Mozi

Characterrelationship

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Lifeofthecharacter

Earlyexperience

Mozi(5photos)

TheancestorofMoziwastheroyalfamilyofYinandShang,andhewasthedescendantofthebrotherofSongXianggong,theemperoroftheSongDynasty,Muyi,MuYiwasSongXianggong’sDaSimabeforehisdeath,andhisdescendantswerelaterreducedfromaristocratstocommonpeopleforsomereason.Later,itwasbrieflynamedMosurname.

MoZiwasborninthefortyyearofKingZhouJinginthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(approximately480BC),orintheforty-fouryearofKingZhouJing(476BC).Althoughhisancestorswerearistocrats,MoziwastheonlyphilosopherofpeasantorigininChinesehistory.

Asacommoner,Moziworkedasashepherdboyandlearnedcarpentryinhisyouth.Itissaidthathisskillinmakingdefensiveequipmentisbetterthanthatofthepublictransportsquad.Heclaimstobea"badguy"andiscalledthe"manincommoner".Asadescendantofthedecliningaristocracy,Mozinaturallyalsoreceivedessentialculturaleducation."HistoricalRecords"recordsthatMozionceservedasadoctoroftheSongDynasty.

MoZiisascholarwithconsiderableculturalknowledgeandclosetosmallproducersofworkersandpeasants.Heboastedthat"thereisnomatterforthekingandnodifficultyforthepeasants",whichisasympathyforhim.Scholarsof"peopleofagricultureandindustry".Inhishometown,withthesurgingYellowRiverrushingeastward,Moziwasdeterminedtogoouttovisitfamousteachersintheworld,learnhowtogovernthecountry,andrestoretheglorythathisancestorsoncehad.

AConfucianteacher

Wearingstrawsandals,Moziwalkedaroundtheworldandbegantostudyinvariousplaces.Accordingto"Huainanzi·Yaolue",MoziwasoriginallyaConfuciandisciple.MozihadstudiedConfucianismfromConfucianism,knownasYao,ShunandYu,andstudiedConfucianclassicssuchas"Poems","Books",and"ChunQiu".However,duetodissatisfactionwithConfucianism,hecreatedapairofschools.

FoundingofMohism

MozifinallyabandonedConfucianismandcreatedanewtheory.HegatheredcrowdsinvariousplacestolectureandcriticizedConfucianismandthetyrannyofvariousvassalswithfiercewords.Alargenumberofhandicraftsmenandlower-classscholarsbegantofollowMoziandgraduallyformedtheirownMohistschool,becomingthemainoppositiontoConfucianism.

TheMohistschoolisaschoolthatpromotesbenevolentgovernance.BeforetheriseofLegalism,whichrepresentedtheinterestsofthenewlandlordclass,MohismwasthelargestschoolinoppositiontoConfucianisminthepre-Qinperiod,anditwaslistedasthe"manifestschool".Inthecontroversyofahundredschoolsofthoughtatthattime,itwasknownas"non-ConfucianismbutjustMo".

Moziactivelypromoteshisdoctrine.Inordertopublicizehisideas,Mozirecruitedmanydisciples,andtheaveragenumberoftrusteddisciplesreachedhundreds,formingapowerfulMohistschool.

Travelingaroundtheworld

MoziwasadoctorofSongDynastywhenhewasSongZhaogong.Butlater,hisstatusdeclinedandheapproachedworkers.Mozi'stravelsareverywide,fromeasttoQi,northtoZhengandWei,andintendstogotoYue,buthedidnotmakethetrip.

MoZioncepreventedLuyangWenjunfromattackingZhengGuoandpersuadedLuBantostopChufromattackingSong.MozivisitedChucountrymanytimesandpresentedbookstoKingChuHui.KingChuHuiplannedtosealMoziwithapublishinghouse,butMozididnotacceptitintheend.Later,herejectedthefiefgrantedtohimbythekingofChuandleftthekingdomofChu.ThekingofYueinvitedMozitobeanofficialandpromisedhimafiefoffivehundredli.Moziused"listentomyadviceandactaccordingtomyprinciples"asaconditiontogo,regardlessofthefiefandjuelu.Thepurposewastorealizehispoliticalambitionsandideologicalpropositions,butwasrejectedbytheKingofYue.MozicametoQiinhislateryearsandtriedtopersuadeXiangZiniutocrusadeagainstLu,buthewasunsuccessful.

