OverviewofResources
English:(Marine/OceanResources)
About85%oftheworld’saquaticproductsareproducedintheocean.Withfishasthemainbody,accountingformorethan80%oftheworld'smarineaquaticproducts,therearealsoabundantalgaeresources.Seawaterisrichinseawaterchemicalresources,andmorethan80kindsofseawaterchemicalsubstanceshavebeendiscovered.Amongthem,11elements(chlorine,sodium,magnesium,potassium,sulfur,calcium,bromine,carbon,strontium,boronandfluorine)accountformorethan99.8%ofthetotaldissolvedsubstancesinseawater,andmorethan50chemicalsubstancescanbeextracted.Duetoseawatermovement,oceanpowerresourcesareproduced,mainlytidalenergy,waveenergy,oceancurrentenergy,andtemperaturedifferenceenergyandsalinitydifferenceenergycausedbythetemperaturedifferenceandsaltdifferenceofseawater.Itisestimatedthattheavailablepowerofglobalseawatertemperaturedifferenceenergyis100×10^8kW,andtherenewablepowersuchastidalenergy,waveenergy,riverenergyandseawatersalinityenergyisabout10×10^8kW.
Waterresources
Seawaterdesalination
Theoceanisthecradleoflife.Seawaterisnotonlyapreciouswaterresource,butalsocontainsabundantchemicalresources.Strengtheningthedevelopmentandutilizationofseawater(includingbrackishwater,thesamebelow)isanimportantmeasuretosolvetheproblemoffreshwatercrisisandresourceshortageinthecoastalandwesternbrackishwaterareas,andanimportantguaranteefortherealizationofthesustainabledevelopmentstrategyofthenationaleconomy.Desalinationisanimportantwaytodevelopnewwatersourcesandsolvetheshortageoffreshwaterresourcesincoastalareas.
Desalinationofseawaterreferstothetechnologyandprocessofobtainingfreshwaterfromseawater.Inthe1930s,theseawaterdesalinationmethodmainlyusedthemulti-effectevaporationmethod;fromthe1950stothemid-1980s,itwasmainlythemulti-stageflashevaporationmethod(MSF),andtheamountofwaterdesalinatedbythismethodstillaccountedforaconsiderableproportion;20Electrodialysis(ED)inthemid-1950s,reverseosmosis(RO)andlow-temperaturemulti-effectevaporation(LT-MED)inthe1970sweregraduallydeveloped.Inparticular,reverseosmosis(RO)seawaterdesalinationhasbecomeThefastestgrowingtechnology.
MarineResources(4photos)
AccordingtothestatisticsoftheInternationalDesalinationAssociation,bytheendof2001,theworld’sdailyoutputofdesalinatedwaterhasreached32.5millioncubicmeters.Thewatersupplyproblemformorethan100millionpeople.Thesedesalinatedwatercanalsobeusedashigh-qualityboilermake-upwaterorhigh-qualityproductionprocesswater,whichcanprovidestableandreliablefreshwaterforcoastalareas.ThepriceofinternationaldesalinationwaterhasdroppedfrommorethanUS$2inthe1960sand1970stoaleveloflessthanUS$0.7,whichisclosetoorlowerthanthepriceoftapwaterinsomeinternationalcities.Withthefurtherreductionofcostscausedbytechnologicalprogress,theeconomicrationalityofseawaterdesalinationwillbecomemoreobvious,anditwillattractmoreandmoreattentionfromtheinternationalcommunityasameansofsustainabledevelopmentoffreshwaterresources.Treatmenttechnology
Marineresources(2photos)
ResearchonreverseosmosisseawaterdesalinationtechnologyinChinahasgonethrough"SeventhFive-Year","EighthFive-Year"and"NinthFive-Year"keyproblems,Greatprogresshasbeenmadeinthedevelopmentofseawaterdesalinationandreverseosmosismembranes.Thirteenreverseosmosisdesalinationprojectshavebeenbuilt,withatotalwaterproductioncapacityofnearly10,000cubicmetersperday.Chinaisimplementinga10,000-tonreverseosmosisseawaterdesalinationdemonstrationprojectandaseawatermembranemoduleindustrializationproject.Theresearchofdistillationseawaterdesalinationtechnologyhasahistoryofdecades.TianjinDagangPowerPlantintroducedtwo3,000cubicmeters/daymulti-stageflashdesalinationplants,whichwereputintooperationin1990andaccumulatedalotofvaluableexperience.Low-temperaturemulti-effectdistillationseawaterdesalinationtechnologyhaspassedthe"NinthFive-YearPlan"scientificandtechnologicalresearch.Thedirectuseofseawaterisanimportantmeasuretodirectlyreplacefreshwaterandsolvetheshortageoffreshwaterresourcesincoastalareas.
