmentofproductionrelationsismainlyreflectedinthreeaspects.
(1)Adjustingtheformofownershipofthemeansofproductionismainlytoreformthelandpolicy.
(2)Adjusttheformofproductdistribution,thatis,reformthetaxsystem.
(3)Adjustingtherelationshipbetweenindividualsismainlymanifestedinrectifyingthemanagementofofficials,adjustingtheruleofthepeople,andstrengtheningthebuildingofthearmy.
Theproductivityandproductionrelationsofmostotheranimalshavenotchanged.
Therelationshipbetweenproductivityandproductionrelations
Marxbelievesthatsocialrelationsandproductivityarecloselyconnected.Withtheacquisitionofnewproductiveforces,peoplechangetheirmodeofproduction,andwiththechangeofthemodeofproduction,thatis,thewayofearningaliving,peoplewillalsochangealltheirsocialrelations.
ThebipolarworldtheoryinheritsanddevelopsthebasicprinciplesofMarxism,andcomprehensivelyusesmaterialistdialectics,geo-economics,geopolitics,andsocialmorphologytostudyandanalyzethestructureoftheworld’shistory.Look,theadvancednatureofnaturalpractice(productivity)determinestheunifiedscopeofsocialpractice(productionrelations);fromtheperspectiveofeachgenerationprocessandthemacrointegrationwithineachgenerationprocess,theEastandtheWestinteractinsocialpracticeandnaturalpractice.Promoterelations;fromtheperspectiveofthemicro-mechanismoftheinternalintegrationofeachgenerationprocess,acountry’ssocialpracticechangesandnaturalpracticechangesaredeterminedbythegeneralpatternofthebipolarworldorderofeachgeneration;socialpracticeisbecomingmoreandmoreadvanced,andsocialpracticedifferencesarebecomingmoreandmoreadvancedSmalluntilthedeathofsocialpractice;naturalpracticeisbecomingmoreandmoreadvanced,andthedifferencebetweennaturalpracticeisgettingsmallerandsmaller;therearefewerandfewerintermediatelinksinthebipolarprocess,thecycleisshorterandshorter,andthegeographicalintegrationisbecomingmoreandmore;thenumberoforderlyfaultzonesisincreasing.Less,thefaultlevelisgettinglowerandlower,andthefaultzonegraduallygrowstogether.
Collaborativeactivities
People’sproductionactivitiesrefertotheprocessbywhichworkersuserawmaterialsandtoolstocreateproducts.Intheproductionprocess,thelaborpaidislabor.Inotherwords,laborisanindispensableelementofproduction.InmanyMarxisttextbooks,productivityisdefinedinthisway."Theabilityofapersonwiththeabilitytoworktoconquerandtransformnaturecombinedwiththemeansofproduction(toolsofproductionandobjectsoflabor)iscalledproductivity."Thesameistrueforotheranimals.Itcanbeseenthatatleastwecansee:ontheonehandproductivityreferstoability,whichisprobablynotcontroversial;ontheotherhand,thedefinitionofproductivityemphasizestheprocessofproductionactivities,whichisalsoeasytosee.However,peoplecan'thelpbutthink:thepurposeofproductionorwhatistheresultofproduction.Thepurposeofproductionistocreatematerialmaterials,andatthesametimehumanscreatewealth.Wecanalsounderstandthatthepurposeofconqueringandtransformingnatureistoobtainmaterialmaterialsandwealth,thatis,Itissaidthattheunusablecanbeusedthroughconquestandtransformation,andtheuselesscanbemanufacturedthroughconquestandtransformation,andtheproductsmanufacturedwillserveus.Forexample:thetreesintheforestareatacertaindistancefromtheplacewherewelive,whichmeansthattheycannotbeused.Utilization.Ifwecutdownthewoodsandtransportthemback,thenwecansaythatthewoodismadetocreatewealth;ifweprocesswoodintofurniture,thenitcanbesaidthattheproductionoffurniturecreateswealth.Visible,conquerandtransformnatureThepurposeistoobtainwealth,andtheprocessofconqueringandtransformingnatureistheprocessofcreatingwealth.Inshort,thepurposeofproductionistocreatewealth.
Productivelabor
Labororproductivelabor,Isadescriptionofthebehaviorofthesubject.Thedescriptionofthebehaviorofthesubjectmeansthatwhetheritislabororproductionlabor,thereisasubjectofbehavior.Withoutasubjectofbehavior,behaviorwillhavenothingtodependonandoccur,andthereisnopossibilityoflabor.Ortheactofproductivelabor.Withthesubjectofthebehavior,thesubjectmustperformacertainbehavior.Thesubjectdoesnotperformacertainbehavior,norcanitbesaidthatithasperformedlabororproductivelabor.Onlythesubjectofthebehaviorexistsandexists.Thesubjecthasperformedcertainbehaviorsbeforeitcanbesaidtobelabororproductivelabor.Bothlabororproductivelabormustbeestablishedonthebasisoftheexistingsubjectandthebehaviorofthesubject.
Thereareactors,andThesubjecthasperformedcertainbehaviors,whicharethesimilaritiesbetweenlaborandproductivelabor.
Laborandproductivelaboraretwoconceptsofdifferentnatureanddifferentcontent.Animalsfirsthavelaborbehavior,andthenOnlythendidtheproductionandlaboractbecarriedout.Whethertheactwaslabororproductionlabor,italloccurredonthebasisoflabor.
1Laborinprimitivesociety
Intheinitialperiodofprimitivesociety,Theactivitybehaviorofanimalsislaborbehaviorratherthanproductionlaborbehavior.
