Type
Cleancoal
Adoptadvancedcombustionandpollutiontreatmenttechnologyandefficientandcleancoalutilizationmethods(suchascoalgasificationandliquefaction)toreducecombustionThedischargeofcoalpollutantsandtheimprovementofcoalutilizationhavebecomeanimportantstrategictaskformycountryandtheworld.
Solarenergy
Thesunradiatestremendousenergyintotheuniverse,andwhattheearthacceptsisonlyatinypartofit.Duetodifferentgeographicallocations,seasonsandclimaticconditions,thesolarenergyreceivedbydifferentlocationsandatdifferenttimesisdifferent.Theaveragesolarenergyreceivedbythegroundisroughly:theNordicregionisabout2kilowattspersquaremeterperday/Hours,mostdesertareasandmosttropicalareasandsunnyaridareasareabout6kilowatts/hourpersquaremeter.Thesolarenergyusedbymankindislessthan1%ofthetotalenergyconsumption.
Geothermalenergy
Accordingtocalculations,inmostpartsoftheearth,thetemperaturerisesbyabout3℃forevery100metersdownfromthesurface.Thetemperaturebelow35kilometersisabout1100°Cto1300°C,andthetemperatureofthecoreisevenmorethan2000°C.Itisestimatedthattheheattransferredfromtheinsideoftheearthtothesurfaceoftheeartheachyearisapproximatelyequivalenttotheheatreleasedbyburning37billiontonsofcoal.Ifonlythetotalheatofundergroundhotwaterandundergroundsteamiscalculated,itis17milliontimestheheatstoredbyallcoalontheearth.
Geothermalenergyismainlyusedforpowergeneration,butthewaysofnon-electricapplicationsarealsoverybroad.Theworld'sfirstexperimentalpowerstationusinggeothermalpowerwasputintooperationinItalyin1904.Geothermalresourceshavereceivedwidespreadattentionsincethe1960s.Manycountriesintheworldareactivelystudyingthedevelopmentandutilizationofgeothermalresources.Geothermalenergyismainlyusedforpowergeneration,andthetotalinstalledcapacityofgeothermalpowergenerationhasreachedmillionsofkilowatts.
mycountryisalsorichingeothermalresources.High-temperaturegeothermalresourcesaremainlydistributedinTibet,westernYunnanandTaiwan.
Nuclearenergy
Comparedwithtraditionalenergysources,nuclearenergyhasobviousadvantages.Theenergyproducedbyfissionof1kilogramofuranium235isapproximatelyequivalenttotheheatreleasedbythecombustionof2500tonsofstandardcoal.Amodernthermalpowerstationwithaninstalledcapacityof1millionkilowattsneedsabout2to3milliontonsofrawcoaleachyear,whichisaboutthetransportationvolumeof8trainsperday.Anuclearpowerplantofthesamesizeonlyneeds28tonsofenricheduraniumcontaining2353%uraniumor150tonsofnaturaluraniumfueleachyear.Therefore,eveniftheeconomicbenefitsbroughtaboutbyusingthesavedcoalasachemicalrawmaterialarenotcalculated,itismuchmoreconvenientandmuchmoreeconomicaljustconsideringthetransportationandstorageofthefuel.Accordingtoestimates,therearenomorethan4milliontonsofeconomicallyvaluableuraniumoreintheearth'scrust,andtheenergythatcanbereleasedisroughlyequivalenttothatofpetroleumresources.Ifconsumedatarate,itcanonlybeusedfordecadesatbest.However,duringthefissionofuranium235,inadditiontogeneratingheat,excessneutronsarealsogenerated.Someoftheseneutronscanreactwithuranium238.Afteraseriesofchanges,plutonium239canbeobtained,andplutonium239canalsobeusedasnuclearfuel.Usingthesemethodscangreatlyexpandthepreciousuranium-235resources.
Nuclearreactorsonlyusenuclearfissionreactions.Iftheideaofcontrollablethermonuclearreactionpowergenerationisrealized,thebenefitswillbeextremelyconsiderable.Amajorissueintheuseofnuclearenergyissafety.Duringnormaloperationofnuclearpowerplants,asmallamountofradioactivesubstanceswillinevitablybedischargedintothesurroundingenvironmentalongwithwastegasandwastewater,whichmustbestrictlycontrolled.Manypeopleworrythattheradiationfromnuclearpowerplantswillcauseharm.Infact,therehasbeenradioactivityintheenvironmentofhumanlifesinceancienttimes.Thedatashowsthatevenifpeoplelivenearnuclearpowerplants,theincreasedradioactiveexposuredoseisnegligible.Factshaveprovedthataslongasitistakenseriouslyandmeasuresaretaken,nuclearpowerplantsarefarlessharmfulthanthermalpowerplants.Accordingtoexpertestimates,comparedtopowerplantswiththesamepowergeneration,thenumberofcancerdeathscausedbycoal-firedpowerplantsis50to1,000timeshigherthanthatofnuclearpowerplants,andthegeneticeffectis100timeshigher.