Thedirectuseofwatertechnologyisthegeneraltermforrelatedtechnologiessuchasdirectreplacementoffreshwaterbyseawaterasindustrialwateranddomesticwater..Includingseawatercooling,seawaterdesulphurization,seawaterreinjectionandoilextraction,seawaterflushing,seawaterflushing,washing,firefighting,icemaking,printinganddyeing.
Seawateronce-throughcoolingtechnologyhasahistoryofnearlyahundredyears,andthetechnologyofanti-corrosionandpreventionofmarineorganismattachmenthasbasicallymatured.TheannualconsumptionofseawatercoolingwaterinChinadoesnotexceed14.1billioncubicmeters,whilethatinJapanisabout300billioncubicmetersandtheUnitedStatesisabout100billioncubicmetersperyear.Thereisabiggap.
Marineresources(4photos)
Seawatercirculatingcoolingtechnologybeganinthe1970sandhasbeenappliedonalargescaleintheUnitedStatesandothercountries.ItisthemainseawatercoolingtechnologyOneofthedevelopmentdirections.Afterthe"EighthFive-Year"and"NinthFive-Year"scientificandtechnologicalbreakthroughs,Chinahascompleted100-tonindustrialtestsandmademajorbreakthroughsinkeytechnologiessuchasseawatercorrosioninhibitors,scaleinhibitorsanddispersants,bacteriaandalgaebiocides,andseawatercoolingtowers.Duringthe"TenthFive-YearPlan"period,throughtheimplementationofmajornationalscientificandtechnologicalprojects,athousand-tonand10,000-ton-levelseawatercirculatingcoolingdemonstrationprojectsarebeingestablished.Seawaterdesulfurizationtechnologybegantoappearinthe1970s.ItisawetfluegasdesulfurizationmethodthatusesnaturalseawatertoremoveSO2fromfluegas.Ithastheadvantagesoflowinvestment,highdesulfurizationefficiency,highutilizationrate,lowoperatingcostandenvironmentalfriendliness.Itcanbewidelyusedincoastalelectricpower,chemical,heavyindustryandotherenterpriseswithsignificantenvironmentalandeconomicbenefits.Theindustrializationtechnologyofseawaterdesulphurizationwithindependentintellectualpropertyrightsisinurgentneedofdevelopment.SeawaterflushingtechnologystartedinHongKong,Chinainthelate1950s,formingacompletetreatmentsystemandmanagementsystem.Duringthe"NinthFive-YearPlan"period,Chinaconductedresearchonthepost-treatmenttechnologyofseawater(seawaterfortoiletflushing)forlarge-scaledomesticuse.Therelevantdemonstrationprojectshavebeenincludedinthe"TenthFive-YearPlan"nationalkeyscientificandtechnologicalresearchtechnologyandarebeingorganizedandimplementedinQingdao.
Thecomprehensiveutilizationofseawaterchemicalresourcesisamanifestationoftheformationofanindustrialchain,therealizationofcomprehensiveutilizationofresourcesandthesustainabledevelopmentofsociety.
Thecomprehensiveutilizationtechnologyofseawaterchemicalresourcesistheextractionofvariouschemicalelements(chemicals)fromseawateranditsdeepprocessingtechnology.Itmainlyincludesseawatersaltproduction,bitternchemicalindustry,extractionofpotassium,magnesium,bromine,nitrate,lithium,uraniumanddeepprocessing,etc.,andhasgraduallydevelopedinthedirectionofmarinefinechemicals.
