Significance
(1)Referstotheaccountingstandardsandnormsformulatedbyacountryorinternationalorganizationtounifynationaleconomicaccounting.Itisbasedonacertaineconomictheory,clearlystipulatesaseriesofaccountingconcepts,definitionsandaccountingprinciples,andformulatesasetofindicatorsystems,classificationstandardsandaccountingmethodsthatreflecttheoperationofthenationaleconomy,aswellascorrespondingmanifestations(balancesheets,accounts,matrices,etc.))Toformasetofaccountingstandardsandnormsthatarelogicallyconsistentandinstitutionallycomplete.Thesestandardsandnormsareindispensabletoensurethescientificity,uniformityandcomparabilityofnationaleconomicaccounting,andarealsonecessaryforthecorrectunderstandinganduseofnationaleconomicaccountingdataandinternationalcomparisons.
(2)Referstoacomprehensiveandsystematicdatasystemthatreflectstheoperationofthenationaleconomy.Itistheresultofaccountingforthenationaleconomyfollowingcertainnationaleconomicaccountingstandardsandnorms,anditisacompletesetofnationaleconomicaccountingdata.Throughaseriesofoveralleconomicdataandsub-sectoraldata,itsystematicallyreflectstheentireeconomiccyclefromproduction,distributiontoexchangeanduse,aswellasthestatus,roleandinterconnectionofvarioussectorsinsocialreproduction,thusitisanationalmacroeconomicAnimportantbasisfordecision-makingandregulation.
Othersystems
Thematerialproductbalancesheetsystem
Asaninternationalstandard,thenationaleconomicaccountingsystemwasformedinthe1950s.DuetotheeconomicoperationmechanismandDifferenteconomicmanagementsystemshaveformedtwodifferentnationaleconomicaccountingsystems,whichhavecoexistedanddevelopedforalongtime.
Therearetwonationalaccountingsystemscoexistingintheworldtoday,namelythe"SystemofNationalAccounts"(SNA)andthe"MaterialBalanceSystem"(MPS).TheformercombinestheGrossNationalProduct(GNP)Andgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)asthemainindicator.
SystemofMateralProductBalance(MPS).ItwasfirstestablishedbytheformerSovietUniontomeettheneedsofhighlycentralizedplanningandmanagementofthenationaleconomy,andthengraduallyadoptedbyEasternEuropeancountries,Cuba,Mongoliaandothercountries.Itusestheproduction,distribution,exchangeanduseofmaterialproductsasthemainlinetoaccountforthereproductionprocessofmaterialproducts.Theaccountingscopeincludesagriculture,industry,construction,cargotransportation,postandtelecommunications,commerceandothermaterialproductionsectors.Theaccountingmethodmainlyadoptsthebalancemethod.Consistsofaseriesofbalancesheets.Inordertoadapttothetransitiontoamarketeconomy,theCISandEasternEuropeancountrieshavegivenuponcontinuingtousethissystem.
SystemofNationalAccounts
(SystemofNationalAccounts,SNA).Itissuitablefornationaleconomicaccountingundermarketeconomyconditions.ItwasfirstcreatedintheUnitedKingdomandthenimplementedineconomicallydevelopedcountries.Ithasnowbeenadoptedbymostcountriesandregionsintheworld.Itisbasedontheconceptofcomprehensiveproduction,includesallwalksoflifeinthenationaleconomyintothescopeofaccounting,dividessocialproductsintotwoformsofgoodsandservices,andfullyreflectstheresultsofsocialproductionactivitiesandtheprocessofdistributionanduse,andpaysattentiontoAccountingofcapitalflowandassetsandliabilitiesintheprocessofsocialreproduction.Itusestheprincipleofdouble-entrybookkeepingtoestablishaseriesofmacroeconomiccircularaccountsandaccountingstatementstoformarigorouslystructuredandlogicallyrigoroussystem.