Laborisanimagegeneralizationofspecificbehavior.Mobilityisadescriptionofthestateofthebehaviorsubjectpresentedduringbehavior.LaborisTheconceptofthenatureofthesubject’sbehavioristhestatethatthesubjectpresentswhenthisconceptofnatureoccurs.Thebehaviorofthesubjectiscalledlabor,andthestateoftheactingsubjectiscalledmotion.Thenatureofthebehaviorofthesubject’s"work"showsThepurposeofthesubject’sbehavior.Inotherwords,thepurposefulbehaviorperformedbythesubjectiscalledlabor.
Thebehavioroflaborisnotuniquetohumans,noristhemanufactureanduseoftoolsuniquetohumans.,Laborbehaviorandtheuseofsimplesticktoolsarethegrowthstagesthathumanbeingsmustgothroughatthebeginning.
Useoftools(5photos)
Beesbuildhivestomultiply,spidersformwebstosurvive,woodpeckerspickcactianddigoutinsectsintreeholes,breakbrancheswiththeirbeakstoremovethemBranchesandleavesreplacecactusthorns,seaottersgatherstonesasstoneanvils,andchimpanzeesprocessgrassstemsandbranchestofishfortermites.Theseareallbehaviorsofanimalsmakingandusingtoolsaccordingtotheirownbehavioralcapabilities.Thesepurposefulbehaviorsusingsimpletoolsaretheanimalsthemselves.Theperformanceoflaborbehaviorisnotinfactdifferentfromthelaborbehaviorofgatheringorhuntingwithsticksatthebeginningofmankind.Thereasonwhytheseworkinganimalsdidnotgrowintohumansisthattheseanimalsdidnothavetheinnatequalificationsofancientapes,andnaturedidnotprovidetimeandspaceforthegrowthoftheseanimals.Thevastmajorityofanimalsocietiesarestillintheprimitivestage,soproductivityandproductionrelationsarerelativelyprimitive.Onlytheproductivityandproductionrelationsofantshavereachedtheancientlevelofhumans.Inprimitivesocieties,humansareengagedincollectivegatheringorjointhunting.Themainlaborforcethatexistsisthefirsthumanbeingwhohasjustliberatedtheforelimbsandstoodupfromtheworldofadvancedanimals.Itistheancestorofmankindwhoevolvedfromtheancientapes.Duringthisperiod,people’sindividuallaborcapacityisquitelimited,andthenaturalenvironmentthatexistshasnotundergoneanytransformation.Peoplewhohavejustemergedfromtheanimalworldcanonlygainsomethingthroughcollectivecooperation,andonlythroughcollectivelabor.Behaviorenablesoneselftosurviveintheprimitivenaturalenvironment.Peoplehaveacommonanduniqueobjectoflabor.Thecommonanduniqueobjectoflaboristheobjectofgatheringorhunting.Theacquisitionoftheobjectoflaboristheincomeoflabor.Allthelaborincomeofthepeopleintheprimitivesocietyisnotproducedbyhumanbeings.Allthelaborresultsobtainedbygatheringorhuntingareproducedbynature.Peopleonlyusetheirownlaborbehaviortoinfluencethelifeproducedbynatureonhumanlifeitself.Theextremelyusefulfinishedproductsareonlydirectlyharvested.Thisharvestisnotbasedontheproductionbehaviorbuttheresultoflaborbehavior.
Thelaborbehaviorsperformedbyanimalsintheinitialstageofprimitivesocietyareonlysubsistencelaborratherthanproductivelabor,andthecooperationofcollectivesisonlythelimitationoftheirownlaborcapacityandtheneedsofthenaturallivingenvironment.Thecollectiveisalsoacombinationofprimitivenature.Inthelifegroup,everyonedependsoneachothertoworktogethertosurviveeachother.
2:Theproductivelaborofprimitivesociety
Theprimitivesocietyhasdevelopedtoacertainstage,andonthebasisoflaborbehavior,thereisthebehaviorofproductivelabor.
Thebehaviorofproductivelaborisbasedonlaborbehavior,andonlyonthebasisoflaborbehavior.
Thephenomenonofbiologicalreproductioniscalledproduction,anditisthemanifestationofbiologicalphenomenaonconcreteobjects.Productionreferstoallthebehaviorsofnaturalobjectstoreproducethemselvesthroughthereproductivepowertheypossess.Productivelabormeansthatthelaborsubjectusesthelawsofnature,transformsthenaturalenvironment,andreproducesordomesticatesthingsthroughtheirownlaborcapabilities,whichisforproductivelabor.Laboronlyusestheconditionsofnaturalexistence.Productivelabornotonlyusestheconditionsofnaturalexistence,butalsotransformstheconditionsofnaturalexistencebythesubject’swill,sothatthenaturalenvironmentiscarriedoutaccordingtothesubject’swill.LaborisnotnecessarilyIntransformingnature,productivelaborisbuiltonthebasisoftransformingnature.Thisisthedifferencebetweenlaborandproductivelabor.
Laboristhebeginningofanimalsusingthenaturalenvironment,andproductivelaboristhebeginningofanimalstransformingnature,anditisalsothebeginningofanimalstransformingnature.