Marineresources(4photos)
Afterthe"SeventhFive-Year","EighthFive-Year"and"NinthFive-Year"scientificandtechnologicalbreakthroughs,ChinausesnaturalzeolitemethodtodirectlyextractseawaterandbrineBreakthroughshavebeenmadeinthedevelopmentofpotash,salt-makingbrineextractionseriesofmagnesiumfertilizers,thedevelopmentofhigh-efficiencyandlow-toxicitypesticidedibromophosphorus,thedevelopmentofbromine-containingfinechemicalproductsandthedevelopmentofinorganicfunctionalmaterialsmagnesiumboratewhiskers.Duringthe"TenthFive-YearPlan"period,researchanddevelopmentontheindustrializationtechnologyofseawaterdirectextractionofpotassiumsalts,gaseousmembranemethodofseawaterbrineextractionofbromineandrelateddeepprocessingtechnologiesarebeingcarriedout.Usingtheconcentratedseawaterdischargedfromseawaterdesalinationandseawatercoolingtocarryoutthecomprehensiveutilizationofseawaterchemicalresourcestoformanindustrialchainofseawaterdesalination,seawatercoolingandseawaterchemicalresourcecomprehensiveutilizationisthefundamentalmanifestationoftherealizationofcomprehensiveutilizationofresourcesandsustainablesocialdevelopment.Thedevelopmentandutilizationofseawaterresourcesisthedevelopmentdirectiontorealizethesustainableutilizationofwaterresourcesincoastalareas.
Basicclassification
Marineresources(3photos)
1Accordingtotheclassificationofresources,theycanbedividedintobiologicalresourcesandnon-biologicalresources.2Accordingtotheclassificationofthesourceofresources,itcanbedividedintoresourcesfromsolarradiation,resourcesfromtheearthitself,andresourcesgeneratedbytheinteractionbetweentheearthandothercelestialbodies.
3Accordingtowhetheritcanberestoredornot,itcanbedividedintorenewableresourcesandnon-renewableresources.
4Accordingtotheclassificationofresources,theycanbedividedintobiologicalresources,energyresources,spaceresourcesandchemicalresources.
MineralResources
Howmuchdoyouknowaboutseabedminerals?
Peoplehavediscoveredthefollowingsixcategories:
1.Petroleumgas.Itisestimatedthattheworld’sultimateoilreservesare1trilliontons,andtherecoverablereservesare300billiontons,including135billiontonsofsubmarineoil;theworld’snaturalgasreservesare25.5-28billioncubicmeters,andoceanreservesaccountfor14billioncubicmeters.Attheendofthelastcentury,theannualoutputofoffshoreoilreached3billiontons,accountingfor50%oftheworld'stotaloilproduction.Chinahasapproximately4to5billiontonsofoilandgasreservesinadjacentseaareas.Duetothediscoveryofabundantoffshoreoilandgasresources,Chinamaybecomeoneoftheworld'sfivelargestoilproducers.
2.Solidmineralssuchascoalandiron.Manycoalandirondepositshavebeenminedneartheseabedintheworld.Japan'ssubmarinecoalminingaccountsfor30%ofitstotaloutput;Chile,theUnitedKingdom,Canada,andTurkeyalsomine.Oneoftheworld'slargestironorehasbeendiscoveredontheseabednearKyushu,Japan.ManysubmarinetinmineshavealsobeendiscoveredinsomeAsiancountries.Therearemorethan20kindsofseabedsolidmineralsthathavebeendiscovered.Copper,coal,sulfur,phosphorus,limestoneandotherminesarewidelydistributedintheshallowwatersofChina'scontinentalshelf.
3.Seasideplacer.Therearemanypreciousmineralsinthecoastalsediments,suchas:rutilecontainingsolidfueltitaniumforrocketlaunches;monazitecontainingniobiumforrocketsandaircraftshellsandtantalumforreactorsandmicrocircuits;containinghightemperatureresistancefornuclearsubmarinesandnuclearreactorsAndcorrosion-resistantzirconite,zircon;someseaareasalsohavegold,platinumandsilver.China'soffshorewatersarealsodistributedwithgold,zircon,ilmenite,monazite,chromiumspinelandotherplacerswithextremelyhigheconomicvalue.
