Domov technika Northern Europe

Northern Europe



Geographicalenvironment

Landform

Ingeneral,theterrainoftheNordicregionisrelativelylowandflatexceptforthehigherelevationoftheScandinavianMountains.Theterrainismostlyplateausandeclipsemountains.Ice-erodedlakes,sheep'sbackrocks,serpentinemounds,anddrummoundsarethemainfeaturesofthetopography.ScandinaviaisthehighestregioninNorthernEurope.TheScandinavianmountainsrunthroughthewesternpartofthepeninsulaandrankamongNorwayandSweden.Themountainsarethehighestinthesouth,higherinthenorth,lowerinthemiddle,andextendingintotheNorwegianterritoryinthesouth.,Thepeakismorethan2,000meters;thewestslopeofthemountainissteep,approachingthecoastoftheNorwegianSea,andtheeastslopeisgentle,graduallydecreasingtowardstheGulfofBothnia.NorwayisthecountrywiththehighestterraininNorthernEurope.Theterrainisdominatedbymountains,andthewesterncoasthasmanyfjords.Denmarkisalowlandwithgentlefluctuations.TheDanLowlandextendseastwardtothesouthernplainsofSweden,andthenconnectswiththecentrallowlandsofSwedentothenorth,andthencrossestheGulfofBothniaandjoinstheFinnishlowplains.TheplainisdistributedinanarcinthesoutheastoftheScandinavianMountains.Icelandisabowl-shapedhighland,surroundedbycoastalmountainsandaplateauinthemiddle.Therearemorethan100volcanoesontheisland,includingatleast30activevolcanoes.Suchtopographyisconducivetonavigationandthedevelopmentofoverseastrade.Atthesametime,thesceneryispeculiar,whichisconducivetothedevelopmentoftourism.

TheScandinavianmountainswereoncethemaincenteroftheQuaternaryglaciersinEurope.ContinentalglacierscoveredtheentireNordicregion,sotheerosionandaccumulationofglaciallandformscanbeseeneverywhereinNorthernEurope.Therearemanylakesandshortrivers.Finlandhasthetitleof"thecountryofathousandlakes".IcelandisnotonlythecenteroftheQuaternaryicesheet,buttherearestillmodernglaciersontheplateau.

Climate

Climatetype

SinceNorthernEuropeislocatedatthejunctionofthenortherntemperatezoneandthenortherncoldzone,mostplaceshavelowtemperaturesthroughouttheyear.

Thevastinlandareasaremainlytemperatecontinentalclimates,andonlytheareasdeeplyaffectedbytheNorthAtlanticwarmcurrentaretemperateoceanicclimates.Thehigherlatitudeparthasatundraclimate.

Becausethetemperatecontinentalclimatezoneisaffectedbythepolaroceanairmassandthepolarcontinentalairmass,itisthesourceofthepolarcontinentalairmass.ItisofteninvadedbyArcticairmassesinwinter,andsometimesbytropicalcontinentalairmassesinwarmseasons.

Thewinterislongandseverelycold,andthemonthlyaveragetemperatureisbelow0°C;thesummerisshortandwarm,andthemonthlyaveragetemperatureisabove10°C.Theannualprecipitationis300-600mm,andtherelativehumidityisrelativelyhighduetoweakevaporation.Theannualtemperaturevariesgreatly.Thisisbecausethisareaisthesourceofthepolarcontinentalairmasseswithhighlatitude,longnightsinwinter,smallsunaltitudeatnoon,andsnowcover,groundradiationcoolingisintense,anditcannotbeadjustedbyoceanairmasses.Itstretchesintoabroadbandfromeasttowest.Becauseofitshighlatitude,winterislongandseverelycold;thewarmseasonisshortandtheannualtemperaturedifferenceisparticularlylarge.Rainfallisscarceandconcentratedinsummer,butthetemperatureislow,evaporationisweak,andtherelativehumidityishigh.Thenaturalvegetationisconiferousforest.

Thetemperatemaritimeclimateisgenerallydistributedonthewestcoastofthemainlandbetween40°and60°northlatitudeinthisarea.Forexample,Denmark,thecapitalofNorwayandotherplaces.Itsclimateischaracterizedbymildwinters,coolsummers,smallannualtemperaturerange,moderateannualprecipitation,rainthroughouttheyear,moreautumnandwinter,mainlycyclonicrain,cloudyandfoggy,lesssunshine,andmorerainydays.Thetemperatureinwinterisgenerallyabove0°C,thetemperatureofthehottestmonthinsummerisgenerallybetween10°Cand20°C,andtheannualprecipitationisgenerallybetween600and800mm.

Coolingthermalsaltcycle

ThereisatheorythatglobalwarmingmayleadtolocalcoolingintheNorthAtlanticbyclosingorslowingdowntheocean’sthermalsaltcycle.Makethelocalaveragetemperaturedrop,orwarmupless.ItaffectsScandinavia,GreatBritainandIreland,becausetheyareallwarmedbythewarmNorthAtlanticcurrent.Thepossibilityofthischangeisstilluncertain,andthereissomeevidencethattheGulfStreamandtheNorthAtlanticWarmCurrentareweakening.However,thereisstillnosignthatthereisacoolingtrendinornearthewatersofnorthernEurope,andtherealityisjusttheopposite.

Theheatinthetropicscanbetransportedbyoceancurrents,withhotwaterflowingnearthesurfaceandcoldwaterflowingatthedeeplevel.TheNorthAtlanticWarmCurrentisapartofthethermosaltcycle,bringingheatfurthernorthtotheNorthAtlantic,whereitheatstheentirenorthwesternEurope.TheevaporationoftheNorthAtlanticseawaterandthedropinwatertemperaturealsoleadtoanincreaseinsalinity(relativesalinity),therebyincreasingthedensityofwateronthesurface.Atthesametime,theformationofseaicehasfurtherconcentratedthesaltintheseawater.Therefore,theheaviersurfacewatersinksdownwardwhilesneakingsouthward.

GlobalwarmingmaycausethemeltingoftheGreenlandicesheet,theincreaseofprecipitation,especiallythestrengtheningofSiberianrivers.Asaresult,theamountoffreshwaterinjectedintothenorthernoceanincreased.However,itisnotclearwhethertheincreasedamountoffreshwaterissufficienttocutoffthethermalsaltcycle-theenvironmentalmodelhasgivenanegativeconclusion,buttheresearchisstillgoingon.AccordingtotheNASAPathfindersatelliteelevationtablefromMay1992toJune2002data,itsupportstheslowdownofthecycle.SomepeopleinNASAareevenworriedthatglobalwarmingwillreproducealargesuddentemperaturechangethatoccurredduringthelasticeage:aseriesofDansgaard-Oeschgerevents.Thisisarapidupsanddownsoftheclimate,whichmaybeduetothecessationofheatandsaltexchangecausedbytheincreaseintheflowoffreshwaterathighlatitudes.TheYoungerDryasincidentmayalsobethecase.However,itisbelievedthattheseeventswerecausedbythelargeamountoffreshwaterthatmeltedfromtheLaurentideicesheet,ratherthanthemeltingofpolarseaiceorfreshwaterproducedbychangesinprecipitationcausedbyglobalwarming.Inaddition,inthecoupledatmosphere-oceancyclemodel,theheatandsaltexchangetendstoweakenratherthaninterrupt,andeveninasmallareainEurope,thetrendofwarmingisstrongerthanthetrendofcooling:Therefore,thethirdIPCCannualreportpointedoutthat"eveninInthemodelofweakenedheatandsaltexchange,Europeisstillshowingatrendofheatingup."

InApril2004,aretrospectiveanalysisofUSsatellitedataseemedtoshowthattheGulfStream’snortherngyrationandtheweakeningoftheNorthAtlanticcirculation,sothehypothesisthattheGulfStreamwouldbetruncatedreceivedstrongsupport.

InMay2005,PeterWadham(PeterWadham)reportedtoTimemagazinetheresultsofadeep-seaexplorationundertheArcticOceanice.ThegiantwatercolumnformedbythecoldwateroftheUnitedStates,whichisreplacedbywarmsurfacewaterandsinkstothebottom,constitutesoneofthedrivingforcesofthewarmNorthAtlanticcurrent.Heandhisteamdiscoveredthatthesewatercolumnshadalmostdisappeared.Undernormalcircumstances,thereshouldbeseventotwelvehugewatercolumns,butheonlyfoundtwo,andtheywerebothextremelyweak.