ThreepointsofMohistschool

InMozi'slateryears,ConfucianismandMohismwereequallyfamous.AfterMozi'sdeath,theMohistdisciplesstill"filledtheworld"andwere"uncountable".Therefore,althoughtherewerehundredsofscholarsintheWarringStatesPeriod,the"ConfucianismandMoxie"wasthefirstofthehundreds.AfterthedeathofMozi,theMohistschoolwasdividedintothreeschoolsofinkoftheXianglifamily,theinkoftheXiangfufamily,andtheinkoftheDenglingfamily.

Maininfluence

Politicalthought

Inpolitics,Moziproposedthe"universallove","non-attack","ShangXian"and"ShangTong"festival.Use"festivalburial","non-le"andotherpropositions.Hebelievesthataccordingtothedifferentsituationsofdifferentcountries,themostsuitableplanamongthetenpropositionsshouldbeselectedinatargetedmanner.Forexample,"thecountryisinastateofchaos","ShangXian"and"ShangTong"shouldbechosen;ifthecountryispoorandweak,weshouldchoose"savinguse"and"festivalburial";andsoon."Easytoleaveatthesametime"isthecoreofhissocialandpoliticalthinking,and"non-attack"ishisspecificprogramofaction.Hebelievesthataslongaseveryone"loveseachotherandbenefitseachother",therewillbenobullying,arrogance,inferiority,wisdom,fraud,andmutualattacksamongnationsinsociety.Hesharplyexposedandcriticizedthescourgecausedbythewarbytherulerandtheextravaganceandpleasureofordinaryetiquetteandcustoms.Intermsoftheprincipleofemployment,Moziadvocatesappointingpeopleontheirmerits,opposesappointingpeoplebycronyism,andadvocatesthat"theofficialsarenotalwaysexpensive,andthepeoplearenotcheap".Healsoadvocatedthatfromtheemperor,theprincesandmonarchstothechiefleadersatalllevels,wemust"choosethewiseoftheworld"toact;andthepeopleandtheemperorandmonarchsmustobeythewillofheaven.

Jianaiisnotattack

Mozi’stheoryof"non-fate"and"universallove"issimilartotheConfucian"destiny"and"loveisequal."Contrarytothebeliefthat"governmentsareimpermanentandexpensive,andthepeoplearenevercheap",anddemandthat"thehungrygetfood,thecoldgetclothing,andthelaborergetrest".Manyofthemhavenaivematerialism.Theso-calleduniversalloveincludesthemeaningofequalityandfraternity.Mozidemandedthatemperors,fathers,sons,andbrothersallloveeachotheronanequalbasis,lovingotherslikelovingoneself,andbelievesthatthephenomenonofstrongandweak,richandinsultingpoor,proudandarrogantinsocietyisduetothefactthatpeopleintheworlddonotloveeachother.Causedby.Heopposedwaranddemandedpeace.

TianzhimingGhosts

PublishingtheTianzhighostsandgodsisamajorfeatureofMozi'sthought.Mozibelievesthattheheavenshaveambitions-andlovethepeopleoftheworld.Because"peopleareministersofheaven,regardlessofage,nobleorinferior,"and"heavenlovesthepeoplesothickly",themonarchwillbepunishedbyheavenifheviolatesthewillofheaven,otherwisehewillberewardedbyheaven.Mozinotonlybelievedintheexistenceofghostsandgods,butalsobelievedthattheywouldrewardandpunishviolentmonarchsornobles.ThenaturalhumanrightsandthethoughtofrestrictingthemonarchinMozi'sreligiousphilosophyareahighlightinMozi'sphilosophy.