4.Polymetallicnodulesandcobalt-richmanganesecrusts.Polymetallicnodulescontaindozensofelementssuchasmanganese,iron,nickel,cobalt,andcopper.Thereareabout3trilliontonsofpolymetallicnodulesstoredintheoceanbottomoftheworld'soceansatadepthof3500-6000meters.Amongthem,manganeseproductioncanbeusedfor18,000yearsintheworld,andnickelcanbeusedfor25,000years.Chinahasinvestigatedanareaofmorethan2millionsquarekilometersinthePacificOcean,ofwhichmorethan300,000squarekilometersareprospectiveminingareaswithminingvalue.TheUnitedNationshasapprovedtheallocationof150,000squarekilometerstoChinaasapioneeringarea.Thecobalt-richmanganesecrustsarestoredontheseabedatadepthof300to4000metersandareeasytomine.TheUnitedStates,Japanandothercountrieshavedesignedsomeminingsystems.
5.Hydrothermalmineraldeposits.Itisasulfidecontainingalargeamountofmetal.Itisformedbycoolinganddepositinghigh-temperaturemagmaejectedfromseafloorrifts.Morethan30depositshavebeendiscovered.TheUnitedStatesalonehas25milliontonsofreservesintheGalapagosRiftValley,withaminingvalueof3.9billionU.S.dollars.
6.Combustibleice.Itisanewtypeofmineralcallednaturalgashydrate.Itisanicysolidsubstancecomposedofhydrocarbonsandwatermoleculesunderlowtemperatureandhighpressureconditions.Ithashighenergydensity,fewimpurities,almostnopollutionaftercombustion,thickorebed,largescale,widedistributionandrichresources.Itisestimatedthattheglobalreservesofcombustibleicearetwicetheexistingreservesofoilandgas.Inthelastcentury,Japan,theformerSovietUnion,andtheUnitedStateshavealldiscoveredlargeareasofcombustibleicedistribution.ChinahasalsofoundcombustibleiceintheSouthChinaSeaandtheEastChinaSea.Accordingtoestimates,theamountofcombustibleiceresourcesintheSouthChinaSeaaloneamountsto70billiontonsofoilequivalent,whichisabout1/2ofChina'stotalonshoreoilandgasresources.Astheworld'soilandgasresourcesaregraduallydepleting,thediscoveryofcombustibleicehasbroughtnewhopetomankind.
Becausehumanshavenotdoneenoughsurveysonthepolarwatersandvastdeepseaareas,itisstilldifficulttoknowhowmanyseabedmineralsthereareintheocean.
FoodResources
Theseaweedthatgrowsnaturallyonlyinthecoastalwatershasanannualoutputequivalenttomorethan15timestheworld’sannualwheatoutput.Ifthesealgaeareprocessedintofood,Itcanprovidepeoplewithsufficientprotein,multiplevitaminsandmineralsneededbythehumanbody.Therearealsoabundantplanktoninvisibletothenakedeyeintheocean,processedintofood,whichcanmeettheneedsof30billionpeople.Therearemanymoreintheocean.Thefishandshrimparereallythegranaryforthefutureofmankind.ThereisalsothekrillofAntarctica,whichproducesmorethan5billioneveryyear.Weonlycatch100millionto150milliontons,whichcanmorethandoubletheamountoffishandshrimpcaughtintheworld.
Marinefoodchain
Intheocean,thefoodrelationshipofvariousbiologicalgroupstakestheformofafoodpyramid.
Marineresources(5photos)
Marinebiologistsoncemadesucharesearchreport:Atthelowestpartofthisbiologicalpyramid,therearevariouskindsofsiliconAlgae.Theyaresingle-celledplantsintheocean,andtheirnumbersarehuge.Weassumethatthediatomsinthelowestpartofthebiologicalpyramidare454kilograms.Abovethislevelaretinymarineherbivores,orzooplankton.Theseanimalsfeedondiatomstoobtaincalories.Tomaintaintheirnormallife,animalsinthislayerneedtoconsume45.4kgofdiatoms.Then,thenextlayerisherringfish.Herringneedstoeat4.54kilogramsofzooplanktoninordertoobtainheatandmaintainlife.Ofcourse,thepresenceofherringprovidesfoodforcod.Obviously,codisahigherlevelofanimalfood.Toobtaincaloriesandliveanormallife,codneedstoeat454gramsofherring.Itisnotdifficulttoseethatwitheveryincreaseofalevel,thefooddecreasesbyageometricnumberof10%;onthecontrary,witheachdecreaseofalevel,theamountoffoodincreasesbyageometricnumberof10%.Itisintheshapeofapyramidwithabigbottomandasmallone.Thepyramidsbuiltthroughthemarinefoodweb,throughthefourthtofifthlevelsofenergytransferinturn,maintainthebalancebetweenthelifegroups.Whenapproachingthetopoftheoceanfoodpyramid,thenumberoforganismsbecomesverysmallcomparedtothebottom.Intheocean,atthetoparemarinemammals,suchasseaanimals.SeawaterEnergy