MeasurementReport

NewScientist(NewScientist.com)reportedonNovember30,2005thattheBritishNationalOceanographicThewarmcurrentstravelingnorthwardare30%lessthanthelastmeasureddatain1992.Theauthorclaimsthatthechangesheobservesare"awkwardlyclose"totheuncertaintyrangeofthemeasurement.However,theNorthAtlanticOceanishotterthanthelastmeasurement.Thisshowsthateitherthecyclehasnotweakened,orithasnotheoreticallyexpectedcoolingeffect,orthereareothermoreoverwhelmingfactorsthatmakecoolingimpossible.OnDecember6,2005,theresearchteamledbyProfessorofAtmosphericSciencesattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaignstatedthat“Thecessationofthehotsaltcyclewasonceconsideredahigh-riskandlow-probabilityevent.Ouranalysis,althoughtherearestillnotThedeterminedcomponentshowsthatitisahigh-riskandhigh-probabilityevent."[40]Thisisstillaminorityviewbasedonunpublishedresearch.

OnJanuary19,2006,anewsarticletitled"ClimateChange:ChangesfromtheOcean",anewsarticlewrittenbyQuirinSchiermeierappearedinNatureOn(439,256-260),theresponsetoBrighton’sresultswasdescribedindetail,includingthefollowing:

Thisresultwasanaccidenttoscientistsworkinginthefield.

Theconclusiongivenbythemodelisthattheincreaseinfreshwatersufficienttoterminatethethermosaltcycleisordersofmagnitudegreaterthantheexpectedsituation,anditseemsunlikelythatthisincreasewillreachacriticalpointwithinhundredsofyearsinthe21stcentury.Degree,whichisdifficulttoreconcilewithBrighton'smeasurement.

Iftheirresultsarecorrect,theweakeningofheatandsaltexchangemaynotbringtheexpectedsignificanteffectofcoolinginEurope.

Althoughthepreviouscyclestopped(suchastheYanggerFairyTreeevent)causedcooling,itsoverallclimateiscompletelydifferent;especiallyduetoglobalwarming,theformationofseaiceisnotasactiveasbefore.

However,theinterruptionofthethermalsaltcyclemayhaveotherimportantconsequences,suchas:majorfloodsandstorms,increaseinplanktonreserves,tropicalorAlaskaandAntarcticwarmingorchangesinrainfall.

Naturalresources

Nordicscenery(9photos)

Nordiccountriesarerichinnaturalresources,mainlyinthefollowingcategories:

1.Mineralresources

Mainlyironore,mainlydistributedinnorthernandcentralSweden.TheNorthSeacontinentalshelfalsocontainsabundantoilandnaturalgasreservoirs.

2.Waterandhydropowerresources

Nordicriversareshortandsmall,richinwater,andmanylakesareconnected,formingnaturalreservoirs.TheriversintheScandinavianmountainshavelargedropsandabundantwaterenergy.

3.Marineresources

Hereisoneoftheworld’sfourlargestfishinggrounds-BeihaiFishingGroundisafamousfishingground.TheaverageannualcatchoftheNorthSeafishinggroundsisabout3milliontons,accountingforabout5%oftheworld'scatch.Herringandmackerelaccountforalmosthalfofthetotalcatch.Othersincludecod,eelandflounder.Itisalsorichinlobster,oystersandshellfish.

4.Forestresources

ThewarmandhumidclimateinNorthernEuropeisconducivetothegrowthofconiferousforestsandpastures.Between61and68°northlatitude,itisaconcentrateddistributionareaof​​coniferousforests.Southof61°northlatitudeisamixedconiferousandbroad-leavedforestarea.Forestresourcesareveryrich.

5.Geothermalresources

Thisareaisrichingeothermalresources,especiallyIcelandhasmanyhotsprings.TheseresourcesprovidepowerandrawmaterialsforthedevelopmentoftheNordiceconomy.Atthesametime,Europeanresourcesarescarce,especiallyenergy.TheresourceexportmarketinNorthernEuropeisvast.

Relateddefinitions

RegardingthedefinitionofNorthernEurope

BecausetheChinesenationalauthorityhasnevercomeupwithasystematicexplanation,manypeoplecannotClarificationoftheconceptofNorthernEurope,confusionandabuseofpropertermssuchas"NorthernEurope,NorthernEurope,Hokuriku,NorthernCourt,Scandinavia"areserious.

NorthernEurope

NorthernEurope

(1)Asanaturalgeographicalterm,itgenerallyreferstonorthernEurope,includingTheentireEuropeanregionnorthoftheAlps.

(2)Asatermofhumangeography,itspecificallyreferstothenorthernpartofWesternEurope,includingGermany,theNetherlands,Belgium,Luxembourg,AustriaandthefiveNordiccountries.

Scandinavia

Scandinavia

(1)astheconceptofphysicalgeography,ReferstoScandinavia,includingDenmark,Sweden,NorwayandnorthernFinland.

(2)Astheconceptoflanguageandanthropology,itreferstotheScandinavianlanguagegroups,includingDanish,EasternNorwegian,Sinorian,Icelandic,FaroeseandSwedishlanguagenations.

NorthernEurope

NordicCouncil

NorthernEuropeisapoliticaltermthatreferstotheNordicCouncilcountries.Thereare5fullmembersovereignstates:Denmark,Sweden,Norway,FinlandandIceland.Thereare3fullmemberregions:FaroeIslands,Greenland,andAlandIslands.3activepartners:Estonia,LatviaandLithuania.

Northland

Northland(Norden)

Northlandisatermofhumangeography,whichreferstoalltheterritoriesofNorthlandcountries,IncludingthefiveNordiccountriesandthethreeBalticcountries,plustheterritoriesofGreenland,theFaroeIslandsandNorwayatthenorth-southlevel.Allconnectedtogether,onlyconsideringthegeographicalboundaries,itcanbeconcludedthatNATOisequivalenttotheNorthernCourtincludingNorthernEurope,includingScandinavia,northernSweden,Europe,northernEurope,andScandinavia.Asia,includingSweden.Datasheet:ThebasicnationalconditionsofthesevenplacesintheNorthCourt.

Majorcities

StockholmStockholm1.5millioncapitalofSweden,thelargestcityinNorthernEurope.

CopenhagenKøbenhavn1.4millionisthecapitalofDenmarkandthecommercialandtransportationcenterofNorthernEurope.

Göteborg700,000isthecapitalofwesternSwedenandthegeographiccenterofNorthernEurope.

Helsinki,Helsinki,530,000,isthecapitalofFinlandandthecommercialcenteroftheBalticSea.

OsloOslo500,000ThecapitalofNorway,animportantport.

Malmö350,000MalmöisthecapitalofsouthernSwedenandthethirdlargestcityinSweden.

AarhusÅrhus265,000ThecapitalcityofYulan(mainland)inDenmark.

Bergen224,000Bergen,thecapitalofwesternNorway,animportantport.

Turku167,000isthecapitaloftheSwedish-speakingregionofFinlandandtheoldcapitalofFinland.

Uppsala130,000UppsalaistheoldcapitalofSwedenandtheoldestuniversitycityinNorthernEurope.

ReykjavíkReykjavíkisthecapitalof100,000Iceland,"smokycity"inIcelandic,richingeothermalresources,andisthenorthernmostcapitalintheworld.

Thórshavn14,000Thórshavn,thecapitalofFaro,animportantseaportintheNorthAtlantic.