Comparison
MPSandSNAarebothnationalaccountingsystemsestablishedanddevelopedtomeettheneedsofnationalmacroeconomicmanagement,buttheyareunderdifferenteconomicsystemsandeconomicoperatingmechanismsProducts,sotherearegreatdifferencesinthescope,contentandmethodsofaccounting:
Scopecontent
(1)Intermsofaccountingscope,MPSislimitedtotheaccountingofmaterialproducts.Non-materialproductiveserviceactivitiesareexcludedfromtheproductionfield.SNA’saccountingscopecoverstheentirenationaleconomyandisnotlimitedbythematerialproductionfield,soitcancompletelyreflecttheeconomyofthewholesociety.Activity.
(2)Intermsofaccountingcontent,MPSmainlyreflectsthephysicalmovementoftheproduction,exchangeanduseofmaterialproducts;SNA,inadditiontoaccountingforthephysicalflowofgoodsandservices,alsopaysattentiontofundssuchasincomeexpenditureandfinancialtransactionsThecalculationofflowandthestockofassetsandliabilitiescanbetterreflectthecomplexmovementprocessinwhichthemovementofobjectsandthemovementofvalueinsocialreproductionareintertwined.
(3)Intheaccountingmethod,MPSmainlyadoptsthebalancesheetmethod,focusingonthebalanceofthedepartmentsineachbalancesheet,buttheconnectionbetweenthebalancesisnotrigorous;SNAmainlyadoptsthedouble-entryaccountingmethod,andTheaccountsystemcloselylinksalllinksofsocialreproductionandallsectorsofthenationaleconomy,canbetterreflecttheinternalconnectionsintheoperationofthenationaleconomy,andimprovethescientificlevelofnationaleconomicaccounting.Inrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldmarketeconomy,theintegrationprocessofthenationaleconomicaccountingsystemhasbeenacceleratedinternationally.In1993,theUnitedNationsStatisticalCommissionadoptedthenewlyrevisedSNA,whichwillbecomeaunifiedinternationalstandardapplicabletoallcountriesintheworld..
BasicConcepts
PermanentResidentUnits
ChinaMapPermanentResidentUnitsarealsocalledPermanentResidentInstitutionalUnits.EconomicunitsthathaveacenterofeconomicinterestinChina’seconomicterritoryarecalledpermanentresidentunitsinChina.TheeconomicterritorymentionedhereconsistsofthegeographicalterritorycontrolledbytheChinesegovernment.Itincludestheterritorialland,territorialwaters,andairspaceoftheChinesemainland,aswellasthecontinentalshelfandexclusiveeconomiczonethatarelocatedininternationalwaters,butChinahasthejurisdictionoffishingandseabedmining;itItalsoincludesChina’sso-calledterritorial“enclaves”abroad,thatis,areaswithclearbordersthatareownedorleasedbytheChinesegovernmentthroughformalagreementsandusedfordiplomaticpurposes,suchaslandusedbyChineseembassiesandconsulatesabroad.;Excluding"enclaves"withinChina’sgeographicboundaries,thatis,areaswithclearboundarieswithinChina’sgeographicterritorythatareownedorleasedbyforeigngovernmentsthroughformalagreementsfordiplomaticpurposes,suchasforeignembassiesinChina,Landusedbyconsulatesandinternationalorganizations.Ifaneconomicunithasacertainplacewithinmycountry’seconomicterritory,suchashousing,workshopsorotherbuildings,andengagesinacertainscaleofeconomicactivitiesforacertainperiodoftime(usuallyoneyearistheoperatingcriterion),thentheeconomicunitisinmycountryHasacenterofeconomicinterest.
Alegalpersonenterprise,ifallitseconomicactivitiesoccurwithinthescopeofChina'seconomicterritory,thenitisChina'sresidentunit.Althoughnotallofanenterprise'seconomicactivitiestakeplacewithinthescopeofChina'seconomicterritory,ifasubsidiarycompanyisestablishedinChina'seconomicterritoryandhasbeenengagedinproductionandbusinessactivitiesformorethanoneyear,thesubsidiarycompanyisalsoapermanentresidentinChina.Aresident,ifitownsahousewithintheeconomicterritoryofChina,andthathouseisitsmainresidence,isconsideredtobeapermanentresidenceinChina.Agovernmentunitisaresidentunitwithintheeconomicterritoryinwhichitexercisesitsjurisdiction.Theconstituentunitsofthecentralgovernment,includingembassiesandconsulateslocatedabroad,areallpermanentresidentunitsinChina.