Theliberationoftheforelimbstowalkuprightsignifiesthatpeoplehavestoodupfromtheanimalworld.Peoplewhohavejuststoodupusetheirforelimbsmorefrequently,andtherearenotmanyancientapesclimbingintheforestduringthisperiod.Theessentialdifference.Thefrequentuseofforelimbshasfundamentallytransformedtheforelimbsintorealhands.Peopleusetheiropponentsflexiblyandperformmorecomplexandchangeablebehaviorsinlaborbehavior,sothatpeoplenolongerneedtobenddown.Afteralongperiodofprimitivelabor,humanbeingsnotonlyhavefurtherdevelopmentandchangesinphysique,butalsohaveaconsiderableimprovementinintelligence."Laborcreatesmankinditself",andindividuallaborabilityandcollectiveperformanceTheabilitytoworkcollaborativelyisnotwhatitusedtobe.Onthebasisoftheinstinctivelaborbehaviorforsurvival,peoplehavecertainideologicallaborbehavior,andthelaborabilityofhumanbeingshasalsomadegreatprogress.Withthefrequentcollectionandexcessivehuntingofnaturalproductsbyhumanbeings,naturalThefinishedproductsoflaborcannotmeetthesurvivalneedsofhumanbeingsthemselves,andthefruitsofnaturalproductioncannotsatisfythedevelopmentofhumanbeingsthemselves.
Underthecombinedeffectofchangesinnaturalconditionsandhumanthoughts,humanshavebegunartificialplanting,artificialbreedingorartificialgrazingofhumanwillbehaviors.Thesearethebehaviorsperformedbyhumansaccordingtotheirownwill.ThesebehaviorsBegintochangethesurvivalfactorsinthenaturalenvironmentforhumanexistence.Thenaturallyexistinghumanlivingenvironmenthasalsoslowlychangedduetohumanbeingsthemselvesaftersuchvolitionalbehaviors.Theobjectsoncecollectedhavebecomehumanbeingsunderthefunctionofhumanwill.Theobjectsofcultivation,theobjectsthatwereoncehunted,havebecometheobjectsofdomesticationandbreeding.Thiskindofbehaviorofmultiplyingordomesticatingthingsbyhumansusingthelawsofnatureandtheconditionsofnaturalexistencethroughtheirownlaborabilityisthefirstproductionandlaborbehaviorofhumanbeings.Thisbehaviorofvolitionallaborisbasedonlabor,andonlyhumanbeingsusesimpletoolstocarryoutcollectiveandcooperativelabor,andhavethereproductionordomesticationofnaturalobjectsaccordingtothewillofthelaborsubject.Onthebasisofproductivelabor,today'shumancivilizationhasbeencreated.Startingfromthisperiodwhenhumansinprimitivesocietybegantotransformthenaturalenvironment,humanactivitieshavechangedfromsimpleharvestinglabortopurposefulandplannedproductivelabor.
Thelaborandproductionlaborstagesareinevitablestagesintheprogressofhumansociety,andtheireffectsonhumanbeingsaredifferent.
Thefirstharvestinglaborperformedbyhumanswasanobjectiveexistenceofbiologicalevolution.Undertheconditionsatthetime,therewasnowaytochangeorsurpassit.Theactofharvestinglaboristhebeginningofmankind'srisetogettoknownatureandtheworld,thebeginningoftheformationofsociety,thebeginningofhumanhistory,andthebeginningofsociety.Thefirstproductivelaborcarriedoutbyhumanbeingswillinevitablyappearunderobjectiveconditionsafterthedevelopmentofhuman’sownlaborabilitytoacertainperiod.Intheprocessofplanting,breeding,grazingandotherproductionlabor,humanshaveadeeperunderstandingoftheconditionsofnaturalexistence,amoreprofoundunderstandingofthelawsandphenomenaofnaturalexistence,andmorerapidexerciseofhumanbrainsandenrichmentofhumans.Thinkingandimaginationability.Humanlaborandproductivelaborhavedifferenteffectsonthedevelopmentofhumanbeings.Laborbehaviorismoreimportantthanphysicalexercise.Thebiggestroleofproductivelaborisnotonlytoexercisethebody,butalsotodiscoverhumanthoughts,andgodeeper.Toexercisepeople'sthinkingability.
Theproductionandlaborbehaviorofhumansandthetransformationbehaviorofthenaturalenvironmentbyhumansoccursimultaneously.Theproductionlaborisbasedonthetransformationofnature,anditisalsotheproductionlaboronthebasisofthetransformationofnature.Theprocessofmankind'stransformationfromgathering,fishingandhuntingtoanimalhusbandryandfarmingistheprocessofmankind'sprogressfromlabortoproduction.
Theideologicalexplorationofpeoplebythebehaviorofproductivelaboristhemodernizationofpeoplethemselves.People’splantingbehaviorrequiresscreeningandpreservingtheoriginalcollectedseeds,understandingthecharacteristicsoftheirownplants,andsummarizingandusingnaturalphenomenasuchasspring,long,andwinter.People'sbreedingbehaviorrequiresartificialbreedingofvariousanimalsthattheyhunt,whichrequiresanartificialunderstandingofthelivinghabitsofvariousanimals.People'sgrazingbehaviorrequirespeopletobefamiliarwiththenaturalenvironment.Everystepforwardintheprimitiveproductionandlaborbehaviorcarriedoutbyhumanbeingsisaccompaniedbythetransformationoftheunderstandingofthenaturalenvironmentbyhumanbeings.Mankind'scognitionofexistenceisbasedontheaccumulationandapplicationofhumanlaborexperiencefromthemomentoflabor.
Theinitiallaborbehaviorofmankinddidnottransformnature.Thelaborbehaviorexercisedthehumanbodyandimprovedthehumanphysique.Productivelaboristhebeginningofmankind'stransformationofnature.Itisbasedonlabor.Productivelabordevelopshumanthinking.Thebehaviorofproductivelaboristhebeginningofmankind'sinitiativetotransformnaturewithitsowningenuity.