Politics

MapofNorthernEurope(2sheets)

CountryandLand

Area

Population

Officiallanguage

TheKingdomofSweden

449964squarekilometers

8.9million

Swedish

TheKingdomofDenmark

43080squarekilometers

5.3million

Danish

RepublicofFinland

337032squarekilometers

5.1million

FinnishandSwedish

KingdomofNorway

386974squarekilometers

4.22million

Norwegian

RepublicofIceland

103,106squarekilometers

270,000

Icelandic(GeneralEnglish)

Greenland(Denmark)

2175600squarekilometers

50,000

Greenlandic

FaroeIslands(Denmark)

1399squarekilometers

46,000

FaroeseandDanish

AlandIslands(Finland)

1527squarekilometers

25,000

Swedish

Region

Denmark

TheKingdomofDenmark(Danish:KongerigetDanmark),referredtoasDenmark,isaconstitutionalmonarchycountrywithtwoautonomousterritories,oneistheFaroeIslands,TheotherisGreenland.ThemainlandofDenmarkincludesJutland,FeinIsland,Zealandandnearbyislands.ItfacesSwedenandNorwayacrosstheNorthSeaandtheBalticSeainthenorth,andbordersGermanyinthesouth.ThecapitalandlargestcityisCopenhagen.

TheKingdomofDenmarkislocatedatthenorthwesterntipoftheEuropeancontinent,ontheJutlandPeninsula.ItfacestheBalticSeatotheeastandRussiaacrossthesea,theNorthSeatothewest,theSkagerrakStrait,theKattegatStraitandtheØresundStraittothenorth,andNorwayandSwedenacrossthesea,andGermanytothesouth.Themainlandconsistsof406largeandsmallislandssuchasJutland,Funen,Zealand,andBornholm.Theareais43096squarekilometers.Inaddition,thereareGreenland(area2.175millionsquarekilometers),whichhasofficiallybecomeitsterritorysince1953,andtheFaroeIslands(area1,399squarekilometers,whichenjoysautonomy).Composedof21islands).Thecoastlineis7314kilometerslong.

Naturalresourcesarerelativelypoor.Exceptforoilandnaturalgas,therearefewothermineraldeposits,andallthecoalneededisimported.TheoilreservesoftheNorthSeacontinentalshelfareestimatedtobe290milliontons,andthenaturalgasreservesareabout200billioncubicmeters.Petroleumhasbeenexploitedsince1972,anditproduced12.32milliontonsofoilin2010,makingitthethirdlargestoilexporterinEurope.Thenaturalgasis8.09billioncubicmeters,andtheprovenlignitereservesare90millioncubicmeters.Theforestcoversanareaof​​486,000hectares,withacoveragerateofabout10%.TheNorthSeaandtheBalticSeaareimportantoffshorefishinggrounds.

TheDanishgovernmentisaparliamentarydemocracyunderaconstitutionalmonarchy,andtheparliamentislocatedinthecapitalCopenhagen.Denmarkisaunitarycountry.ThecentralgovernmenthasconsiderablepowersandisresponsibleforpartoftheaffairsoftheFaroeIslandsandGreenland.

DenmarkisahighlydevelopedeconomyandisrecognizedasadevelopedcountrybytheUnitedNations.Denmarkisatypicalwelfarestate,withaverysmallgapbetweentherichandthepoor,anditscitizensenjoyanextremelyhighstandardofliving.DenmarkisamemberoftheEuropeanUnionandoneofthefoundingmembersoftheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.

Norway

Norway(KongeriketNorge),thefullnameoftheKingdomofNorway,means"theroadtothenorth".LocatedinthewesternpartofScandinavia,borderingSwedentotheeastandtheAtlanticOceantothewest.Thecoastlineisextremelywinding,formingauniquefjordsceneryinNorway.Inaddition,NorwayalsobordersFinlandandRussia.Norway’sterritoryalsoincludesSvalbardandJanMayen,anditscapitalisOslo.OnJune7,1905,NorwayannounceditsseparationfromtheUnionofSwedenandNorwayandbecameasovereignandindependentcountry.InOctober2009,accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramUnitedNationsDevelopmentIndexranking,Norwaytoppedthelistofthemostlivablecountries.

Norwaycoversanareaof​​385,252squarekilometers(includingSvalbard,JanMayenandotherterritories).ItislocatedinthewesternpartofScandinaviainNorthernEurope,borderingSwedentotheeast,FinlandandRussiatothenortheast,Denmarkacrosstheseatothesouth,andtheNorwegianSeatothewest.Thecoastlineis21,000kilometers(includingthefjords),andtherearemanynaturalharbors.TheScandinavianmountainsrunthroughtheentireterritory,andplateaus,mountains,andglaciersaccountformorethan2/3oftheentireterritory.Hills,lakes,andswampsarewidespreadinthesouth.Mostareashaveatemperatemaritimeclimate.

Norwayhasasubarcticconiferousforestclimate,whileSvalbardandJanMayenhaveatundraclimate.Theannualaveragetemperatureofthecapitalis7℃,andtheannualprecipitationisabout740mm.InBergen,locatedonitswestcoast,youcanenjoythefjordsceneryformedbymillionsofyearsofglacialterrainchanges,andthebeautifulsceneryonbothsidesofthemountainssurroundedbymountainsisdizzying.

TheNorwegianeconomyisanexampleofthesuccessfulcombinationofmarketliberalizationandgovernmentmacro-control.Thegovernmentcontrolsmajoreconomicsectors,suchastheoilindustry.Norwayisrichinnaturalresources,whicharemainlymanifestedinoil,waterconservancy,fisheries,forestsandminerals.Amongthem,theNorwegianeconomyislargelydependentontheoilindustryandinternationaloilprices.Forexample,in1999,Norway’soilandnaturalgasaccountedforitstotalexports.Asanon-OPECmember,Norway’soiloutputissecondonlytoSaudiArabiaandRussia.

Finland

FinlandislocatedinnorthernEurope.ItbordersSweden,Norway,andRussia,theGulfofFinlandtothesouthandtheGulfofBothniatothewest.Thecoastlineis1,100kilometerslong.Theterrainishighinthenorthandlowinthesouth.Theinlandwaterareaaccountsfor10%ofthecountry'sarea.Thereareabout179,000islandsandabout188,000lakes.Itisknownasthe"countryofathousandlakes".Onethirdofthecountry'slandisintheArcticCircle.Ithasatemperatecontinentalclimate.Theaveragetemperatureis-14℃-3℃inwinterand13℃-17℃insummer.Theaverageannualrainfallis600mm.TheearliestinhabitantsofFinlandwereLappeople,soFinlandwasalsocalledLapland.Later,theFinnsmovedinandestablishedtheGrandDuchyofFinland.ItwasruledbySwedeninthesecondhalfofthetwelfthcentury.AftertheRussian-SwissWarin1809,itwasmergedintoimperialRussiaandbecametheGrandDuchy.TheRepublicofFinlanddeclaredindependenceinDecember1917.Thewinteriscold,andonlythesouthismilder.Fromsouthtonorth,theaveragetemperatureinJanuaryisabout-4--16℃;inJuly,thetemperatureis16-13℃.Theannualprecipitationisabout400-600mm.

Theforestareaaccountsfor71%ofthetotalarea,dominatedbypineandspruce.Abundantwaterresources.Therearemineraldepositsofcopper,zinc,gold,chromium,cobalt,titaniumandvanadium.

In2003,therewere4.33millionforeigntouristsinFinland,andtourismrevenuewas1.655billioneuros,accountingfor1.15%ofGDP.TouristsmainlycomefromSweden,Russia,Germany,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.ThemaintouristspotsareHelsinki,Turku,EasternLakeDistrict,NorthernLabiRegionandAlandIsland.

Polarnightandday:SincemostoftheprovinceofLaplandinFinlandislocatedintheArcticCircle,youcanseethepolarnightandday.Intheday,themidnightskywillnotbedark,eveninthesouthThecoastalsohas19-20hoursofsunshine.

Finlandisahighlyindustrializedandliberalizedmarketeconomy,anditspercapitaoutputisaboutthesameasthatofBritain,France,GermanyorItaly.Themainpillaroftheeconomyismanufacturing-mainlywood,metal,engineering,telecommunicationsandelectronicsindustries.Finland’scommunicationsindustryiswell-developed,representedbyNokia.FinlandisknowntohavethehighestproportionofInternetaccessandthehighestnumberofmobilephonespercapita.TradeisveryimportanttoFinland.Aboutone-thirdofGDPcomesfromexports.Inadditiontowoodandafewminerals,Finlanddependsonimportsforrawmaterials,energyandsomeindustrialcomponents.