Scopeofproduction
Thescopeofproductioninnationaleconomicaccountingincludesthefollowingthreeparts:
First,thegoodsorservicesthattheproducerprovidesorintendstoprovidetootherunits
Secondly,producersusefortheirownfinalconsumptionorself-sufficientproductionofallgoodsformedbyfixedcapital;thirdly,housingservicesprovidedbytheirownhousesandfamiliesprovidedbypaidfamilyemployeesSelf-sufficientproductionofservices.
Thescopeofproductionincludestheproductionofallgoods,whetheritisexternallyprovidedgoodsorself-producedgoods,andtheproductionofservicesisbasicallylimitedtotheexternallyprovidedpart,self-sufficientservices,exceptforself-ownedhousingServicesandfamilyorpersonalservicesprovidedbypaidhouseholdemployeesareexcludedfromthescopeofproduction.Self-sufficientservicesexcludedfromthescopeofproductionrefertofamilyorpersonalservicesprovidedbyhouseholdmemberstothehousehold,suchascleaning,cooking,caringfortheelderly,educatingchildren,andsoon.
Scopeofconsumption
Thescopeofproductiondeterminesthescopeofconsumption.Thegoodsandservicesusedforfinalconsumptioncanonlybethegoodsandservicesincludedinthescopeofproduction.Thescopeofproductionincludestheproductionofallgoodsandtheproductionofallservicesexcepthouseholdorpersonalservicesprovidedbyhouseholdmembersforthehousehold,sothescopeofconsumptionisalsolimitedtothegoodsandservicesincludedintheabove-mentionedproductionscope.
Scopeofassets
Assetsinnationaleconomicaccountingareeconomicassetsdefinedaccordingtotheprincipleofownership,thatistosay,assetsmustbe
Ownedbytheseunits,andtheirownersobtaineconomicbenefitsbyholdingorusingthem.Accordingtothisdefinition,financialassets,fixedassets,inventories,etc.createdbytheproductionprocess,andsomenaturallyoccurringassets(suchasland,minerals,forests,waterresources,etc.)thatarenotcreatedOrcertainunitseffectivelyexerciseownershipoftheseassetsandcanobtaineconomicbenefitsfromthem,allofwhichbelongtothecategoryofassets.Thescopeofassetsdoesnotincludethosenaturalresourcesandenvironmentsthatcannotbeeffectivelyexercisedintheatmosphereorthehighseas,aswellasmineralsthathavenotbeendiscoveredoraredifficulttouse,thatis,withinacertainperiodoftime,theycannotbeownedbytheminviewoftheirownconditionsandexistingtechnologies.Theresourceandenvironmentthatbringanyeconomicbenefits.
Flowstock
ThebasicframeworkofChina'snationaleconomicaccountingsystemFlowreferstothequantitythatoccursinacertainperiod,andthestockreferstothequantityatacertainpointintime.Thesumofthestockatthebeginningoftheperiodandthecurrentflowtoformthestockattheendoftheperiod.Manyflowsintheeconomyhavestocksthatdirectlycorrespondtothem.Forexample,theflowsoffinancialassetscorrespondtothestocksoffinancialassets,buttherearealsosomeflowsthatdonotdirectlycorrespondtostocks,suchasimportsandexports,wages,etc.
Marketprice
Themarketpriceisthetransactionpricerecognizedbythebuyerandsellerinthemarket,andtheproducerpriceandthebuyerpricearebothmarketprices.
Theproducerpriceisequaltothevalueobtainedwhentheproducerproducesaunitofgoodsandserviceswhenitissoldtothebuyer,includingthevalue-addedtaxorsimilardeductibletaxontheinvoiceissuedtothebuyer.Thepricedoesnotincludetransportationandcommercialexpensesincurredafterthegoodsleavetheproductionunit.
