Introduction
Incentivesarestimuliorsituationsthatcancauseanimalsandpeopletoperformactivities.Usuallytheinternalcausethatdirectlypromotesthebehavioriscalledthemotivation,andtheexternalcausethatarousesthebehavioriscalledtheinducement.Thestimulusorsituationthatcanmeettheneedsandcausetheorganism'stropismiscalledpositiveinducement,andthestimulusorsituationthathindersthesatisfactionofneedsandcausestheorganism'savoidanceactivityiscalledthenegativeinducement.
Inpsychology,inducementanddrivearebothindispensableforcesthatdeterminethemotivationofactivities.Itinducestheproductionofactivities,andspecifiesthespecificobjectsoftheactivitiesandcausestheactualactivities.Duetothedevelopmentandcomplexityofhumanneeds,theincentivesthatcantriggerhumanactivitiesarealsoveryrichandcomplex.Somearerelatedtothesatisfactionofhumanmaterialneeds,andsomearerelatedtothesatisfactionofhumanspiritualneeds.Theformercanbecalledamaterialinducement,andthelattercanbecalledaspiritualinducement.Thescores,commendations,andawardsinschoolsareallimportantincentivesineducation.
Origin
Theconceptofinducementoriginatedfromthestudyofmotivationbypsychologistsinthe1950s.Atthebeginning,psychologistsemphasizedmoretheroleofinternaldriveintheactivitiesoforganisms.Later,peoplegraduallydiscoveredthatexternalinducementsarealsoveryimportantinarousal.Theincentivetheoryholdsthatorganismsalwaysseekadvantagesandavoiddisadvantages,pursuepositiveincentives,andavoidnegativeincentives.Forthirstyanimals,waterisapositiveinducement;forsexuallyimpulsiveanimals,theoppositesexisapositiveinducement.Objectsorsituationsthatcausepainarenegativetriggers.
Function
Inductionhasadualfunction:
①Itcanawakentheorganismandtransformtheinternaldriveinthesubconsciousstateintotheinternaldriveintheconsciousstate;
②Itguidesthebehavioroftheorganismtowardorawayfromtheinducement.
Incentivetheoryisusuallyusedtoexplainwhysomepeoplegoonthepathofcrime.Forexample,whenaworkergoestoworkinthefinanceroom,ithappensthatthefinancepersonisnotthere,andthedrawerwherethemoneyisstoredisnotlocked.Thesetwoincentiveswillarousesomeunreasonablethoughtsoftheworker,thinkingthathemaynotbediscoveredbyothers,andhehasgainedmoney.Theobjectiveconditionsdrovethisworkertotakeawaythewagesofalltheemployeesinthefactory.Therearealsosomecasesthatshowthatinducementsplayanimportantroleinthegenerationofcriminalmotives.
Incentivesandmotivations,needs
Inmotivation,needsandincentivesarecloselyrelated.Needsarerelativelyinternalandconcealed,whicharetheinternalreasonsthatgoverntheactionsoftheorganism;theinducementistheexternalstimulusassociatedwiththeneeds,whichattractstheactivitiesoftheorganismandmakesitpossibletosatisfytheneeds.Whenthebodyreachesacertaingoalandmeetsthecorrespondingneeds,itwillreducethecorrespondingmotivationandmakethebodyinarelativelyinactivestate.Therefore,withouttheneed,therewillbenobehavioralgoal;onthecontrary,withoutthebehavioralgoalorinducement,therewillbenospecificneed.Inreallife,humanbehavioroftendependsontheinteractionofneedsandincentives.
Motivationiscomposedofneedsandincentives.Therefore,thestrengthorpowerofmotivationdependsonboththenatureoftheneedandthesizeoftheinducingpower.Experimentsshowthatthestrengthofmotivationcausedbyincentivesdependsonthedistancetheindividualreachesthegoal.Ifthedistanceistoolarge,themotivationaleffectontheactivitywillbeverysmall.Peoplehaveidealsandambitions,andtheirmotivesnotonlygoverntheirbehaviortowardsshort-termgoals,butcanalsopointtolong-termgoals.Therefore,spatiallyadjacenttargetsmaynothavethegreateststimulatingeffect.Thesocialsignificanceofmotivationisalsodirectlyrelatedtothepowerofmotivation.Achievementtheorytellsusthatinadditiontothevalueofthegoal,theindividual'sestimationorexpectationoftheprobabilityofachievingthegoalisalsoofgreatsignificance.
IncentiveTheory
Sincethe1950s,manypsychologistsbelievethatthemotivationaltheoryofreduceddrivecannotbeusedtoexplainallbehaviors.Externalstimuli(inductions)arearousingbehavior.Timealsoplaysanimportantrole,andtheinteractionbetweenstimuliandthespecificphysiologicalstateoftheorganismshouldbeusedtoillustratemotivation.Forexample,whenafullanimalseesanotheranimaleating,itwillre-eatingfood.Atthistime,themotivationiscausedbystimulation.Humansoftenpursuestimulationinsteadoftryingtoeliminatetensionandrestorebalancetothebody.
TheincentivetheorywasputforwardbyHull.Hepointedoutthatinducementisastimulusthatcanmeettheneedsofanindividual,whichinspiresorinducesanindividualtomovetowardagoal.Emphasizestheimportantroleofexternalstimuliininducingmotivation,andbelievesthatincentivescanevokebehaviorandguidebehavior.Incentivetheoryemphasizestheexternalreasonsofmotivation,whichisobviouslydifferentfromthedrivetheoryemphasizestheinternalreasonsofmotivation.Thetheoryemphasizestheeffectofexternalenvironmentontriggeringbehavior.Theattractivestimulithatpeoplewantcanbecalledincentives,andtherearepositiveandnegativepoints.
Formula:P(behavioralpotential)=D(drive)×H(intensityofhabit)×K(incentive).