Sweden

Sweden,locatedinthesoutheasternpartofScandinaviainNorthernEurope.Theareaisabout450,000squarekilometers.Thecoastlineis7624kilometerslong.Withapopulationof9.68million,90%liveinthesouthernandcentralregions.Swedesaccountforabout90%,aswellasFinnsandSamipeople.96%ofresidentsbelieveinChristianLutheranism.GeneralSwedish.Since1397,ithasbeenamemberoftheKalmarUnionunderDanishcontrol.Regainedindependencein1523.Neutralitywasdeclaredinbothworldwars.ItestablisheddiplomaticrelationswithChinaonMay9,1950.

TheKingdomofSwedenislocatedintheeasternhalfofScandinavia,withNorwaytothewestandnorthwest,Finlandtothenortheast,theGulfofBothniaandtheBalticSeatotheeast,andtheNorthSeatothesouthwest.Thecountrycoversanareaof​​449,965squarekilometers,whichisalmosttwicethesizeoftheUnitedKingdom,makingitthethirdlargestcountryinEurope.FromSkonainthesouthtotheSwedishLappregioninthenorth,itis1,600kilometerslong.Nearlyhalfofthecountryislocatedsouthof60°Nlatitude,andtheterrainslopesfromnorthwesttosoutheast.

SwedenisnottoocoldinwinterduetotheinfluenceofthewarmNorthAtlanticcurrentandtheBalticSea.Mostareashaveatemperateconiferousforestclimate,andasmallpartofthesouthernmostareahasatemperatebroad-leavedforestclimate.TheaveragetemperatureinFebruaryis-12.9℃inthenorthand-0.7℃inthesouth;Julyis12.8℃inthenorthand17.2℃inthesouth.Theaverageannualprecipitationis555mm.

ThewholeofSwedencanbedividedintothreeregionsaccordingtothedifferentnaturalenvironment:thenorth,thecentralandthesouth.

Northof60°northlatitudeisthenorthernregion,whichtheSwedescallNordland.Itcoversanareaof​​244,1461squarekilometers,accountingfor60%ofthecountry'sarea,anditspopulationaccountsforonly15%ofthecountry'stotalpopulation.ThisisSweden’smainforestarea,theforestareaaccountsfor57%ofthecountry’sforestarea;Sweden’simportantironoredepositshaveahighironcontent,rangingfrom35%to63%.MostoftheoreisshippedtoRuhr,Germany.NorthernSwedenisthemainsourceoforefortheRuhr.

Thisareahasthelargestundergroundironoreintheworld.Itisrichinhydropowerresources,accountingfor77%ofthecountry’shydropowergeneration.ThisregionincludestheprovincesofGävleborg,Västernorrland,Västerbotten,Norrbotten,Jämtlandandsoon.Thepopulationdensityoftheentirenorthernregionisverysmall,only4peoplepersquarekilometer,mostlyconcentratedinthecoastalandrivervalleys.ThisareaisalsoinhabitedbytheSwedishRapppeople,whomakealivingfromagricultureandherdingreindeer.

Swedish’smajorcitiesStockholm(capital)andGothenburgareinthisarea.Thisregionhasdevelopedindustries,includingironandsteel,machinemanufacturing,chemistry,papermaking,printing,textiles,shipbuilding,automobiles,oilrefining,foodandotherindustries.GothenburgisalsoSweden'smainport.Thecentralregioncanbedividedintothreeregions:west,east,andnorth.Itcoversanareaof​​1,09539squarekilometers,accountingfor27%ofSweden,andthepopulationaccountsfor56%ofthepopulationofthecountry.

Iceland

TheRepublicofIceland(Icelandic:Ísland),referredtoasIceland,isanislandcountryintheNorthAtlanticOcean.ItislocatedattheintersectionoftheNorthAtlanticOceanandtheArcticOcean.ItisoneofthefiveNordiccountries.Withanareaof​​103,000squarekilometersandapopulationofabout320,000,itisthecountrywiththesmallestpopulationdensityinEurope.ThecapitalisReykjavík,whichisalsothelargestcityinIceland.Thesouthwesternregionnearthecapitalaccountsfortwo-thirdsofthecountry'spopulation.Icelandislocatedonthemid-Atlanticridge.Itisacountrywithmanyvolcanoesandfrequentgeologicalactivities.Theinlandismainlyplain,withsandy,cooledlavaplainsandglaciersintheterritory.AlthoughIcelandislocatedontheedgeoftheArcticCircle,thereisawarmGulfStream,sothetemperatureismoderate.

Icelandisrichingeothermalresourcesandhotspringsarewidespread.Fishery,hydropower,andgeothermalresourcesareabundant,andothernaturalresourcesarescarce.Productssuchaspetroleumneedtobeimported.Theannualhydropowergenerationcapacitythatcanbedevelopedis64billionkWh,andtheannualgeothermalpowergenerationcapacitycanreach7.2billionkWh.

Accordingtothe"BookofColonization",thehistoryofEuropeansettlerscanbetracedbackto874AD.TheVikingIngeAnnasonandhispartyweretheearliestpermanentsettlersinIceland.TheearlysettlersonlyspentthewinterinIceland.Inthefollowingcenturies,ScandinavianssettledinIcelandandtheyalsobroughtGaelicslaves.IcelandbecamepartofNorwayfrom1262to1918,andwaslaterruledbytheDanishroyalfamily.Icelanddeclaredindependencein1918andestablishedarepublicin1944.

Icelandisahighlydevelopedcapitalistcountry,anditscitizenshaveNordicwelfaresystemssuchashealthinsuranceandhighereducationprovidedbythestate.Icelandranked13thintheUnitedNationsHumanDevelopmentIndexin2014.IcelandistheNATOmembercountrywiththesmallestpopulationandtheonlycountrywithoutastandingarmy.OnlytheCoastGuardundertakesnationaldefensetasks.

Tourism

Attractionintroduction

HelsinkiTemppeliaukionChurch

TheRockChurchislocatedinHelsinki,thecapitalofFinland,isoneofthemostfamouschurchesinEurope.TheexactaddressisinHelsinki'sTempelliRockSquare.Themainsquareiscoveredbyahugeundulatingrock,whichis8-13metersabovetheground.Thelocalsarecomplete.Thenaturaltopographyispreserved.Thechurchismadeoflocalmaterials.Thewallsaremadeofunmodifiedrocks.Itlooksstrangeandchaotic.Butinfact,everypieceofrockiscarefullypiledtoformapatchwork,bringingoriginalitytothechurch.Therockwallsaroundthechurchalsoenhancetheacousticsofthechurch.Thechurchisveryartistic,anditwasbuiltin1969bytheSiomaraniebrothers.Therockchurchcanaccommodateupto940peopletopraytogetheratthesametime.Itisalsoscheduledtoholdachoir.Theuniqueechoeffectofthechurchrockwallmakestheacousticsofthechurchreachahighlevel,somanyconcertswillbeheld.

Openinghours:TheopeninghoursoftheRockChurchvary,pleasepayattentionwhenvisiting.

Howtogetthere:Youcantaketram3B,3TandgetoffatTempelliRockSquare.

Geirangerfjorden

GeirangerfjordenisoneofthemostmysteriousplacesinNorway,onbothsidesofthefjordThepeaksaretowering,andmanywaterfallsonthecliffscascadedownintothefjord.AsthemostpopularattractioninNorthernEurope,GeirangerfjordandNærøyfjordarelistedasWorldHeritageSitesbyUNESCO.Geirangerfjordislocatedinthewest.ThefamousscenicspothastheSevenSisterswaterfalls,buttherearemorethansevenwaterfallscascadingintothefjord,thesceneryismagnificentandbeautiful.Thesurroundingareaissuitableforfishing,canoeing,horsebackriding,raftingandotheractivities.Youcanalsotakethesightseeingboats"SevenSisters"and"BridalVeil"toadmirethemagnificentlandscapesthatflydownthreethousandfeetandthefarmhousesonsteepcliffs.Theitineraryisaboutone.Abouthours.Localaccommodationcanchoosecampingsites,cabinsandotherspecialaccommodationexperiences,andyoucanalsostayinhotelsandrestaurantswithbeautifulviewsoftheSevenSistersFalls.