Purchaser’spriceisthevaluepaidbythepurchaserforthepurchaseofunitgoodsandservices,includingthetransportationandcommercialcostsincurredbythepurchaserinobtainingthegoodsatthespecifiedtimeandplace.Thepurchaser'spriceisequaltotheproducer'spriceplusthetransportationandcommercialexpensespaidbythepurchaser,plusthenon-deductiblevalue-addedtaxandothertaxespaidbythepurchaser.
Departmentclassification
Institutionalunitandinstitutionalsectorclassification
AninstitutionalunitistheTheeconomicentityinwhichtheentityconductstransactions.Institutionalunitshavethefollowingbasiccharacteristics:
(1)Havetherighttoindependentlyowngoodsandassets,andbeabletoexchangeownershipofgoodsorassetswithotherinstitutionalunits;
(2)BeabletomakedirectHavelegallyresponsibleeconomicdecisionsandengageincorrespondingeconomicactivities;
(3)Beabletoassumeliabilities,otherobligationsorfuturepromisesinyourownname,andbeabletosigncontracts;
(4)Beabletocompileacompletesetofeconomicallyandlegallymeaningfulaccountsincludingabalancesheet.
Inrealeconomiclife,therearetwomaintypesofunitsthatmeettherequirementsofinstitutionalunits,oneishouseholds,andtheotherislegalorsocialentitiesrecognizedbylaworsociety.
SimilarInstitutionalUnitsFormInstitutionalSectors
TheNationalAccountsSystemdividesallresidentinstitutionalunitsintofourmajorinstitutionalsectors,namelythenon-financialcorporatesector,Financialinstitutionsector,governmentsectorandhouseholdsector.Foreigndepartmentscomposedofnon-residentunitsarealsoregardedasinstitutionaldepartments.
Non-financialcompaniesandnon-financialcorporatesectors:
Non-financialcompaniesrefertoresidentcompaniesthataremainlyengagedintheproductionofmarketgoodsandtheprovisionofnon-financialmarketservices.Classlegalpersonenterprise.Allnon-financialenterprisesmergetogethertoformthenon-financialenterprisesector.
FinancialInstitutionsandFinancialInstitutions
Financialinstitutionsrefertoresidentunitsmainlyengagedinfinancialmediaandauxiliaryfinancialactivitiescloselyrelatedtofinancialmedia.Itmainlyincludescentralbanks,commercialbanksandPolicybanks,non-bankcreditinstitutionsandinsurancecompanies.Allfinancialinstitutionsmergetogethertoformafinancialinstitutionsector.
Governmentunitsandgovernmentdepartments
Governmentunitsareestablishedinmycountrythroughpoliticalproceduresandhavelegislation,Judicialandadministrativepowerlegalentitiesandtheiraffiliatedunits.Themainfunctionofgovernmentunitsistoprovidepublicservicestothesocietyandthepublicwithfundsobtainedthroughtaxationandothermeans;toredistributesocialincomeandpropertythroughtransferpayments.Itmainlyincludesvariousadministrativeunitsandnon-profitinstitutions.Allgovernmentunitsmergetogethertoformgovernmentdepartments.
Householdsandhouseholddepartments:
Householdsrefertoresidentindividualsorindividualswhosharethesamelivingfacilities,usepartoralloftheirincomeandpropertycollectively,andjointlyconsumehousing,food,andotherconsumergoodsandservicesgroup.Allhouseholdsaremergedtogethertoformahouseholddepartment.
Non-residentunitsandforeigndepartments
Allnon-residentinstitutionsarenon-residentunits.Combiningallnon-residentunitsthathavetransactedwithmycountry'sresidentunitstogetherformsaforeigndepartment.Fortheforeignsector,itisnotnecessarytoaccountforallitseconomicactivities,onlythetransactionsbetweenitandmycountry’sresidentinstitutions.