Oceanenergy
Oceanenergyincludes:tidalenergy,waveenergy,oceancurrentenergyandseatemperaturedifferenceenergy,etc.,whichareallrenewableenergysources.
Thetidalmotionofseawateriscausedbythegravitationalforceofthemoonandthesun.Accordingtocalculations,underthecombinedactionofthesunandthemoon,themaximumfluctuationofthetideisabout0.8meters.Duetotheinfluenceoffactorssuchasthetopographyofthecoastalzone,theactualtidalfluctuationsofsomecoastswillgreatlyexceedthegeneralvalue.Forexample,themaximumtidalrangeofHangzhouBayinmycountryis8to9meters.Theriseandfallofthetidescontainsconsiderableenergy.Accordingtoestimates,theavailabletidalenergyintheworldisabout109kilowatts,mostofwhichareconcentratedontherelativelyshallowandnarrowseas.Tidalpowergenerationonlystartedinthe1950s.ThelargesttidalpowerstationthathasbeenbuiltistheFrenchRanceEstuaryPowerStation.Ithasatotalinstalledcapacityof240,000kilowattsandanannualpowergenerationof500millionkWh.Sincetheendofthe1950s,mycountryhasbuiltanumberoftidalpowerstations.ThelargestistheGanzhutanPowerStationinShundeCounty,GuangdongProvince,builtin1974,withaninstalledcapacityof500.kilowatt.ThecoastalareasofZhejiangandFujianareidealareasfortheconstructionoflarge-scaletidalpowerstationsinChina.Expertshavedonealotofresearchanddemonstrationwork,andlarge-scaledevelopmentcanbedoneoncetheconditionsareripe.
Therearenever-endingwavesinthesea.Accordingtoestimates,thepowerofwaveenergypersquarekilometerontheseasurfaceisabout10x104to20x104kilowatts.Attheendofthe1970s,mycountrybegantousewaveenergyasenergybuoylightsintheSouthChinaSea.In1974,thepowerofthewavepowergenerationdevicebuiltinJapanreached100kilowatts.Manycountriesareactivelyconductingresearchonthedevelopmentofwaveenergy.
Theoceancurrentisalsocalledoceancurrent.Itislikeariverintheocean.Ithasacertainwidth,length,depthandvelocity.Generally,thewidthisbetweentenstohundredsofnauticalmiles,andthelengthcanreachthousandsofnauticalmiles.Aboutafewhundredmeters,theflowrateisusually1to2nauticalmiles/hour,andthefastestcanreach4-5nauticalmiles/hour.Thereisawarmcurrentcalled"Kuroshio"inthePacificOcean,withawidthofabout100nauticalmiles,anaveragedepthof400meters,andanaveragedailyvelocityof30to80nauticalmiles.Itsflowis20timesthesumofallriversonland.Insomecountries,oceancurrentpowergenerationtestdevicesarealreadyinoperation.
Wateristhematerialwiththelargestheatcapacityontheearth.Mostofthesolarradiationenergyreachingtheearthisabsorbedbyseawater.Itkeepsthesurfacelayerofseawateratahighertemperature,whilethetemperatureofdeepseawaterisbasicallyConstant,whichcreatesatemperaturedifferencebetweenthesurfaceanddeeplayersoftheocean.Accordingtothesecondlawofthermodynamics,theexistenceofahigh-temperatureheatsourceandalow-temperatureheatsourcecanconstituteaheatenginetoperformexternalwork,andtheutilizationofseawatertemperaturedifferenceenergyisbasedonthisprinciple.Inthe1920s,therehavebeenexperimentsinwhichseawatertemperaturedifferencecangenerateelectricity.In1956,alarge-scaleexperimentalseawaterthermoelectricpowerstationwasbuiltonthecoastofWestAfrica.Itusedatemperaturedifferenceof20°Ctogenerate7,500kilowattsofelectricity.