Seawatercannotonlygiveuselectricitythroughitsthermalandmechanicalenergy,butalsoextractfuelslikegasolineanddiesel-uraniumandheavywaterfromseawater.Thereservesofuraniuminseawaterareconsiderable,reachingabout4.5billiontons,whichisequivalentto4,500timesthetotalreservesonland.Calculatedbasedontheheatgeneratedbycombustion,itcanbeusedbytheworldforatleast10,000years.Waterisabasicnaturalresourceandastrategiceconomicresource.Seawaterdesalinationisanimportantsupplementaryformofwaterresources.Thedevelopmentandutilizationofseawaterisanimportantmeasuretoalleviatetheshortageofwaterresourcesinourcountry.Thetraditionalseawaterdesalinationmethodhasmaturetechnologyandperfecttechnology.Achievelarge-scaleindustrialapplications,butduetotheconsumptionoffossilenergy,environmentalproblemswillbecaused.Thedevelopmentandutilizationofrenewableenergysuchassolarenergyandwindenergyisoneofthefuturedevelopmentdirectionsofseawaterdesalinationtechnology.Intheresearchofsolarseawaterdesalinationtechnology,researchisconcentratedThecouplingofsolarenergyutilizationwiththermaldesalinationsystemormembranedesalinationsystemhasbeenstudiedathomeandabroad.
Marinemedicine
InvestigationandevaluationofChina'smarinemedicineresources.Theresultsshowthataftermorethan3,600years,Chinahascontinuouslyaccumulatedexperienceintheapplicationofmarinedrugs,especiallytheresearchresultsofmodernmarinedrugs.Asof2008,thenumberofmarinedrugsrecordedinoffshoreChinaandpotentialdrugresourcesthathaveundergonemodernpharmacologicalandchemicalresearchhasreached684,including205botanicaldrugs,468animaldrugs,and11mineraldrugs;involvingmarinemedicinaldrugs.Thereare1667kindsofplants(272kindsofplants,1395kindsofanimals),and18kindsofminerals.Strengtheningmodernpharmaceuticalresearch,protectingexistingmedicinalbiologicalresources,andopeningupnewresourceareasaretheguaranteeforthesustainabledevelopmentofmarinedrugsinthefuture.
Baocanlevelbloodpressure,treatdizzinessandvertigo;jellyfishcantreatwomen’sstrain,hemorrhage,anderysipelasinchildren;hippocampusandseadragoninvigoratethekidney,calmthenerves,relievecoughandasthma;usetortoisebloodTurtleoilisusedtotreatasthmaandbronchitis;seaweedisusedtotreatthroatpain,etc.;cuttlefishistheinnershellofcuttlefish,whichcantreatstomachproblems,indigestion,facialnervepainandothersymptoms;pearlpowdercanstopbleeding,reduceinflammation,detoxify,andbuildmuscle.Peopleoftenuseittonourishyinandbeauty;codliveroilmadefromcodlivercantreatvitaminAandDdeficiency;seasnakevenomcantreathemiplegiaandsciatica.Inaddition,peoplehaveextractedsomeeffectivedrugsfrommarineorganismsforthetreatmentofleukemia,highbloodpressure,rapidhealingoffractures,smallpox,intestinalulcersandcertaincancers.
Ifyoudonotpayattentiontotherightamountofmining,theresourceswillbeusedup!
OilandGasResources
Theworld’soceanscontainextremelyrichoilandgasresources,whichaccountforapproximately34%oftheworld’stotaloilresources.Theworld'smarineoilandgas,likeonshoreoilandgasresources,areextremelyunevenlydistributed.Amongthefouroceansanddozensofoffshoreareas,thePersianGulfwiththemostoilandnaturalgascontentaccountsforabouthalfofthetotalreserves;thesecondisVenezuela’sLakeMaracaibo;thethirdistheNorthSea.Seas;thefourthistheGulfofMexico;followedbytheAsia-Pacific,WestAfricaandotherwaters.