Classificationofindustrialactivityunitsandindustrialsectors
Theclassificationofindustrialsectorsisasectorclassificationofindustrialactivityunitsbasedontheprincipleofhomogeneityofmainproducts.Theso-calledindustrialactivityunitreferstoaproductionunitthatisengagedinoneormainlyonetypeofproductionactivityatalocationandhasincomeandexpenditureaccountingdata.Industrialactivityunitsareestablishedforproductionaccounting,andtheirpurposeistomoreaccuratelyreflecttheproductionscaleandstructureofvarioustypesofindustrialactivities.
Industrialactivityunitsshouldmeetthefollowingthreeconditionsatthesametime:
(1)Uniquenessoflocation.
Ifaunitisengagedinproductionactivitiesindifferentlocations,evenifitisthesametypeofproductionactivity,itmustbedividedintodifferentindustrialactivityunits.
(2)Theunityofproductionactivities.
Anindustrialactivityuniteitheronlyengagesinonetypeofproductionactivity,oralthoughmorethanonetypeofproductionactivityisallowed,themainactivityoccupiesanabsolutemajorityintheunit’saddedvalue.
Theproportion,thatis,theoverallscaleofallsecondaryactivitiesissmallcomparedtothemainactivities.
(3)Haveincomeandexpenditureaccountingdata.
AccountingPrinciples
Accountingprinciple
Innationalaccounting,therecordingtimeofvarioustransactionsisdeterminedaccordingtotheaccrualsystemprinciple,Thatis,thetransactionisrecordedatthetimewhenthecreditor’srightsanddebtsareincurred,transferredorcancelled.Thisprincipleappliestoalltypesoftransactions,includingtransactionswithinthesameinstitutionalsector.Theaccrualprinciplemeansthatthetransactionisrecordedwhenitactuallyoccurs,ratherthanwhenthecorrespondingincomeandpaymentoccur.
PrinciplesofValuation
Innationaleconomicaccounting,therecordedpricesofvarioustransactions,assetsandliabilitiesshallfollowthefollowingregulations.Alltransactionsinwhichcurrencypaymentsoccuraredeterminedbybothpartiestothetransaction.Thetransactionprice,thatis,themarketpriceisevaluated;transactionsthatdonothavecurrencypayments,suchastransactionswithinthesameinstitutionalunit(suchasself-madeequipment,self-sufficientconsumption,etc.),arebasedonthemarketpriceofthesamegoodsandservicesonthemarketorbasedontheactualEstimatedbycost.Generallyspeaking,theoutputofgoodsandservicesisvaluedatproducerprices;theuseofmostgoodsandservices(suchasintermediateconsumption,fixedassetformation,andfinalconsumption)isvaluedatbuyerprices.Thestockoffixedassetsisvaluedatthecurrentpricewhenthebalancesheetisprepared,notattheoriginalpurchaseprice.
Effectandimpact
GreenNationalEconomicSystem1.NationalEconomicAccountingisaneffectivetooltoreflecttheoperatingconditionsofthenationaleconomy.Thenationaleconomyisanextremelycomplexoperatingsystem.Therearecomplexeconomicrelationsbetweenthem.Itisnoteasytoaccuratelyunderstandandgraspthissystem.Itrequirestheuseofaneffectivetool.Nationaleconomicaccountingissuchatool.Itorganicallyorganizesthebasicindicatorsdescribingallaspectsofthenationaleconomythroughaseriesofscientificaccountingprinciplesandmethods,andoutlinesaconcisepictureforthecomplexoperationofthenationaleconomy,greatlyimprovingpeople'sabilitytounderstandandgraspeconomicoperations.
Nationaleconomicaccountingisanimportantbasisformacroeconomicmanagement
Macroeconomicmanagementundertheconditionsofsocialistmarketeconomyismainlyguidedandcoordinatedthroughplanning,planningandaseriesofmacroeconomicpoliciesThenationaleconomyhascontinued,healthy,stableandrapiddevelopment.ThesystematicanddetaileddataontheoperatingconditionsoftheentirenationaleconomyprovidedbytheNationalAccountsisanimportantbasisforformulatingtheseplans,plansandpolicies.Ifthereisnobasicdatarelatedtoproduction,incomedistribution,consumption,investment,foreigneconomicexchanges,etc.providedbythenationalaccounts,mediumandlong-termplansandannualplans,fiscalpolicies,financialpolicies,industrialpolicies,incomedistributionpolicies,foreigneconomicpolicies,etc.Theformulationofaseriesofeconomicpoliciesisunimaginable.