Inshort,laborandproductivelaborarebothindispensableconditionsforthetransformationfromapestohumans,andtheyarealsoindispensableconditionsforhumanbeingstogrowintotheheadofallthings.Laborbehaviorisnotuniquetohumans,andcollectivecooperationbehaviorisnotuniquetohumans.Onlythebehaviorofproductivelaborisuniquetohumans.Whetherornottoengageinproductivelaboristheessentialdifferencebetweenhumansandanimals.Thelaborofhumansandapesinprimitivesocietyisverysimilar.
Asforproductionlabor,amongotheranimals,onlyantshavethiskindoflabor.Theantswillsprinklesoilinthecracksofthebuilding,andsprinklesomeplantseedsinthesoil,andthentheseseedswillbeTakeroots,sprout,growleaves,bloomandsetfruit,andthentheantswillcarrytheresultingseedsbacktothenest.Andantswillraiselivestock.Ofcourse,theirlivestockareinsects.Theywillraiseaphids,scaleinsectsandotherinsectstogettheirhoneydew,andantswillalsoraisenymphstogetthesugaryliquidintheirbodies.Sometypesofants(suchasleaf-cuttingants)alsoraiseotherkindsoflepidopteranlarvaetoobtaintheirfeces,whichareusedtocultivatefungi.Afterthefungusgrows,itusesthedungoftheselepidopteraninsectstofertilizeit.
3:Therelationshipbetweenlaborandproductionandproductionlabor
Labor,production,andproductionlaborallcontaintheactivitybehaviorofthesubject,andtheirnatureisdifferent.Thelaborcarriedoutbythesubjectisnotnecessarilyinproduction,buttheproductioncarriedoutbythesubjectmustbelabor,andproductivelaborincludesboththebehaviorofthesubjectandthenatureofthebehavior.
Laborrepresentsthebehaviorofthesubject,andproductionrepresentsthenatureofthebehavior,whichiswhetherthepurposefulbehaviorperformedbythesubjectisjustlabororlaborinproduction.Regardlessofwhetheritislabororproductionlabor,itsactorshaveaclearpurpose,andtheymusthavelaborbeforetheycanbesaidtobemoved.Onlywhenthereislabor,canthenatureofthislaborbedefinedaslabor.Orproductionlabor.Therefore,productionorproductionlabormustbebuiltonthebasisoflabor.
Laboristhecornerstoneofproductionorproductivelabor,andproductionisthedefinitionofthenatureoflaborbehavior,whichisoneofitsrelationships.
Accordingtotheobjectoflabor,laborisdividedintoproductivitylaborandoutputlabor.Inlaborbehavior,itsbehaviordoesnotproducetheoutputoflaborvalue,butthislaborbehaviorcanservetheoutputoflaborvalue.Itisthelaborbehaviorthatisnecessaryornecessaryfortheproductionoflabor.Workforproductioncapacity.Forexample,inthelaboractivitiesofbuildingfactories,processingormanufacturinglabortools,thetoolsthemselvesonlyservethefinallaboroutput.Theconductoflaborbehaviorcanproducelabor-valuedoutput,andalllaborbehaviorsthatdirectlyaffectthelaborresultofproductivelaborarelaborforproduction.Forexample,whenplantingriceandvaluingtheresultsoflabor,thelaborbehaviorscarriedoutdirectlyaffectthefinallaboroutput.Accordingtothenatureoflabor,thereisadifferencebetweenharvestinglaborbehaviorandproductivelaborbehavior.Forexample,primitivegatheringorhuntingbehaviorisharvestinglaborbehavior,andtheoutputoflaborisderivedfromnaturalproduction.Theoutputoflaboronlyneedstobecarriedoutintermsofoutputandseldomiscarriedoutinexcessivecapacity.Thetransformationofnaturalanimalhusbandryandfarmingbyhumansandantsisaproductivelaborbehavior,andthisbehaviorneedstobecombinedwithproductivityandoutput.
Nomatterwhatkindoflaborbehaviororproductionbehavior,thebehaviorofthesubjectiscoveredundertheconceptoflabor,andthesubjectofthebehaviormusthavelaborbehavior.Theconceptoflaboronlyexpressesthebehaviorofthesubjectinitsoriginalmeaning,andcannotreflectthenatureoftheresultofthebehavior.Theconceptofproductionnotonlyimpliesthebehaviorofthesubject,butalsoincludesthenatureandresultofthebehavior.Therefore,theconceptsoflabor,production,andproductivelaborareallincludedintheconceptoflabor.Thescopeoftheconceptoflaborismuchlargerthanlabor,production,andproductivelabor,andthenatureofproductionimplieslaborandproductivelabor.
Anyactofproductionorlaborisundertheconceptoflabor.Atthesametime,withtheexistenceofproduction,theactoflabormustbecarriedout.Withtheactofproducinglabor,itmustbeinseparablefromtheconceptoflabor.,Theconceptofproductionisalwaysundertheconceptoflabor,whichitselfimplieslaborbehavior.Anyactoflaborservestheoutputoflaborandisfortheoutputoflabor.
Laborincludesproductionorproductionlabor,andproductionimplieslaborandproductionlabor.Nomatterlabor,productionorproductionlabor,thereislaboroutput.Thisisthesecondrelationship.
Thefirstbehaviorofanimalsislaborbehavior.Onthebasisoflaborbehavior,thereisthebehaviorofproductivelabor.Inthebehaviorofproductivelabor,thereistheconceptofproductivelabor.Thefirstlaborbehaviorisdeterminedbynaturalconditionsandone'sownlaborability,anditexistsobjectively.Inhistory,thesequenceofthebehavioralconceptsoflaborandproductioncannotbereversed.Laboronlysummarizesthebehaviorofthesubject.Productionnotonlyimpliesthebehaviorofthelaborsubject,butalsosummarizesandimpliesthenatureofthesubject'sbehaviorandtheresultofthesubject'sbehavior.Therefore,laborandproductioncannotbereversedinhistory,andtheconceptofproductionismoreprogressivethanlabor.