TravelGuide

Thereisasix-hourtimedifferencebetweenBeijingandHelsinki.JulyandAugustarethepeaktouristseasonsinNorthernEurope,withacoolclimateandlongdays.

NorthernEurope(10photos)

ThefirststopisHelsinki,thecapitalofFinland.ThisisaseaportcitynexttotheBalticSea,perhapsacoastalcityTheclimateisveryhumidandtheextremecoldisonlyaboutminus10degreesCelsius.ItisverydifferentfromnorthernFinland.Helsinki'sforestcoveragerateisquitehigh,likeacitybuiltintheforest.Thevirginforestsontheoutskirtsarewellpreserved.LookingaheadGoingtoagreenlandscapeaddstotheexpectationofHelsinki.ThenIcametotherailwaystation.ThelocalrailwaystationhasalonghistoryandisoneofthelandmarksofHelsinki.ItisamodelofEuropeanarchitectureinthe20thcentury.Itransferredtothesubwayandwentstraighttothehoteltocamp.WanderingaroundinthecenterofHelsinkiatnoon,IfoundthatEuropeancitieshaveacharacteristic.Thecathedralinthecenterofthecitymustbethecathedral.Nearbytherewillbethetownhallandthebuildingfacilitiesofthesquare.Inthecenterofthesquare,thereisabronzestatueofTsarAlexanderII.TheemperorgavetheFinnstherighttoself-governance.Therearemanystreetperformersinthesquare.Therearesouvenirshopssellingwoodenproducts,knives,leathergoodsandothersmallcommodities,butthepricesarerelativelyexpensive.PerhapsthepriceleveloftheNordiceconomyisalsoveryhigh.High,thepeoplehereliveverycomfortably,materiallifeandspirituallifehavereachedaveryhighlevel,resultinginaverylowcrimerateandpeoplecanliveinharmony.

Diplomacy

DenmarkisamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,amemberofNATO,andanon-eurocountry.

SwedenisamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,amemberofNATO,andanon-eurocountry.

FinlandisamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,anon-NATOmember,andaEurocountry.

NorwayisnotamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,amemberofNATO,andanon-eurocountry.

IcelandisnotamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,amemberofNATO,andanon-eurocountry.

Economy

NorthernEuropeisafairytaleworld.

Nordiccelebrities(5photos)

istheDenmarkofthelittlemermaiddescribedbyAndersen,Norway,thebirthplaceofthelittleherooftheNorthSea,andFinland,thehometownofSantaClaus,withmorethan200seatsVolcanicIcelandandSweden,thebirthplaceofNobel.

NorthernEuropeisamodelworld.

Finlandisafrequentvisitortotheglobaleconomiccompetitivenesschampion,Denmarkisthebestbusinessinvestmentenvironment,NorwayandIcelandwonthechampionshipandrunner-upofthehappiestcountries,andSwedenhasthemostliveablecities.

NorthernEuropeistheworldofthefuture.

Swedencallsforbecomingtheworld'sfirstoil-freecountryin2020.Thewholecountryisstrivingtodevelopalternativeenergysourcesandbecomeanewwaveofglobalcompetition.

TheNordicsurveyreportoftheAmericanInstituteofGlobalCompetitiveness,foryoutolearnfromthewisdomofsmallcountries.Lookatthefutureenergyofturningsludgeintobiogasandwoodchipstorefinealcohol,thefuturecarthattakesintoaccountlowcarbondioxideemissionsandhorsepowerperformance,andthefutureofthecity.

Intermsofeconomiccompetitiveness,thefiveNordiccountriesoftenleadtheworld.Inthe2006-2007GlobalCompetitivenessRankingsoftheWorldEconomicForum(WEF),Finland,Sweden,andDenmarkrankedsecond,third,andfourth,whileNorwayandIcelandranked12thand14threspectively.Priortothis,Finlandhadwonthechampionshipforthreeconsecutiveyears.Inthepastfewyears,Norwayhasrapidlyrisentothehighestaverageincomecountryintheworld,about60,000U.S.dollars.Intermsoftechnologicalinnovation,thefiveNordiccountriesarealsofarahead.TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit(EIU)surveyedtheworld'smostinnovativecountries(regions)from2002to2006.Sweden,Finland,andDenmarkwereranked4th,5th,and7threspectively,andTaiwanofChinaranked8th.

Intermsofqualityoflife,despitetheharshnaturalconditionsandthesnowandiceforhalfayeareveryyear,theNordicsstillwinthechampionship.TheUnitedNationsselectedtheworld’smostlivableandhappycountryin2006(thecountrywiththebesthumandevelopmentindex)basedonthreeindicators:healthyliving,knowledge,andlivingstandards.ExceptforNorway,whichhaswonthechampionshipforsixconsecutiveyears,itcontinuestorankfirstandsecond.TwoareIceland,andtheotherthreeNordiccountriesarealsointhetop15.

These"certificates"allreflectthattheNordiccountriesarenotonlyeconomicallycompetitive,innovativeinthebusinessworld,people’slivesarehappy,andtheenvironmentissuitableforhumanhabitation.Theyshouldsay“theworld’sstrongestcompetition"StrengthinNorthernEurope"isnotanexaggeration.Butwhyarethesefivesmallcountriesinthecornersoftheworldabletobecomethebenchmarkofnationalcompetitivenessundertheglobalspotlighttoday?

1.Thefivecountrieshaveatotalpopulationof25million,buttheskyandthecapeareglobalinmind.

ThesizeofthefiveNordiccountriesislargerthanthatofTaiwanProvince,exceptforDenmark,whichcoversanareaof​​43,000squarekilometers.Inaddition,theareaof​​theotherfourcountriesisseveraltimesthatofTaiwanProvince.Thereasonwhytheymodestlycallthemselvesa"smallcountry"ismainlybecauseoftheirsmallpopulation.Swedenhasthelargestpopulationofmorethan9millionpeople,andthesmallestIcelandhasonly310,000people.Thepopulationofthefivecountriesisonly2millionmorethanTaiwanProvince’s23millionpeople.

Becausetheyconsiderthemselvessmallcountriesandfewpeople,thefiveNordiccountrieshavenotlockedtheircountries,butarenotarrogantorhumble.Theyareevenmoreawarethattheymustembracetheworldwithopenarmsandcannotbeoutsidetheglobaleconomy.

In"TheVikingMenifesto"(TheVikingMenifesto),thetwoauthors,SteveStridandClaesAndreasson,mentionedthattheygrewupinthesmallcountryofNorthernEurope,Itshouldbeashortcoming,butbecauseofthesmallpopulationandsmalllocalmarket,themoreitcanstimulatethemotivationtolookoutside.ThismakesthefivesmallNordiccountriesveryinternational;forexample,peoplelearnlanguages​​quickly,adoptnewtechnologies,andintegrateintootherculturesquickly.

HuangShijiapointedoutthattheaveragepeopleinthefiveNordiccountriesare"trilingual".Inadditiontotheirnativemothertongue,theyarealsoproficientinEnglish,andthenlearnanotherEuropeanlanguageasasecondforeignlanguage.

2.Deeplycultivateeducationandresearchanddevelopment,knowledgeeconomyreplacesresourcedependence

Infact,inthepasttenyears,thefiveNordiccountrieshavealsofacedtraditionalindustriesthathavemovedtoEasternEuropeandIndiaduetocostconsiderations.AndtheproblemofmainlandChina.Inordertobecomeaneconomythatreliesonknowledge,thefiveNordiccountriesactivelyinvestinhigh-qualityeducationandinnovativeresearchanddevelopment.

Forexample,theproportionofR&DexpenditureinSwedenisashighas3.7%,Finlandis3.5%,andIcelandis2.9%.TheproportionofR&Dexpenditureinthefivecountriesisnotonlyhigherthantheaverageofthe25EUcountries1.86%,evensurpassingmajorcountriessuchasBritain,theUnitedStates,andGermany.FinlandevenshoutedthatR&Dexpendituresin2010willreachthetargetof4%.

FormerFinnishPrimeMinisterLipponenoncesaidbluntlythatFinland’sdevelopmentfromacountrythatreliesonresourcestoacountrythatreliesonknowledgeistheresultofeducationandinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment.