ShangtongShangxian

Shangtongasksthepeopleandtheemperortobethesameastheheavenlywill,andtopracticerighteousgovernment.Thesageincludestheelectionofsagesasofficials,andtheelectionofsagesastheemperor.Mozibelievesthatthemonarchmustelectthesagesofthecountry,andthepeopleshouldobeythemonarchinpublicadministration.Moziaskedthetoptounderstandthesituation,becauseonlyinthiswaycanherewardthegoodandpunishtheviolence.Moziaskedtheemperortobeabletohonorthesages,thatis,toappointsagesandabolishthosewhoareunscrupulous.MoziregardedShangxianveryseriouslyandthoughtitwasthefoundationofpoliticalaffairs.Heparticularlyopposedthemonarch'suseofrelativesoffleshandblood,andforwisemenregardlessoftheirorigin,heputforwardthepropositionthat"theofficialsarenotalwaysexpensive,andthepeoplearenotcheap".

Secondaryuseandfuneral

SecondaryuseisapointofviewemphasizedbytheMohistschool.Theycriticizetheextravaganceandwasteofmonarchsandnobles,especiallyagainstwhatConfucianismvalues.Thecustomoflongfuneralsandthickburialsbelievesthatlongfuneralsandthickburialsarenotbeneficialtosociety.Itisbelievedthatthemonarchsandnoblesshouldliveacleanandfrugallifelikethethreeancientholykings.MoziaskedMozitopracticeinthisrespecttoo.

FeiLeFeiMing

MoZiisextremelyopposedtomusic,andevenononetrip,whenheheardthatthecarwasheadingtowardsthesong,heimmediatelyturnedaround.Hebelievesthatalthoughmusicsoundsgood,itwillaffectfarmers’farming,women’stextiles,andtheminister’shandlingofgovernmentaffairs.ItdoesnotconformtotheprinciplesoftheHolyKingandthepeople’sinterests,soheopposesmusic.Ontheonehand,Moziaffirmedthatheavenhasthewill,canrewardgoodandpunishevil,andusetheexternalpersonalitygodtoservehis"universallove";ontheotherhand,hedeniedthedestinyadvocatedbyConfucianismandadvocated"non-fate".Hebelievesthatrecognizinglife,richandpoor,thesafetyoftheworld,andfightingchaosarenotdeterminedby"fate".Aslongaspeople'sactiveefforts,thegoalsofwealth,wealth,security,andgovernancecanbeachieved.MoziopposedtheConfuciansayingthat"lifeanddeatharedestined,wealthandwealthareinthesky",andbelievedthatsuchastatement"pretendstobedestinedtoteachthestupidpeople."Moziseesthatthiskindofthinkingwearsawayanddamagespeople'screativity,Soit'snotfate.

Militarythought

Mozi'smilitarythoughtisthedoctrineofself-defenseinthepositionoftheweak.Itsmaincontentistwofold:oneisnon-offensive,andtheunjustwaragainstattackandplunder;theotherisSavethedefense,supportthejustbattleofdefenseandcondemnation.

Non-offensive:theunjustwaragainsttheoffensiveandplunder

Mozibelievesthatthewarsatthetimewereallpredatoryunjustwars.Inthearticlesof"FeiGong",repeatedlycomplainedabouttherighteousnessofnon-attack,believingthatwarisaterriblething.Hesaidthatthevastmajorityoftheancientnationsdiedoutintheoffensive,andonlyahandfulofcountriessurvived.Thisislikeadoctorwhohastreatedtensofthousandsofpeople,andonlyafewpeoplehaverecovered.Thisdoctorisnotworthytobecalledagooddoctor,arelativeorfriend,andwarisalsonotagoodcure.Therehavebeencountlessrulerswhodiedofwarinhistory.Thisistantamounttogivingaheadstarttothosewhoaretryingtoopenupfrontiersandconquertheworldthroughoffensivewars.Therefore,Moziadvocatedtosubduetheworldwithvirtueandrighteousness,andtoeliminatemisfortuneswithlove.InMozi'seyes,Jianaicanstopoffenseandgetridofchaos.Universalloveistheethicalandmoralbasisofnon-attack,andnon-attackistheinevitableresultofuniversallove.