Productionandlaborhaveanorder.Productionistheprogressoflabor.Productionlaborisageneralsummaryoftherelationshipbetweenlaborandproduction.Itismainlyusedfortheidentificationanddefinitionofsocialactivities.Productivelaboristhecompletedefinitionofbehaviorandnature,andthisisthethirdrelationship.
Inshort,withoutlabor,itisimpossibletotalkaboutproduction,withoutproduction,itisimpossibletotalkaboutproductivelabor.Thisistherelationshipbetweenthethree.
Toolsandobjects
Toolsandobjectsareproductiontoolsandlaborobjects.Productiontoolsandlaborobjectsarethetoolsusedbyanimalstoproducelaborandthelaborobjectsthatexistwiththehumanspeciesasthelaborsubject.
Productiontools,thatis,allthespecificdevicesusedbyanimalsinproductionandlabor.
Theobjectoflaboristheobjectoflabor,whichreferstoallthespecificthingsinvolvedinthelaborsubjectinlabororproductionlaborbehavior,collectivelyreferredtoasthelaborobject,andthelaborobjectisrelatedtotheoccurrenceoflaborbehavior.Allthingscollectively.
Asthemainbodyofproductionandlabor,animalsincreasewiththesociallivingstandards.However,whendemonstratingtheobjectoflabor,thespeciesitselfisnotregardedastheobjectoflabor.Thespeciesitselfbecomestheobjectoflabor.Then,theoppositeoftheobjectoflaborisdifficulttostipulate.
1:Bodyorgansarethefirstproductiontoolsusedbyanimals.
Forprimates,especiallyhumansandapes,thehandisafunctionalorganofhumans.Itiscalledhandbecauseitisdifferentfromtheforelimbsofordinaryanimals.Itisaproductioninthesense.tool.Thehandsaretrainedthroughlabor,andthesticksusedforgatheringorhuntingareprocessedfromthehandstothesticks.Thehanditselfisalsoaconcreteobject,andtheprocessingofthestoneorstickbythehandisalsotheprocessingoftheobjecttotheobject.Theprocessoftransformingtheforelimbsoftheancientgreatapesintohandsisitselfaneedtochangetheenvironmentforlivingandlabor,andisalsoaninnateconditionoftheancientgreatapesthemselves.Inthecaseofsurvivalneeds,theforelimbsofhumansandapesthemselvesarefirstusedastoolsforlabor.Itisthisuseofforelimbsaspurelabortoolsthatpromotestheformationofhandsandwalkingupright.,Hasacceleratedthefundamentaltransformationofhumanandapebodiesintheirphysique.Therefore,handsarethefirstlabortoolsusedbyhumansandapes.Theuseofhandlabortoolsandtheexistenceofthenaturalenvironmentmakehumansandapeshavetowalkuprightwiththeirwaistsupright.Underthecombinedeffectofinnateconditions,theexistingnaturalenvironmentandtheuseofhandtools,humansandapesfinallystoodupfromtheanimalgroup.
Standup,thisisthegreatestadvancementforhumansandapes.
Forallmammalianclimbinganimals,onlytheancientapescancompletelyliberatetheforelimbsforlabororproductivelabor.Theliberatedforelimbsnolongeractonthesupportingbodyandbecomeatoolforlabor..
Forotheranimals,taketheantasanexample.Theant'spalateisaproductiontool,andtheantusesitspalatetoprey,carryanddefend.
2:Productiontoolsgraduallyincreasewiththeimprovementofanimallaborcapacity.
Theemergenceofmanufacturingandusingadvancedproductiontoolsandproductionlaborisitselfamanifestationoftheimprovementofhumanlaborabilitytoacertainextent.Fromasubjectivepointofview,thereasonwhyprimitivesocietiesexistforsolongisnotdeterminedbythenaturalenvironmentandprimitiveconditions,butbythelaborabilityoftheanimalsthemselves,andthelaborqualityoftheanimalsthemselves.Humansandapes,whohavejustemergedfromtheanimalworld,havetheabilitytoproducelaborassoonaspossible,sotheirownlivingenvironmentwillchangeassoonaspossible,andtheproductivityofsocietywillincreaseassoonaspossible,andthesocietyofhumansandapeswillbeasearlyaspossible.Movingforwardoneday,theprogressofanysocietyistheresultofitsowndevelopment.Withtheuseofhandlabortools,humansandapeshavegraduallyimprovedtheirownlaborcapabilities,andpeopleandapeshavegraduallyproducedcorrespondingproductiontoolsforproductionneedsaccordingtoproductionneeds.
Thesticksorpolishedstonetoolsoriginallyusedbyhumansandapesforgatheringorhuntingactivitiesarethefirstproductiontoolsmanufacturedthroughthelaborofhumansandapes.Apesstillusethosesimpletools,whilehumanshavecreatedmorecomplextools.
Fireitselfisnotatoolmadebyhumans,butatoolusedbyhumans,butlikehumanhands,theyarealltoolsusedbyhumansforproductionandplayanextremelyimportantroleinhumanlife.Thehandisderivedfromtheforelimbsoftheancientapes.Fireisequivalenttotheforelimbsofnature.Thecontrolanduseoffirebyhumansistoturntheforelimbsofnatureintohands.Firebelongstothecategoryofproductiontools.