ThereisanAlborginnorthernDenmark,whichisanimportantresearchcenterforwirelesscommunicationnetworks.ImportantinternationalcommunicationcompaniessuchasFinland’sNokia,Germany’sSiemens,andSouthKorea’sSamsungarestillAllarewillingtojointhisjointresearchsettlement.

PeterKoch,directoroftheRadioCommunicationSoftwareCenterofAalborgUniversity,saidthatthejointresearchistoattractdomesticandforeigntalentsandstimulateeachother'sinnovativeideastomakeupforthehollowingoutofDanishtraditionalindustries..

Infact,thescientificandtechnologicalstrengthofNorthernEurope,fromtelecommunications,heavyindustry,militarytechnology,automobileindustry,etc.,hasbeenstrongfornearlyahundredyears,suchasEricsson,NOKIA,VOLVO,SAABandotherbrandshavelongbeenfamousintheworld.CoupledwithcontinuousR&Denergy,thecompetitivenessofthefivesmallNordiccountriesisderivedfromthegrandpatternofopeningupandwinning,andthedeepcultivationstrategyofinvestinginR&Dfunds.

3.Hightaxesandhighwelfare,fromthecradletothegrave.

ThefiveNordiccountriesaretypicalsocialwelfarecountries,withhighincomeandhightaxes,butalsohighwelfare..BecausetheNordicgovernmenthastakenthehard-earnedmoneyofthepeople,thereisverylittlespreadofcorruptionandcorruption.Instead,ithasestablishedasubstantialsocialsafetynettotakecareoftheprocessofeverycitizenfromthecradletothegrave.Autopianrealmofsupportandendoflife.

FrommanyrelatedsurveysinNorthernEurope,itisnotdifficulttofindthatthesourceoftheirhappinessisnothingmorethanabstractfamily,health,friendship,trustandotherfactors,ratherthanhavingalargeamountofwealth.

WuXianghuimentionedinthebook"FinlandAmazing"thatabout30%ofFinland'stotalnationalbudgetisusedforsocialwelfare.InFinland,school-agechildrenreceiveanaverageannualgovernmentsubsidyof10,000euros.Bytheageof24,theyspendmorethan160,000eurosonnationalsocialwelfarefunds.Itcanbesaidthateducationisfreeforlife,andeducationexpendituresonlyaccountfor1%ofhouseholdexpenditures.%,educationexpendituresarealltakencareofbythegovernment.

AugustoLopez-Claros,aneconomistwhopresidedovertheWorldEconomicForum’sGlobalCompetitivenessRankingSurvey,saidthatthefiveNordiccountrieshave“asoundoveralleconomicenvironmentandatransparentandefficientpublicsector.Thegovernmentbudgetisveryconsistentwiththepriorityofgovernance,"whichiswhyithasrepeatedlyrankedamongthebestinthecompetition.

Education

TheNordiccountries(Norway,Sweden,Finland,IcelandandDenmark)havealotincommon.Theyareallwelfarecountriesandhavealonghistoryofcooperation.ButdifferentNordiccountrieshavedifferentcurriculumstructures.OnlyinthelowergradesoftheNordiccountriesaregeographycoursesofferedseparately.GeographyclassesinNorway,IcelandandSwedenarepartofthesocialsciences.InFinlanditispartofbiologyandgeography.

InNorwayandIceland,civics,history,andgeographyarealltaughtinsocialclasses,butthesethreecourseshavetheirownsystems.ThesamestructurealsoappearsinSweden,butthesocialclassesinSwedencoverawiderrangeandalsoincludereligiousclasses.

InFinland,geographyandbiology,physics,chemistryandhealtheducationareusedastheteachingcontentoftheenvironmentandhealthcoursesforthefirstfouryears.Ingrades5-6,geographyandbiologyclassesconstitutebiologyandgeographyclasses.Ingrades7-9,geographyandbiologyarestillbiologyandgeography,butbothsubjectshavetheirownacademicstatus.

InDenmark,GeographyandBiology,Physics,andChemistryformanaturalandtechnicalcourseforGrades1-6,andGeographyforGrades7-9isaseparatecourse.

InNorway,afterthe2006curriculumreform,geographystillappearsasacompulsorycourseinsecondaryschools.In2005,thestatusofgeographyinSwedishsecondaryschoolswasquestioned,andthegeographycoursewasreplacedbyanewcourse"sustainabledevelopment".InFinnishsecondaryschools,physicalgeographyandhumangeographyeachhaveacompulsorycourse.InIceland,allgeography-relatedcoursesarecompulsorycourses.InFinland,geographyisnolongerarequiredcourseatthesecondarylevel.

ItisveryinterestingthatthegeographyclassbelongstothesocialsciencesinsomecountriessuchasNorwayandSweden.InDenmarkitisclassifiedintonaturalsciences.InFinland,geographycoursesaremainlynaturalsciences,withtheexceptionofhumangeographycoursesatthesecondarylevel.InIceland,geographyclass(includinggeographyclassandgeomorphologyclass)belongstonaturalscienceandsocialscienceatthesametime.

Humangeographyandphysicalgeography?Oratraditionalgeographycourse?

InallNordiccountries,geographyclassesinjuniorhighschoolsarecompletegeographyclasses.Inhighschool,completegeographyclassesappearedinNorwayandSweden.InDenmark,physicalgeographyisemphasized.InIcelandandFinland,geographycoursesaredividedintophysicalgeographyandhumangeography.

Nordicmythology

Nordicmythologyoriginallyoriginatedfromtheworshipofthesunandtheabilitytogeneratenature.ItisauniquemythologicalsysteminScandinavia.ItsformationtimeisrelativelyThehistoryoftheoraltransmissionofNorsemythologycanbetracedbacktothe1-2centuriesAD.ItwasfirstpopularinNorway,Denmark,andSweden,andthenfollowedbyagroupofimmigrantsnorthwardinthe7thcentury.SpreadtoIcelandandotherplaces.DuringtheMiddleAges,ChristianityprevailedthroughoutEurope.Duetoitspowerfulpoliticalattacks,mostoftheworksthatrecordNorsemythologywereconsideredhereticalandburned.ThemorecompleteonesthathavebeenpreservedaretheIcelandicepic"Ada"andtheGermanicepic"Niber"."TheSongofDragonRoots"andsoon.Norsemythologyisapolytheisticsystem,roughlydividedintofoursystems:giants,gods,elvesanddwarfs.Amongthem,giantscreatedtheworldandgavebirthtogods,butatthesametimetheyarealsothegreatestenemyofthegods,whichcanbeunderstoodasapersonifiednaturalforce.Thegodsaredividedintotwotribes,theAsatribe(Asirtribe)headedbythemaingodOdin,andtheWarnertribe(Vanirtribe)headedbythegodofthesea,Niord,amongwhichtherearetwelvemaingodsindivual.Elvesandgnomesbelongtodemigods.Theyservethegods.Theirspecificoriginsarestillveryvague.TheybelongtoaspecialcreationintheGermanicregion.TherearemanyveryspecialpartsinNorsemythology,suchasthecreationofhumanbeings.Thewomanwascreatedfirst,andthematerialofcreationwasnotthesoilshowninmostmyths,butabranch.Amoreprominentfeatureisdeterminedbyitsgeographiclocation.BecauseScandinaviaislocatedintheextremenorthandiscoldallyearround,thefrostgianthasahighstatusinmythology,anditoftenmakesthegodsfeelaheadache..Secondly,theviewsondestructionandrebirthhavethegreatestimpact.Unlikeothermythologicalsystems,thegodsinNorsemythologyareimperfectandfacethefateofdestruction.Forexample,Odinsacrificedhislefteyeandwashangedinordertogainknowledge.Afterninenightsonthetree,aftersufferingalotoftrauma,hegotthespearthatsymbolizeshispower.Butontheotherhand,Norsemythologybelievesthatwhenallthingsdieout,newlifewillbeformedagain,andeverythingintheworldiscircular,butthisisnotthereincarnationofIndianmythologyandBuddhism.