Moziadvocatesnon-attack,andhespecificallyopposesthethen"bigattackagainstthesmall,thestrongoneinsultstheweak,thecrowdisthethieves,thedeceitfulisdeceived,andtheexpensiveisthearrogantandinferior."Apredatorywarinwhichrichnessleadstoarroganceandpoverty.Moziusedthecriterionofuniversalloveandstrictlydistinguishedwarsintotwocategories:"Zhu"(ZhuWuDao)and"Gong"(Attackinnocence),namelyjusticeandinjustice.Thewarsof"lovingthepeopleoftheworld",suchasYu'sattackonSanMiao,ShangTang'sdefeatofJie,andWuWang'sdefeatofZhou,areinlinewiththegainsofheaven,ghosts,andpeople.Therefore,thereareDestinyinstructions,withthehelpofghostsandgods,isajustwar.Onthecontrary,awarofbigoffensives,strongbullyingoftheweak,andtyrannicalpeople,isunjust.

Mozialsoresolutelyandruthlesslyexposedtheheavyandendlessdisastersbroughttothepeoplebythewaratthattime:①itwasawasteofagriculturaltimeanddisruptedproduction.Agricultureisthesourceoffoodandclothingthathascutoffthecommonpeople.②Robbingwealthandgettingsomethingfornothing.Stealingpeachesandplums,snatchingpeople,dogs,chickens,pigs,chickens,pigs,cows,pigs,cattleandhorses,andmurderingpeopleandtransgressors,"itisunjust",attackingsmallcountries,"enteringintotheditches,cuttingthecrops,cuttingdownthetrees",itisthesameas"donotworkfornothing,"Theunrighteousactoftakingfornotwhatithas.③Mutilatetheinnocentandplunderthepeopleintoslavery.Mozipointedoutthatthemonarchofagreatcountryorderedthearmytoattackasmallcountry."Thosewhoareofthecharacterofthepeoplewillkillthem.Thosewhoarenotqualifiedwillbereturned.Thehusbandthinkstheservantissluggish,andthewomanthinksthechieftain."

Rescue:Supportingthejustbattleofdefenseandcondemnation

Mozi"onlynon-offensive,istostressthemethodofdefense",startingfrom"non-offensive","Mozi"discussedhowtoactivelydefendasaweakcountry.Moziknewwellthatthemonarchsofgreatpowerswouldnotabandonwarsonlybyreasoning,soheadvocated"deeplycontemplatingandpreparingfordefense"andusingactivedefensetostoplargeandsmallaggressivewars.Theseresearchesondefenseoperationsareconcentratedinthefollowingelevenchaptersof"Beichengmen",formingadefensetheorysystemwithcitydefenseasthecore.Insummary,itincludesthreeaspects.Thefirstistoadvocateactivepreparationandstrivetobeprepared."Theonewhoispreparedistheweightofthecountry.Theeateristhetreasureofthecountry;thesoldieristheclawofthecountry;thecityisalsoself-defeating."Righteousnesscannotconquerunrighteousness;ifthecitywallisnotcomplete,onecannotdefenditself;itmustbeunpreparedandcannotrespondtodeath."Onlybeforethewaristhematerialandspiritualaspectsoflogistics,citydefense,armaments,foreignaffairs,andinternalaffairs.Fullpreparationscancreatefavorableconditionsandanactivepositionindefensivebattlesandwindefensivebattles.Thesecondistheguidingideologyofactivedefensethat"thedefendersofthecityputtheenemyfirst."Mozibelievedthatinthedefenseofthecity,thereshouldbeanoffensivewhiledefendingandactivelyannihilatetheenemy."Extendthedayforalongtimetoberescued"isthebottomline.Thespecificmeasuresto"immediatelyhurttheenemy"are:usetheterrain,relyonthecity,andcorrectlyarrangethetroops;takethenationalcapitalasthecenter,formamulti-leveldefenseindepthofbordertowns,counties,andnationalcapitals,blocklayersandconsumetheenemy;persevereandattackinatimelymannerCombine.Third,intermsofspecificmethodsofdefensiveoperations,asetofprinciplesofdefensiveoperationstacticshavebeenproposed.In"PreparationoftheCityGate"andotherchapters,MoziusedQinhuali'squestioningtoeffectivelydefendagainsttwelvesiegemethodsonebyone.SuchasGaoLinmethod,waterattackmethod,acupointattackmethod,etc.,werequiteadvancedsiegetechniquesatthattime.Mozirespondedwithingeniouscountermeasuresandexplainedindetailtheproductionmethodsanduseskillsofdefenseequipment.