Thenaturalforelimbsturnedintohands,andsincethentheyhavenaturallystoodup.
Thelabortoolsofotheranimalsareusuallythesame,usuallybodyorgans.
3:Naturallyproducedproductsaretheinitialobjectsoflaborforanimals.
Takehumansandapesasexamples.Intermsoftheorderinwhichthestickstonetoolsandnaturalproductsoriginallyusedbyhumansandapesbecametheobjectsoflaborforhumansandapes,naturalproductsprecededthestickstonetools.Becomethefirstobjectoflaborforhumansandapes.Thisisbecausethefinishedproductisthesurvivalfunctionforhumansandapes,andthestickstonetoolsareonlyfortheachievementofthisfunction.Humansandapesusethestickstonetoolsintheneedfornaturalproductstoproducelabor.Toolof.
Aslongastheanimalsperformpurposefulbehaviors,everythingistheobjectofanimallabor.Theobjectsofanimallaborincludenotonlyproductiontools,butalsodailynecessitiesusedindailylife.Notonlydoesitincludeeverythingthatexistsinnature,theobjectsofanimallaboralsoexistoutsidethenaturalenvironment.
Thenaturalconditionssuchastheearth,mountainsandriverswerenottheobjectsofanimallaborinprimitivesociety.Thesearejustplacesforanimalactivities.Animalsdonotyethavetheabilitytoworkontheseexistingnaturalenvironments.Abilitycanonlyworkonthefoodthatgrowsnaturally.Therefore,theinitialobjectoftheanimal’slaborissingleandpure.Animalscanonlyworkonthesenaturallyproducedproductsthatareextremelyusefulandnecessaryfortheanimal’sownlife.labor.Mostanimalsarestillatthisstage,andonlyhumanscanusetheseastheobjectsoflabor.
4:Theobjectsoflaborgraduallyincreasewiththeimprovementofanimallaborability.
Takehumansandapesasexamples.Thegorillasalsousetheirforelimbsastoolsduringtermitefishingorotherlabor.However,thegorilla’sforelimbshavetobeusedtosupportthebalanceofthebody.Theuseofforelimbsastoolsistemporary.Inessence,theforelimbsofgorillashavenotbeentransformedintohumanhands.Therefore,thelaborobjectsofgorillasorotheranimalswithsimilarbehaviorsalwaysstayintheacquisitionofnaturalproducts.
Withtheformationofhands,humanbeingshavemovedfromasingleobjectoflaborforgatheringorhuntingtothemanufactureanduseofsimplesticksandstonetools.Thesetoolsforlabororproductionalsobegantobecomehumanlabor.Object.Withtheemergenceofproductionandlaborbehaviorandtheexcavationandapplicationofpeople'sthinkingandthinking,land,forests,andmountainshavealsobecometheobjectsofpeople'slabor.Peoplehavebeguntocultivatelandtobuildfields,cutlogstobuildhouses,andbuildcanalstodivertwater.Withtheimprovementofpeople'sproductionandlivingstandards,decorativeobjectsmadeofstonebeadsandseacockleshellshavebecometheobjectsofpeople'slabor.Theincreaseinpeople'slaborobjects,somearenecessaryforsurvival,andsomeareneededforlife,aretheresultofhumanbehavior,thoughtandbehavior.
Inthe21stcentury,humanbeingsexploretheuniverseandspace,andthecosmicenvironmenthasalsobeguntobecometheobjectofhumanlabor.
Inshort,theproductionofalllaborobjectsofhumansandapescannotbeseparatedfromtheparticipationofhands.Thethinkingofanimalsincreaseswiththeimprovementoftheirownlaborability.Intheconceptoflabor,theproductiontoolsthemselveswereoriginallytheobjectsofanimallabor.Theproduction,transformation,processinganduseofproductiontoolsbyanimalsalsoreflectedproductivitytoacertainextent,andtheproductiontoolsthemselvesalsoshowedproductivitytoacertainextent.Productiontoolsandlaborobjectsarecollectivelyreferredtoasmeansofproduction,andworkersandmeansofproductionareessentialconditionsforproductivelabor.
Powerandability
Powerandabilityarelaborforce,laborabilityandproductivity,productioncapacity.
1:Laborforceandlaborability
Thebehavioralabilityshownbylaborersinthelaborprocessiscalledlaborforce.Thelabordisplayedbytheanimalthroughthelaborer,theidentificationorestimationofthepotentialbehavioralabilityofthelaboringindividualthathasnotyetbeenshownreferstothelaborabilityofanindividual.
Laboristhebehavioralabilitythatindividuallaborershaveshown,andthisbehavioralpowerisreflectedthroughthelaboroutputoflaborers.Laborabilityisthepotentialbehavioralabilitythatthelaborindividualhasnotshown.Thisbehavioralabilityisanestimateoftheindividual'sbehavioralabilitybasedonthelaboroutputembodiedbytheindividuallaborer.Laborforceorlaborabilityreferstotheconceptofthedegreetowhichalllaborbehaviorsoflaborindividualsarerecognizedbythelaborcollective.Itistheresultexpressionoftherelationshipbetweentheindividuallaborbehaviorandthecollectivelaborbehavior.Laborforceandlaborcapacityaretheproductsoftherelationshipbetweenindividuallaborandindividuallaborbehaviorandlaborcollectiveandcollectivelaborbehavior.ThedegreeofidentificationoflaborindividualsandindividuallaborbehaviorbythecollectivelaborcollectiveistheobjectiveexistenceoflabororThesizeoflaborcapacity.