Norsemythologyisamyththathasbeenforgottenforalongtime.ThedescendantsoftheancientNordicpeoplehaveabandonedthistreasureforcenturies.TheNordicmythologywasfirstspreadinFinland,Sweden,NorwayandIceland,andeveninNorthAmericaandGreenland.ItwascreatedbytheScandinaviannation(theancestoroftheVikings),oneoftheGermanicnations,andlaterinRome.Theempirecollapsed.Atthistime,theNavianstooktheopportunitytodevelop(invade)otherplacesinEurope.Theterm"Viking"(whichmeanspeoplelivinginthebayorharbor)beganatthistime,andtheNorsemythologygraduallyTendtobecomplete.ThedescendantsoftheheroesinNordicmythology,thatis,theGermanicnationofScandinaviaandtheNortheastLowlandsofGermany.Theywereborninadesolateandharshnaturalenvironmentanddevelopedabraveandsturdypersonality.Wandering,fighting,andhuntingaretheirdailylifestyles.Theyoftenexpeditiontoothercountriesundertheleadershipofboldandenterprisingleaders,andforeigncountrieswinstatusandwealththatarenotavailableontheirown.

Theoriginalcultureofthesevictoriouscountriesmaynotbebetterthanthecountriesconqueredbythem,andtheirweaponsandequipmentmaynotnecessarilysurpasseachother.Buttheyhavetheadventurousspiritoffearlessnessandthecouragetoregarddeathashome.ThisisanimportantreasonwhytheGermanicnationcaninvadethewholeofEurope.TheseGermanicwarriors,whowerenotafraidofdeath,graduallyexpandedthescopeoftheexpedition.In400AD,theywereborderedbytheRhineandDanuberiversandwereadjacenttotheRomanEmpire.WhentheRomanpowerwasdeclining,theycontinuedtoinvadetheterritoryoftheRomanEmpire.

Bythemiddleofthefifthcentury,theGermanicnationwasoppressedfromtheeastandthenorthbytheFen(theNorthernHunswhoweredefeatedbytheHanEmpireandmovedwest),whichcausedaragingethnicmigration.ThisiswhattheGermanscalltheeraofheroes.MostoftheheroesintheNordiclegendsaretheheroesofthisera.Asaresultofthisgreatmigration,asfarasRussiaisintheeast,asfarastheFrenchcoastandBreedenIslandinthewest,asfarasSpain,theItalianPeninsula,Sicily,andNorthAfricainthesouth,theyareallinvadedbytheGermans,evenasfarawayasGreenlandandpartoftheAmericancontinent.Theirfootprints.TheNordicmythsthathavebeenpasseddowntothisdayaretheproductofthisnation.Fromtheeighthcenturytotheeleventhcentury,theVikingsshockedallofEurope.TheywerethemostterrifyingpiratesontheseasofEurope.Theycouldevenrivalthenationalarmy.ItwasthedarkperiodinEurope.BecausetheyoftenwentouttofightandwereinfluencedbyChristianity,writing,andart,theVikingsbegantohaveprayers,complexceremonies,exquisitesculptures,andpoetry.ThisistheheydayofNordicmythology.,ButitisregardedasacultbytheChristianChurch.Buttherecordsofmythsnolongerexistintoday'sGermaniccountries.Instead,itwaspreservedonIceland,anisolatedislandfullofvolcanoesandglaciersintheNorthSea.TheGermanicgodswerecompletelyforgottenbytheGermanicnation.ThemostimportantreasonisthecontactwiththeRomanEmpireandtheassimilationofChristianitythroughcontact.Coupledwithnaturaldisastersandman-madedisasters,especiallythe"ThirtyYearsWar"of1618-1648AD,theGermanicculturewasincompleteandobsolete,andthelegendsofheroesfellintotheabyssofoblivionandsealedinthelongriverofhistory.

Afterthe13thcentury,theVikingswereweakandthepoweroftheEuropeanchurchesincreased.NorsemythologybegantobelostandbannedthroughoutEurope.TheVikingswerealsoforcedtoconverttoChristianityandCatholicism.TheiceandsnowinIcelandarespreadamongthebardsontheislandintheformofpoetryandprose.Thesebardsarecalled"Scarder".TheywereoriginallydescendantsofthefallenVikingaristocracy.Theyhaveahighlevelofknowledge.TheyarefreetouseallkindsofcomplicatedmetaphorsandmetaphorstorecordandcreateNorsemythsandmyths.Thestoryofheroes,anditkeepsincreasingwiththetimes.SomescholarssaythatthereasonwhyNordicmythologyissosad,butalsoweirdandheroic,canbesaidtobetheirmasterpieces,becausetheyarethelostnobleswhohavecomehereinexile.Descendantsof,sotheheartisnaturallyfullofgriefoflosingthecountryandlivinginaforeignland.CoupledwithIceland’syear-roundicyandsnowyclimate,andIcelanditselfisavolcanicislandformedbyvolcanoes,thelandisrockyandbarren.Volcanoeseruptfromtimetotime,formingastrongcontrastwiththeicyweather,soitisnotdifficulttoimaginehowpoignantandmajestictheNordicmythswrittenbythesepoetsarefulloftragicherostories.

Inthatera,onlytheChristianpriestswereliterate.Theywereinchargeofrecordsandkeptdocuments.Theynaturallyhatedpaganlegends,manuscripts,songs,etc.,andcleanedthemup;onlyafewmaterialssurvived:theBritish"Beowulf""-Beowulf,Germany's"NibelungenSong"-Nibelungenliedandsomefragments-Saga(LegendofHeroes),andtwoIcelandicmythologicalpoems"AdaSutra"-Edda(PoeticEddaandProseAiUpto).Inaddition,theGermanicpeoplebelievedthattheancientscriptusedoriginally-Runenschrift,wasaspellwithmagicalpowers.Ifthelanguagewasformedintowords,itwouldbeequivalenttograntingmysteriouspowertotheenemy.Therefore,notonlythebeliefsoftheancientGermans,butalsothewayoflifearedifficulttoverifytoday.

IcelandisthelastNorthlandtobeChristianized.Themissionariesseemtobegentler,ortheymaybelessinfluential.LatindidnotexpeltheliterarylanguageoftheNorth.PeoplestilltellancientstoriesinPutonghua,buttheauthorandtimecannotbetested.

Afterthe13thcentury,theoldandnew"Aida"(collectionofpoems)and"FelsengaSakya"(collectionofessays)werediscoveredoneafteranother,andnewcharacterswerere-used[becausetheNordicpeopleweretheearliestInanancientscriptcalled"FordHack",alsocalled"runa",itissaidthatitwascreatedbyOdin,oneofthethreepillargods,andbelongstotheancientGermaniclanguage.Itwaspasseddownintheninthcentury.EnteringNorthernEurope,however,theNordicpeopleincorporateditinto"FordHack"andusedittowritepoetryandprose,soitwasimpossibletoreaditdirectlyintheseventeenthcentury,andneededtobetranslated.]Itwaswrittenintheseventeenthcentury.,Germany,etc.,spreadinGermanicnation-states,andbecametheonlytreasureinthestudyofNordicmythologytoday.

Theoldest"OldAidaSutra"-ElderEdda(PoeticEdda)manuscriptwaswrittenaround1200AD,thatis,twohundredyearsafterChristianitycamein,thereareancientballadsinthebookTwenty-ninepiecesplussimilarballadsfoundelsewherearecombinedintothirty-fourpieces.Theseballadsdonothavetitles,andthenamesoftheauthorsandeditorsarealsounknown.Scholarshavedeterminedthattheyareveryold,andtheywerewrittenbetween850and1150AD.Thiswasthe"VikingAge".ThesepirateswouldspreadthelegendarysongsheardbytheresidentsoftheLowerRhineRiverbacktoScandinaviaandIceland,andthentheywouldbechantedbybardsandretouchedintotheformhandeddowntoday.Theseoralsongswerenotwrittenuntilthemiddleofthe13thcentury.Thisishowthe"OldAidaSutra"cameintobeing.

Theprosestyleof"NewAidaSutra"-YoungerEdda(ProseEdda)isanameofSnowyattheendofthetwelfthcentury.WrittenbySnorriSturluson.Themainbodyisatechnicalessaythatteachespeopletowritepoetry,plussomeancientmythologicalmaterialsthatarenotavailableinthe"OldAidaSutra".