Superconductingenergy
Superconductingenergystorageisawaytodirectlystoreelectricalenergywithoutenergyconversion.Itintroducescurrentintotheinductorcoil.Sincethecoilismadeofsuperconductor,theoreticallyTheupcurrentcancirculatecontinuouslywithoutlossuntilitisexported.Thematerialsusedinsuperconductingcoilsmainlyincludeniobiumtitanium(NbTi)andniobiumtin(Nb3Sn)superconductingmaterials,bismuthseriesandyttriumbariumcopperoxide(YBCO)hightemperaturesuperconductingmaterials,etc.ThecommonfeatureofthesematerialsisthattheyneedtooperateinliquidThesuperconductingpropertiescanonlybemaintainedunderlowtemperatureconditionsofheliumorliquidnitrogen.Therefore,atypicalsuperconductingmagneticenergystoragedeviceincludessuperconductingmagnetunits,cryogenicthermostats,andpowerconversionsystems.
Superconductingmagneticenergystoragehasthecharacteristicsofhighenergyconversionefficiency(upto95%),millisecond-levelresponsespeed,high-powerandlarge-capacitysystems,andlonglife.However,comparedwithothertechnologies,superconductingThecostofsuperconductingmaterialsforenergystoragesystemsandmaintaininglowtemperaturesisrelativelyhigh.Inordertorealizethelarge-scaleapplicationofsuperconductingmagneticenergystorageinthefuture,itisstillnecessarytodevelopsuperconductorsofMJ-levelsystemssuitableforoperationintheliquidnitrogentemperaturezone,solvetheproblemofmechanicalsupportofhigh-fieldmagnetwindings,andcombinewithflexiblepowertransmissiontechnologytofurtherreduceinvestmentandoperationResearchoncost,distributedsuperconductingmagneticenergystorageanditseffectivecontrolandprotectionstrategies.
Application
Applicationofnewenergytechnologyintheautomotiveindustry
Today'ssociety,economyandtechnologyareconstantlydevelopingrapidlywhileenergyconsumptionistoolarge,resultingincontinuousenergyconsumption.Problemssuchasexhaustionandseriousenvironmentalpollutionhavebecomeincreasinglyobvious.Nowadays,energyconservationandemissionreductionarebeingpromotedinvariouspartsoftheworld.Greenenvironmentalprotectionhasbecomethemainbodyintoday'ssociety.Today,theautomotiveindustryhasbecomeoneofthelargestenergyconsumptionandpollutionindustriesintheworld.Tosolvetheproblemsofenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalpollution,weshouldfirststartwiththeautomobileindustrytoreduceenergyconsumptionandpollution.
1Energy-savingtechnologyforautomobiles
1.1Hybridtechnology
1.2High-efficiencygasolineengineanddieselenginetechnology
Thekeytoenergy-savingautomobilesistheinternalcombustionenginetechnology.Intermsofinternalcombustionengineenergy-savingtechnology,weshoulddiscusstheseaspects.Thefirstisgasolineenginedirectinjectiontechnology,leanandstratifiedcombustiontechnology;thesecondisdieselenginehigh-pressureinjectiontechnology;thethirdisdieselenginemultipleinjectiontechnology;fourthItisvariablevalvetechnology;thefifthisexhaustgasturbochargingtechnology.
1.3Enginetechnologyforhigh-efficiencytrucks
Therearefewtruckvarietiesinmycountry,andthetechnologyisstillverybackward.Thedevelopmentofhigh-efficiencytrucksisanimportantsteptoimprovetransportationefficiencyandreduceautomobileenergyconsumptionunderthesituationofmodernmaterialdesires.Therefore,thestateshouldfocusonsupportingthedevelopmentandindustrializationofsuchhigh-efficiencytrucks.
1.4Dieselizationtechnologyforcarsandlightvehicles
Animportantwaytoachieveenergysavingisdieselization.Ascarsenterfamiliesatarapidrate,weshouldpaygreatattentiontothistechnology.Continuousdevelopmentandqualityassurance.Inthisway,thedevelopmentofenergyisreduced.Realizedenergysavingandemissionreduction.