Sociallabor,thatis,thenameforalltherelationshipsthatexistincollectivelabor,andallworkerswhoworktogetherarecollectivelabor.Societycomesfromnatureandcomesintobeingwiththeemergenceofsocialanimals.Inaworldwithoutsocialanimals,itisnature,andinaworldwithsocialanimals,itissociety.Theobjectivelawsofbiologicalevolutiondeterminethatthenatureofanimallaborisindistinguishableinthebeginning.
Laborisgenerallyusedforconstantinputoflabororlaborintensityevaluationofcompletedlaborresults.Forexample,howmuchlaborisneededtomoveastone,howmuchlaborisneededtobuildariverembankment.Laborabilityisgenerallyusedtoexpressthepotentialbehavioralcapabilitiesofindividuallaborers.Forexample,thisworkerhastheabilitytoengageinfarming,andthatworkerhastheabilitytoengageinhunting.Thelaborforcereferstothelaborbehaviorthatisinputorrequiresinput,andreferstotheamountoflaborproducedbylabor.Theabilitytoworkreferstothedegreeofpotentialbehavioralcapabilitiesofindividuallaborers,andreferstothebehavioralcapabilitiesoflaborers.Theextentofthepotentialbehavioralpowerofthelaborerortheamountoflaborachievedbythelaborbehaviorarenotdeterminedbythelaborerhimself.Thelaborabilityorlaborforcepossessedbythelaborerisonlyaconditionforachievingthisconcept.Thisisbecausethereisnoconstantunitstandardforlaborforceorlaborability.Itisonlythefunctionalresponseofindividuallaborbehaviorinthelaborbehaviorofcollectivesociety.Itisthevalueconceptgeneratedbytheindividual'sidentitybythecollectiverelationship,thespecificdegreeorcertaindegreeThequantityexistsbecauseoftherelationshipidentificationofthelaborcollective,andthedegreeorquantityofthelaborindividualistheresultoftheexpressionoftherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthecollective.
Theexpressionoftheresultoftherelationshipbetweentheexistenceoflaborersandthelaborcollectiveistheexistenceoftherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthecollective.Theexistenceoftherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthecollectiveismanifestedinthecollective'sidentificationwiththeindividual,andthecollective'sidentificationwiththeindividual'sexistenceisthevalueofindividualexistenceManifestation.
Existenceisvalue,andthelowestvalueofexistenceistobeperceivedasbeing.Themagnitudeofvaluedependsonthedegreeofidentity,andthedegreeofidentityeventuallyreturnstothestateofexistence.Laborforceandlaborcapacityarethevaluerecognitionoflaborindividualsbythelaborcollective,andlaborforceandlaborcapacityrepresentthevalueofindividuallaborersinthelaborcollective.
Thevalueexpressionoflaborindividualsinsociallaborrelationsislaborforceandlaborability.
2:Productivityandproductivecapacity
Laborandlaborcapacityareusedtomeasuretheindividualvalueofaworkerinsociallaborrelations.Thelaborcollectiveiscomposedoflaborindividuals,andthecollectivevalueofthelaborcollectiveinsociallaborrelationsistheproductivityandproductioncapacity.
Thelevelofcollectivebehavioralcapabilitiesofthelaborcollectiveinsociallaborrelationsisexpressedintermsofproductivity,andproductivityisusedtoexpressthelevelofcollectivebehaviorofasocialcollective.Theconceptualdifferencebetweenthecollectiveandthesocietyisthatthesocietyincludestherelationshipofthecollectiveexistence,andthecollectiveisthesocietywithouttherelationship.
Theproductivitypossessedbyaspecificlaborcollectivereferstotheproductivityofthislaborcollective,andthecollectiveproductivityisexpressedandsummarizedbythelevelofproductivity.Productivityissocial,whichisanabstractandgeneralexpressionofpeople'ssocialconditions,andproductivecapacityiscollective,whichisaconcreteandgeneralexpressionofpeople'scollectivebehavior.Theconceptofproductivityistoexpressthesocialproductionstatusandlevelofproductionwithinacertainsociallevel.Theproductivityitselfisalsotoshowthetotalproductionsituationofthesocialcollectiveinvarioussocialstagesintheprocessofsocialdevelopment,andtousethelevelofproductivity.Asameasureofthelevelofsocialprogress,productivityhasbecomeasignoftheprogressofsocialconditionsandsocialforms,andhasasocialnature.Itisaconceptualtoolforassessingthelevelofsocialdevelopment.
Productioncapacityisthedegreeofproductionlaborthataspecificlaborcollectiveorgroup’sproductionlaborbehaviorhasinsocialproductionrelations,anditreferstoaspecificunitorasingleproductionteamoracertainThelaborintensityandproductionlevelpossessedbyeachproductioncollective.Forexample,whatistheannualproductioncapacityofachemicalfertilizerplant,andacertainscientificresearchunithastheabilitytodevelopandproducehigh-techproductsintheworld.Asameasureofthesocialvalueofaproductionunit,productioncapacityisusedtoexpressthesocialvalueoftheproductioncollective,whichiscollective.Intheexpressionofthestatusorlevelofsocialproduction,productivityistheexpressionofthelevelofsocialproductionthathasalreadybeencarriedout.Theunrealizedlevelofsocialproductionthathasnotbeenshowninsocialproductionisnotincludedintheconceptofproductivity.ThecollectiveitselfTheavailableproductioncapacityiswithinthescopeofproductivity.Inotherwords,productivitycannotbeusedtoidentifythefuturestateofsocialproduction.Theproductioncapacityofallproductioncollectivesthemselvescanbesummarized.Thisisdeterminedbythenatureoftheconceptofproductivityitself.Basedonthisunderstanding,wehaveapreliminaryunderstandingofwhatproductivityisandtheconceptofproductivityitself.