3.Nationaleconomicaccountingisascientificmethodforformulatingandtestingnationaleconomicplans.
Nationaleconomicplansandplansinvolveaseriesofmacroeconomicindicators,andtheeconomicphenomenarepresentedbytheseindicatorsaremutuallyexclusive.Therelationshipisnotisolated,buthasinternaleconomicconnections.Inordertocomplywiththeobjectivelawsofeconomicdevelopment,thedeterminationofthenumberofplansandplanningindicatorsmustalsosatisfythisinternalconnection.Nationaleconomicaccountingsystematicallyreflectstheinternalconnectionsbetweenrelevantindicators,andthereforeisascientificmethodforformulatingandtestingnationaleconomicplans.
Four.Nationaleconomicaccountingisanimportantbasisformicro-decision-making
Undertheconditionsofasocialistmarketeconomy,enterprisesandresidentsneedtomakeproduction,consumptionandinvestmentdecisions,andnationaleconomicaccountingisalsoOneoftheirimportantdecision-makingbasis.Whetherthenationaleconomicaccountingdepartmentcanprovideaccurateandrichnationaleconomicaccountinginformationdirectlyaffectstheirdecision-makingandthescientificnatureofthedecision-making.
5.Nationaleconomicaccountingaffectsmycountry’seconomicandpoliticalinterests
NationaleconomicaccountingdatadeterminestoacertainextentChina’sinternationalobligationsandpreferentialtreatment.TherolethatChinacanplayintheinternationalcommunity.Forexample,theUnitedNationsdeterminesacountry’sduesbasedonthegrossnationalproductandpercapitaGDPforsixconsecutiveyears;theWorldBankdeterminesthehardloansandsoftloansthatacountrycanenjoyaccordingtothepercapitagrossnationalproduct;TheInternationalMonetaryFunddeterminesacountry’sshareinthefundbasedonfactorssuchasgrossnationalproduct,goldandforeignexchangereserves,importsandexports,andtheproportionofexportstoGDP,andthendeterminesthevotingrightsandallocationofspecialmentionsinthefund.Theshareoffundingrightsandtheshareofborrowingfromthefund.
VI.Nationaleconomicaccountingaffectsthereputationofthepartyandthegovernment
Thedataonthestateofthenationaleconomyprovidedbythenationaleconomicaccountingisnotonlyanimportantbasisforformulatingnewmacroeconomicpolicies,butalsoAmeanstotestthescientificnatureofpastmacroeconomicpolicies.
7.Nationaleconomicaccountingisthebasicframeworkofeconomicstatistics
Differenttypesofeconomicstatisticsmustbeestablishedunderaunifiedbasicframework,sothattheycanshowconsistencybetweenthem.Playanoverallfunctionalrole.Nationaleconomicaccountingissuchabasicframework.Itputsforwardunifiedrequirementsforthebasicconcepts,basicclassificationsandindexsettingsofvarioustypesofeconomicstatistics,sothattheseeconomicstatisticscanmeettherequirementsofnationaleconomicaccountingwhileachievingmutualunderstanding.Themutualconvergenceofeconomicstatisticsmakestheentireeconomicstatisticsformaunifiedwholeandenhancesitsapplicationfunctions.
8.Nationaleconomicaccountingisanimportantmeansofcoordinatingeconomicstatistics.
Ifyoulookateachtypeofeconomicstatisticsinisolation,itisdifficulttofinditsownproblemsanditsdifferences.Whetherothertypesofeconomicstatisticsareconsistent.Whenweputvarioustypesofeconomicstatisticaldataundertheunifiedbasicframeworkofnationaleconomicaccounting,itiseasytofindandsolveproblems,andrealizetheconnectionbetweendifferenttypesofeconomicstatisticaldata.