581oilfieldshavebeenfoundintheworld’soceans.Amongthem,thereare25inEuropeandtheMediterranean,110intheNorthSea,20inItalyandtheNorthAdriaticSea,17intheBlackSeaandCaspianSea,43inSouthAmerica,27inthecoastalwatersofAfrica,85inthecoastalwatersofWestAfrica,60inthePersianGulf,andcoastsoftheIndiansubcontinentThereare2offshoreareas,23offshoreFarEast,15offshoreIndiaandMalaysia,3offshoreAustraliaandNewZealand,12northwesternAustraliashelf,19southernGippslandBasin,44offshoreNorthSea,and16offshoreU.S.GulfofMexico.
AccordingtotheanalysisofMackayConsulting,theoffshoreoilandgasresourcesintheAsia-Pacificregionwillbecometheengineforthedevelopmentoftheglobaloffshoreoilandgasindustry.TheAsia-PacificregionwillbecomethethirdlargeststrategicareafortheglobaloffshoreoilandgasindustryaftertheNorthSeaandtheGulfofMexico.By2008,theoutputofmarineoilandgasintheAsia-Pacificregionwillaccountfor17%and25%oftheworld'stotalmarineoilandgas,respectively,anincreaseof84%and116%from2002.TheoffshoreoilandgasindustryintheAsia-Pacificregionisexpectedtobethefastestgrowingamongtheeightmajorregionsintheworld.Itisestimatedthatby2008,thetotaloffshoreoilandgasinvestmentintheAsia-Pacificregionwillincreaseby65%over2002,reachingUS$29.9billion,accountingfor19.5%oftheworld'stotaloffshoreoilandgasinvestment.From2002to2008,thecountrieswiththefastestgrowthinoffshoreoilandgasinvestmentintheAsia-PacificregionwereChina,Russia,Indonesia,India,AustraliaandMalaysia.In2008,Malaysia’soffshoreoilandgasinvestmentisexpectedtoaccountfor18.5%oftheAsia-Pacificregion,rankingfirst.
China'sSouthChinaSeaoilandgasresourceshavegreatpotential.AccordingtothedataprovidedbytheHainanProvincialCommitteeoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference,theseaareaexploredintheSouthChinaSeaisonly160,000km²,whilethediscoveredoilreservesare5.52billiontonsandthenaturalgasreservesare12trillionm³.Accordingtopreliminaryestimates,theentireSouthChinaSeahasapproximately23to30billiontonsofpetroleumgeologicalreserves,accountingforaboutone-thirdofChina'stotalresources,anditisoneoftheworld'smajormarineoilandgasaccumulationcenters.
Maritimetraffic
Theportsareresponsibleformorethan70%oftheshippingtasksofChina’simportandexportmaterials,andsomethird-countrycargoesarealsoundertakenabroad.
China’socean-goingroutesstartfrommajorseaportsandcanbedividedintofourdirections:east,west,south,andnorth.TheseroutesconnectChinawiththemajoreconomicregionsoftheworld.TheeastboundroutetravelseastwardfromChina'scoastalportstoJapan,andcrossesthePacificeastwardviaJapantoNorthAmericaandLatinAmerica,andthenpassesthroughthePanamaCanaltotheCaribbeanandtheeastcoastofNorthAmericaandLatinAmerica.ThesouthboundroutestartsfromChina'scoastalportsandtravelssouthtoSoutheastAsia,AustraliaandNewZealand.Thewestboundrouteisaveryimportantroute.ItsailsfromvariousportsinChinafirstthroughthesouthandthenwest,passingthroughtheStraitofMalaccaintotheIndianOcean,passingthroughtheRedSea,crossingtheSuezCanal,intotheMediterranean,andoutoftheStraitofGibraltarbeforeenteringtheAtlanticOcean.ThereisalsoaroutethroughtheIndianOcean,bypassingtheCapeofGoodHopeatthesoutherntipofAfrica,andenteringtheAtlanticOcean.WestboundroutescanreachportsinSouthAsia,WestAsia,Africa,andEurope.ThenorthboundroutemainlyarrivesattheseaportsofNorthKorea,SouthKorea,Russiaandothercountries.