Embodiment
Productivityisembodiedinnaturalproductivityandsocialproductivity.
1:Withnatureasthemainbody,theabilityofnaturetoproducevalueisnaturalproductivity.
Naturallygrownanimalsthatgatherorhuntobjects,andnature-createdcoaloroil,thesearenotsociallyproducedbutareoutputresultswithconsiderablevalue.TheseoutputvalueproductsarenaturalTheperformanceofproductiveforcesisproducedundertheactionofnaturalforcesandisanindispensablevalueresourceinthedevelopmentofsociety.
Alldevelopmentcannotbeseparatedfromnature,itallcomesfromnature.
Regardingnatureasthesubjectofexistence,thenaturalsubjectisalsoactivewhenproducingthesevalues.Animalscanperceivethenatural"movement",andpeoplecannotprovethebehaviorofnatural"labor".Withoutpurpose,thereisnopurposeinnature.Theexistenceoftheseresultsisthenaturalmanifestationofpurpose.Therefore,naturalbehaviorcanalsobesummarizedby"work"and"movement".Naturallaborbehaviorisbasedonnature.Thesubjectdefinesthenatureofnaturalbehavior.Naturalenergytoproduceallthesevalueproductsisalsotheabilityofnatureitself.Therefore,thereisnotheoreticalconflictbetweenthedefinitionofdevelopedproductivityandtheperformanceofnaturalproductivity.Itispreciselyundertheactionofnaturalproductivitythattheproductionisproduced.Animalbody.
2:Withsocietyasthemainbody,theabilityofsocietytoproducevalueissocialproductivity.
Theexistenceofnaturefirst,andthentheexistenceofthisspecies,themomentwhensocialanimalscametotheworld,thenatureoftheworldsplitintosociety.Theonlydifferencebetweensocietyandnatureisthattherearesocialanimalsinnature.Allthefruitsoflaborproducedbysocietyunderthedominanceofthisspeciesaremanifestationsofsocialproductivity.Thisspeciesistheleaderofsocialproductiveforces.Thisspeciesisthenatureofsociety.Everythinginsocietyiscontrolledbythisspecies.Thedevelopmentandliberationofproductiveforcesareultimatelydeterminedbythisspecies.Socialproductivitydevelopsonthebasisofnaturalproductivity.Naturalproductionitselfcanbecarriedoutwithouttheexistenceofthisspecies,whilesocialproductioncannotbecarriedoutintheroleofthisspeciesonthebasisofnaturalproduction.Withoutnaturalproductionandtheroleofthisspecies,therewouldbenosocialproduction,withoutnaturalproductivity,therewouldbenosuchspecies,letalonetheemergenceofsociety,andtherewouldbenoemergenceofsocialproductivity.
Socialproductivityisdevelopednaturalproductivity,andsocialproductivityisalsothetransformationofnaturalproductivityunderhumanfactors.Withouttheexistenceofsocialproductivity,naturalproductivitycannotbedevelopedandimproved.
Thetwomainconceptsofproductivity,natureandsociety,theconceptitselfencompassesnaturalproductivityandsocialproductivity.
Thepurposeoftransformingnatureisforthisspeciestohaveabetterlivingenvironmentandhappyandbeautifullivingconditions.Buildingabetterworldisthefundamentalmeaningoftransformingnature.
Summary
Productivity,thatis,thedevelopmentofproductioncapacityanditselements,inthefinalanalysis,istheabilitytocombinethesubjectandtheobject,andthematerialpowerinspiredbyit,whichisapracticalstructure.Regulation.Thesameistrueforproductionrelations,whichreferstothedevelopmentofrelationsbetweensubjectswithpossessiveobjectsastheintermediary.Botharescientificexistentialregulationsproposedfromapracticalperspective.Theso-calledproductivityfocusesonthedevelopmentalrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandtheobjectintheinteractionofmaterialtechnology,butasthe"relationshipbetweentheobjectandtheobject",itseemstobetherelationshipbetweentheobjectandtheimage,whichconcealsthecognitiveattributeofthesubject'sdevelopment.Therefore,productivityshouldbegraspedasaspecificscientificresearchobject,aimingtoconductincreasinglyclearandsystematicexplorationandresearchonthemovementandstructureofproductivityentities(practicalcapabilities,suchaslaborprocesses).Theabstractrelationsofproductionhighlightthenecessityofstudyingthedevelopmentrelationsofthesubjectreflectedfromtheobject(development),whichmakestheresearchonthehistoricalmovementoftheentityofproductionrelations(ownershiprelations)moreurgent.ItfinallyrevealsThesocialandeconomicstructureoftheentity.
In1980,ProfessorWeiXinghuaofRenminUniversityofChinabrokethroughthepopulartwo-factororthree-factortheoryofproductivityandputforwardthemulti-factortheoryofproductivitythathasawideimpactineconomics.
Fromafullsense,theso-calledproductivityistheabilityofmantoconquernature,transformsocietyandshapehimself.Inthefinalanalysis,itistheentiredevelopmentofman’sessentialpowerinhistory.
Inshort,productivityistheessentialforceofhumanbeings,suchastheendlesstorrent.Theinternalforceofgallopingliesinthegravitationalforcebetweenthewaterandtheearth,theexternalforceofgallopingliesintheterrain,terrainandditches,andtheditchesareexternalforces.Thegeneralrepresentative.Wateristhesubjectofproductivity,theearthistheobjectofproductivity,andtheditchisthesocialformandshellofproductivity,namelytherelationsofproduction.Productivityisconstantlydevelopingandmovingforwardunderthejointactionandguidanceofthethree.