The"OldAidaSutra"ismoreimportant.Itiscomposedofmanypoems.Theyusuallydescribethesamestory,buttheyarenotconnectedtoeachother.Itcontainsthematerialoftheepicpoem,whichmaybegreaterthanthecontentoftheGreek"Iliad",butnoNordicpoethasrewrittenthepreviousstoryof"Iliad"likeHomertorectifyit.ThereisnogeniusinNorthernEuropewhoweldsallthepoemsintoone,turningthemintoabeautifulandvastepic;nooneeventhrowsawaytheroughandordinarycontentanddeletesthenaiveandannoyingrepetitiveparts.Sometimesthe"OldAidaSutra"listsseveralpagesofpeople'snamesinsuccession.Despitethepoorstyle,thestoryitselfstillshineslight.Thepoetsofthe"OldAidaSutra"seemtohavegreatconceptsbutnoexpressiveskills.Manystoriesaregreat.Exceptforseveralstoriesrewrittenbytragicpoets,Greekmythologycannotbecomparedwithit.

ThebestNordicstoriesareverytragic,depictingmenandwomenresolutelygoingtodeath,evendeliberatelychoosingtodie,andtheyhavebeenwellplanned."Magnificent"istheonlylightinthedark.Andwhatrunsthroughallofthisisamiserableworldviewofbattle,whichformsastrongcontrastwiththeGreekmythologyinthesouth.Thebattleofeternalcalamityshroudedallmyths.TheworldofNorsemythologywascreatedbybattle,anditwasalsodestroyedbybattle.Themythologyofanynationhasthelegendofcreation,buttheNorsemythologytriesitsbesttodescribethedestructionoftheuniverse.

NordicmythologyandsouthernGreekmythologyhavebecomeasharpcontrastinallaspects.Greekmythologyistheworldofliterature,artandmusic,andaparadiseofsupremehappiness.Norsemythologyisthecompleteopposite.

Nordicmythologygivespeoplethedeepestimpression,andthesadandsadworldimagedescribedinitshouldbepushed.WhataweirdandmajesticappearancetheuniversesupportedbythegianttreeoflifeYggdrasil,oneendoftheuniverseistheextremelyhot“landoffire”Muspelheim(Muspelheim)wheretheflamegiantlives,andtheotherendistheeternalcalamity.Thecoldandfoggyworldblockedbyiceandsnow,the"landoffog"Niflheim(Niflheim).

Inthemiddleofthesetwoworldsisthedwellingplaceofgodsandpeople.Sometimesfireandlavaflowfromthesouth,sometimessnowandfrostfromthenorth,threateningmankindandthegodsforever.Howmiserablethisdescriptionof"heaven"is,anditisalsoabsentinothernationalmyths.

IntheworldofGreekmythology,thereareonlyahandfuloffaunswhoarehalf-humanandhalf-beastsofdifferentkindsofgodsintheworldofGreekmythology,andtheirappearanceisalsopastoral,andtheexistenceofmonstersisjustwaitingfortheconquestofgodsandheroes.

ButinNorsemythology,itisfullofallstrangecreatures.Therearehugegiants.Thegloveshetakesoffwillbemistakenfortallhouses;justhaveanopenmouth.ThestrangewolfFenrirthatdevourstheworld;thereisJormungandr,theserpentthatsurroundsthe"atrium"ofthehumanworldwithitstailbymouth;thereisadwarfwithablackfaceandproboscisthatfearsthesunandsheltersundertheground;andthereisHela,thegoddessofdeathwithahalf-blueandhalf-fleshcomplexion.

Themythologyofanynationhasthelegendofcreation,buttheNordicmythologyfocusesondescribingthedestructionoftheuniverse.ThisisthemostdifferentfeatureofthenorthernGermanicmythologyandthemythsofothernations.Moreover,thefantasydepictingthedestructionoftheuniverseinNorsemythologyissopainfulandtragic.

The"birth"and"death"ofasmallexistencelikehumanbeingsarereallyinsignificant.Inthegreatflamesoftheendoftheuniverse,therearehugeforcesandfrenziedstruggles.Intheextremelytragicandheroicfinalbattle,eventhegodsofAsgard,the"kingdomofthegods",havebeendestroyed.Theseillusionshaveactuallyreachedthelimit.Thelimitsofhumanthinking.

ThemaingodOdininNorsemythologyisthegodofstorm,battle,andeternalwanderer.Thesameisapolytheisticworld,butinGreekmythology,thestatusofthegodsheadedbyZeusZeusiseternalandunshakable.Giantswhoresistthegodswillbedrivenintotheeternaldarknessaftertheirtragicdefeat.Hell,thereisnochancetogetahead.

Onthecontrary,thegodsofNorthernEuropehavetoconstantlyfightagainstthegiants.Inadditiontohavingthepowertoresistthegods,giantsarealsotheearliestbornoftheuniverse.Giantsarenatural.Incarnation,eachgiantrepresentsanaturalphenomenon,includingflames,ice,snow,lightning,trees,earth,coal,thinking,aging,etc.Eventhematerialsusedbythegodswhentheycreatetheworldaretransformedbythefleshandbloodofgiants.Thebloodofthegiantalsoflowsintheveinsofthegods.

ExceptfortheeternalspearofthemaingodOdin,thethunderhammerofthethundergodThor,andthevictoryswordoftheharvestgodFrey,intermsofforce,thegodsareoftennottheopponentsofgiants.Intermsofintelligence,allGodsarenotnecessarilysuperiortothegiants.Thefountainofintelligencegushesfromtherootsofatreethatstretchesfromthetreeoflifetothekingdomofgiants,anditisthegiantMimirwhoisresponsibleforguardingthespring.Eventhewisdomthatshouldbelongtothedivine,intheworldofNorsemythology,hasitsrootsinthegiants.

Fightingdesperatebattleswithallopponentswhoaresuperiortoone'sown,thisisexactlythefateoftheGermanicnation.Beginningfromtheeraofgreatethnicmigration,afterthepirateera,theGermanicnation'ssurvivalmethodistofight,migrate,andfightagain.Thisisaturbulentlifefullofupsanddowns.Theyputthedestinyofthenationinbattle,survivedthroughadventures,andneverregrettedrepeatedfailures.Therootofthisattitudetolifecanbeconfirmedinmythsandlegends.

Same-sexmarriage

ThelawsofthefiveNordiccountriesallrecognizesame-sexmarriage.

Norway:FollowingtheannouncementoftherecognitionofgaymarriageinCalifornia,Norway,onJune17,2008,theHouseofLordsvotedtopassalawallowinggaymarriage.

Sweden:Swedenhasofficiallyrecognizedsame-sexmarriagefromMay1,2009,makingittheseventhcountryintheworldtorecognizesame-sexmarriage.

Iceland:OnJune12,2010,theIcelandicParliamentunanimouslypassedthelawongaymarriage,whichcameintoeffectonthe27th.

Denmark:Danlan.com,June7News:TheDanishParliamentvotedtodaytopassthesame-sexmarriagebill.Thiscountrywillbecomethe11thcountryintheworldtolegalizesame-sexmarriage.

Finland:Danlan.com,November28thComprehensiveNews:TheFinnishParliamentpassedtheMarriageEqualityActtodaywith105votesinfavorand92votesagainstit.

Immigrationrules

1.NordicnationalstravelacrossbordersinNorthernEuropewithoutanydocuments.(Thereisnobordercontrol);

2.NationalsofEuropeanUnioncountriescanenterDanfenruiwithonlytheirIDcards.(ExceptGreece)NationalsofSwitzerland,LiechtensteinandSanMarinoenjoythesametreatment;

3.TheUnitedStates,Japan,theCommonwealth,theHolySeeoftheVatican,theBalticcountries,theWesternSlaviccountries,Hungary,Greece,Cyprus,Israel,SouthKoreaandNationalsofmostLatinAmericancountriesandafewcountriesinOceaniaandAfricarequireavalidpassportbutvisa-free;

4.NationalsofafewAsianandEuropeancountriessuchasChina,NorthKorea,Vietnam,Russiaandothercountriesrequirevisas.

Tento článek je ze sítě, nereprezentuje pozici této stanice. Uveďte prosím původ dotisku
HORNÍ