Coastaltourism
Thevastoceanandthebeautifulcoastalareamakepeoplelinger.Makingfulluseofthenaturalsceneryoftheseaanddevelopingcoastaltourismisalsoanimportantaspectofpeople'sutilizationanddevelopmentofmarineresources.Chinaattachesgreatimportancetothedevelopmentandconstructionofseasidescenicspots,suchasBeidaiheandQinhuangdaoontheBohaiSeacoast,Dalian,Yantai,QingdaoandLianyungangontheYellowSeacoast,PutuoMountainandXiamenontheEastChinaSeacoast,andShenzhen,BeihaiandHainanontheSouthChinaSeacoast.TianyaHaijiao,etc.areallkeydevelopmentseasidevillagetouristareas,andalargenumberofdomesticandforeigntouristsvisittheseplaceseveryyear.
CurrentsituationinChina
Basicsituation
Chinahasabundantmarineresources.Theoilandgasresourcesedimentarybasinisabout700,000squarekilometers,theoilresourceisestimatedtobeabout24billiontons,thenaturalgasresourceisestimatedtobe14trillioncubicmeters,andtherearealargeamountofnaturalgashydrateresources,whichisthemostpromisingsubstituteforoilandgasinthiscentury.The"combustibleice"ofenergy.Thereare2.8millionsquarekilometersofmarinefishinggroundsintheseaareaunderChina'sjurisdiction,240millionhectaresofshallowwaterwithin20meters,2.6millionhectaresofseawatercultivablearea,and710,000hectaresofaquaculture.Thecultivatedareaofshallowbeachesis2.42millionhectares,andthecultivatedareais550,000hectares.Chinahasacquired75,000squarekilometersofpolymetallicnodulesintheinternationalseabedarea,withreservesofmorethan500milliontonsofpolymetallicnodules.
Thedevelopmentandutilizationofseawaterresourcesisthedevelopmentdirectiontorealizethesustainableutilizationofwaterresourcesincoastalareas.Lookingforwardtothefuture,strengthentheawarenessthatseawaterisapreciousresource,formulatepolicies,regulationsanddevelopmentplansforthedevelopmentandutilizationofseawaterresources,buildanational-levelcomprehensivedemonstrationzoneandindustrializationbaseforseawaterresourcesdevelopmentandutilization,andstrengthenthedevelopmentandproductionbaseofseawaterresourcesdevelopmentandutilizationequipment,andcultivateChina’sseawaterdesalination,directseawaterutilization,andcomprehensiveutilizationofseawaterresourcestechnology,equipmentandproductsystemswithindependentintellectualpropertyrightsaredrivingtheformationanddevelopmentofChina’sseawaterresourcesdevelopmentandutilizationofthesunriseindustry,becomingthesecondwatersourceinChina’scoastalareasandgoingglobalImportantGuarantee.
Althoughmycountryisrichinmarineresources,thedegreeofdevelopmentandutilizationisverylow(thedegreeoflanddevelopmentandutilizationinmycountryisrelativelyhigh).Humanbeingsarefacedwithpopulationproblems,foodproblems,environmentalproblems,andsoon.Theterrestrialspaceonwhichmankinddependsforsurvivalhasbeenoverwhelmed.80%oftheearth’sbiologicalresourcesaredistributedintheocean,andtheocean’sabilitytoprovidehumanswithfoodis1,000timesthatoftheland.Undertheconditionofundamagedmarineecology,3billiontonsofaquaticproductscanbeprovidedtomankindeveryyear.Therefore,thedevelopmentandutilizationoftheoceanhasgreatpotentialandbroadprospects.
Marchingintotheoceanandlettingmarineresourcesservemankindisofgreatsignificancetothedevelopmentofourcountry’seconomy.
OffshoreResources
Itisunderstoodthatthespecialprojectwasformallyimplementedin2004,includingthreemajortasks:comprehensiveoffshoremarinesurvey,comprehensiveevaluation,andtheconstructionofa"digitalocean"informationinfrastructure.Thestatehasinvestedatotalof2.059billionyuaninfunds,andnearly300millionyuanhasbeenmatchedbycoastalprovinces(autonomousregionsandmunicipalities).Inthespecialimplementationprocess,theworld'sadvancedoceanographicsurveyequipmentwasused,morethan500largeandsmallvesselswereused,withavoyageofmorethan2millionkilometers,andabout20,000daysofmarineoperations.Morethan30,000marinescienceandtechnologyworkersfrommorethan180ocean-relatedunitsacrossthecountryhavesuccessfullycompletedvarioustasksdeterminedbytheprojectaftermorethan8yearsofhardwork.