2Applicationofenergy-savingtechnologyfornewenergyvehicles
2.1Hybridvehicles
Hybridpowergenerallyreferstothepowerformedbythemixtureofgasoline,dieselandelectricenergyintheinstrumentModel.Thiscaneffectivelyimprovemodelswithlowfuelandpoweroutput.Accordingtoitsdifferences,itcanbedividedintogasolinehybridanddieselhybrid.Hisadvantagesare:1)Theuseofhybridpowercanincreasethepoweroutputofthecar'sinternalmachineryandreducefuelconsumption.Whenthepowerofthehigh-powerinternalcombustionengineisinsufficient,itcanbesupplementedbythebattery,andthebatterycanbechargedatthesametime,soitsjourneyisthesameasthatofanordinarycar;2)Becausethebatteryisused,itcanbeeasilyrecycledforrecycling;3)PeopleinthecitycenterWherethereisalargeflow,itiscompletelydrivenbyabatteryalonetoachieve"zero"emissions;4)Youcanrefuelatanexistinggasstationwithouthavingtoinvestinbuildinganewgasstation;5)Userscanextendthelifeofthebatteryandreducethecost.Maintaingoodworkingconditiononthebasis.
Hybridelectricvehicles
2.2Pureelectricvehicles
Pureelectricvehiclesdirectlyuseelectricmotorsastheirdrivers,andalluseelectricpowerasthedrivingforceofthecar.Thedifficultyliesinthestoragetechnologyofelectricity.Traditionalcarsconsumenon-renewableenergysourcessuchaspetroleumandcauseenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalpollution,whileelectricenergycanbeobtainedfromrenewableenergysourcessuchasnuclearenergy,waterpower,andwindpowerwithoutpollution.Electricvehiclescanalsobechargedintheirsparetime,sothatthepowergenerationequipmentcanbefullyuseddayandnight,greatlyimprovingitsdrivingefficiency.Duetotheseadvantages,theapplicationofelectricvehicleshasbecomeaveryconcernfortheautomotiveindustry.Forelectricvehicles,becausetheconstructioncostishighandtheinfrastructurecannotbecompletedbyanindependententerprise,itisnecessaryforvariousenterprisestouniteandworktogetherwithlocalgovernmentdepartmentsbeforelarge-scalepromotionispossible.Thismakesthepriceofelectricvehiclesveryhigh,butcomparedwithhybridvehicles,thetechnologyofelectricvehiclesissimple,matureandeasytooperate,andaslongasthereisenoughelectricitytodrivethecar,itisconvenienttocharge.However,theshortcomingisthatthestoragecapacityofthebatteryusedinelectricvehiclesisinsufficient,andtheamountofelectricitystoredissmall,andthecostofrawmaterialstoconstructthebatteryhasnotformedacertaineconomicscale,sothepurchasepriceishigh.
2.3Fuelcellvehicles
Fuelcellvehiclesuseliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andcompressednaturalgasasfuel,anduseadvancedelectroniccontroltechnologyandhigh-performancepollutionpurificationdevicestoreducePollution.Andtheelectriccurrentgeneratedbythechemicalreactionoforganicmaterialsisusedasthedrivingforceofthecar.
Inrecentyears,fuelcelltechnologyhasmademajorbreakthroughs.Fuelcellvehicleshavezeroemissionsandreducewaterpollutionandgreenhousegasemissionscausedbyengineoilleakage.Theyalsoimprovefueleconomyandenginecombustionefficiency,andrunsmoothlywithoutnoise.
Fuelcellvehicles
2.4Hydrogen-poweredvehicles
Hydrogen-poweredvehiclesaretrulyzero-emissions,andtheyemitpurewaterwithoutanypollution.
However,thecostofhydrogenfuelcellsishigh,andthedevelopmentofhydrogenfuelstorageandtransportationisdifficulttoachieveaccordingtotechnicalconditions,andtheextractionofhydrogenrequireselectrolysisofwater,otherwiseitwillnotbeabletofundamentallyreducecarbondioxideemissions.
Althoughthistechnologyisdifficulttoimplement,withthecontinuousdevelopmentofnewenergytechnology,itwilldefinitelybesolvedandrealized.
3Developmentprospects
Withthecontinuousguidanceofnationalgovernmentdepartmentsandthecontinuoussupportofvariouspolicies,theapplicationofnewenergyvehicleshasgreatdevelopmentprospects.Newenergyvehicleenergy-savingtechnologiesTheapplicationwillbecomemoreandmoreextensive,andusedinpeople'sdailylife,tobringgreatconveniencetopeople'slives.Throughthecontinuousdevelopmentofnewtechnologies,thelowestcostinexchangeforthegreatesteconomicbenefitwillalsoleadnewenergyvehiclestoanewerandbroaderlevel.