Throughthe908specialinvestigationandresearch,wehavebasicallyfoundoutthebackgroundofChina'soffshoremarineenvironmentalresources,updatedChina'soffshoremarinebasicdataandmaps,andintegratedthemarineenvironment,resources,development,utilizationandmanagement.Evaluation,theestablishmentofChina’s“digitalocean”informationbasicframework,andaseriesofrecommendationsonChina’smarinedevelopment,environmentalprotectionandmanagementpolicies,whichprovideeffectivesupportandsupportforthecountry’smacrodecision-making,marineeconomicconstruction,marinemanagement,andmarinesecurity.service.Forthefirsttime,thespecialprojectobtainedhigh-precisionmeasureddatasuchasthelengthofmycountry'smainlandcoastlineandthenumberofislands.Thelengthofmycountry'smainlandcoastlineis19,057kilometersandthenumberofislandsis10,312.Thespecialprojectidentifiedthedistributionanddevelopmentpotentialofmycountry’smarineenergyandotheremergingmarineresourcesforthefirsttime:WiththeexceptionofTaiwanProvince,mycountry’soffshoremarinerenewableenergyreservestotal1.580billionkilowatts;mycountry’simportantseasandresourceareasareestimatedtobeabout303,000squarekilometers.Theresourcesareabout474.9billioncubicmeters,andthereare91coastalplacerdepositswithprovenindustrialreserves.
Developmentandprotection
OnOctober19,2015,VicePremierWangYangoftheStateCouncilinvestigatedthedevelopmentofmarinefisheriesinShandongProvince.Heemphasizedthatcultivatingtheoceansanddevelopingmodernmarinefisheriesisanimportantstrategyformycountry'sagriculturalmodernization.ItisnecessarytoconscientiouslyimplementthedecisionsanddeploymentsofthePartyCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncilonthedevelopmentofmarineeconomyandtheconstructionofmarineecologicalcivilization,acceleratethetransformationofdevelopmentmethods,rationallydevelopandutilizemarinefisheryresources,strengthenmarineenvironmentalprotection,promotemarineecologicalrestoration,andachievehighoutputandproductsafety.,Resource-savingandenvironment-friendlydevelopmentofmodernmarinefishery.
TheChineseAcademyofSciencesandShandongProvincehavecooperatedtobuildamarineecologicalpasturedemonstrationbase.Throughthe"algae,shellfish,ginseng,andfish"ecologicalcyclebreedingmodel,amarineecologicalthree-dimensionalpolyculturesystemisformed,andmarineaquaculture,multiplicationandrelease,Thecombinationofenvironmentalprotection,ecologicalrestoration,andresourceconservationnotonlyachievedgoodeconomicbenefits,butalsosignificantlyimprovedthequalityoftheseawaterinthebreedingareaandpromotedtheimprovementofthemarineecologicalenvironment.WangYanginspectedthedemonstrationbaseinLaizhou,Yantai,andfullyaffirmedtheachievementsoftheconstructionofthemarineranch.Heemphasizedthatthedevelopmentofmodernmarineaquacultureisofgreatsignificanceforensuringfoodsafety,improvingdietarystructure,andpromotingfarmers'income.Itisnecessarytoearnestlystudythedevelopmentstrategyofthemarineaquacultureindustry,puttherestorationandprotectionofthemarineecologicalenvironmentinanimportantposition,andcontinuouslyimprovetheproductioncapacityofmarinefisheryandthelevelofproductqualityandsafety.Itisnecessarytostrengthenthescientificandtechnologicalresearchofmarineaquacultureandacceleratethepromotionandtransformationofresults.Promotetheindustrializedoperationofmarineaquaculture,givefullplaytotheroleofscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,andactivelyattractfarmerstoparticipateintheconstructionofmodernmarinefisheriesintheformofcooperativesystemsandshareholdingsystems,sothatfarmerscansharethefruitsofmodernmarinefisherydevelopment.Promotetheintegrationofmarineaquaculturewithaquaticproductprocessingandcirculation,recreationalfishing,tourismandsightseeing,speeduptheintegrateddevelopmentofprimary,secondaryandtertiaryindustries,andimprovethecomprehensivecompetitivenessofmarinefisheries.