MoZibelievesthatjustwarsarenotallpassive"defense"wars.Activelydispatchingtroopstoconqueraguiltycountryisalsoajustwar.Mozidefinedtheattackonthe"innocentcountry"as"offensive",whichisanunjustwar;andtheattackonthe"guiltycountry"as"punishment",whichisajustwar.Itcanbeseenthatthepresentationofaseriesofrichthoughtsfrom"non-offensive","savingdefense"to"punishment"fullydemonstratestheperfection,dialectic,rationalityandprofoundnessofMozi'smilitarythought.

Mozi'smilitarystrategyisadefensivestrategy,whichcanbesummarizedasa"non-attacktostopwar,todefeatthestrongwiththeweak"."Non-attackandstopwar"isthesupremestrategyandthepurposeofstrategy."Non-offensive"requiresworldpeaceandfriendship."Stoppingthewar"istostoptheenemy'sattemptstolaunchawarofaggression,anditmustbebackedbystrongarmaments."Winningthestrongwiththeweak"isembodiedintheaspectsof"helpingtheweakandattackingthestrong","takingoneasten","takingcourageasthefoundation",and"allthepeoplearesoldiers"."Supportingtheweakandattackingthestrong"demonstratesthefearlessnessoftheMohistschooltosupportjustice,opposeaggression,andprotecttheweak;"Oneforten"showsthattheMohistrequiresthedefenderstomaximizetheirspiritualandcombatpower;"Beingbravery"reflectsTheMohist'sheroicspiritofsacrificeand"goingthroughfireandwater"and"deathwithoutrelenting";thedefensiveprincipleof"allthepeopleassoldiers"madethecityanindestructibleandinvinciblesteelfortress.

Mozi'sdefensetheoryoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChinesemilitaryscience.Thedescriptionofdefenseprinciplesandtacticsinlatergenerations,manyancestorswrotein"Mozi",sothatallsoliddefensesarealsocollectivelycalled"moshou."ComparedwithFanLi’ssimpleactivedefensetheoryfromastrategicperspective,MoZidiscusseddefensemorefromacombatperspectiveandformedamorecompletedefensecombattheorysystem,whichcoincideswithSunTzu’soffensivecombattheory.Thecomplementaryrelationshiphasmadeapositivecontributiontothedevelopmentoftraditionalmilitaryscience.Moziopposesthe"attackinnocent"unjustwarandadvocatesthe"punishmentoftheinnocent"justwar.Onthebasisofthisconceptofwar,heproceededfromthestandpointofdefendingsmallandweakcountries,andputforwardthemilitarythinkingofall-roundactivedefense,whichstillhasimportantpracticalsignificancetothisday.

PhilosophicalThoughts

Mozi'sphilosophicalachievementsaremostprominentinepistemologyandlogic.

TheoryofEpistemology

ThemaincontributionofMozi'sphilosophyisintheaspectofepistemology.Hetakesthedirectfeelingexperienceof"earsandeyes"astheonlysourceofknowledge.Hebelievesthatjudgingtheexistenceofthingscannotbebasedonpersonalimagination,butshouldbebasedonwhateveryoneseesandhears.Startingfromthisnaivematerialistempiricaltheory,Moziputforwardthecriteriafortestingtheauthenticityofknowledge,namely,threetables:"Thematteroftheancientsandthesaintking","Xiayuanexaminesthetruthofthepeople'seyesandears",and"abolishesthetruth."(Fa)Thinkofcriminalpoliticsandobservetheinterestsofthepeopleofthecountry."Moziintegrated"things","facts"and"benefits",usingindirectexperience,directexperienceandsocialeffectsasthecriteria,andtriedtoeliminatepersonalsubjectiveprejudices.Intermsoftherelationshipbetweennameandreality,heputforwardthepropositionof"donotuseone'sname,butalsogetone'sname",advocatingthatthenameshouldberectifiedandthenameshouldbeworthyofthename.Mozi'sepistemologyofemphasizingtheauthenticityofexperiencealsohasgreatlimitations.Heonceusedthereasonthatsomeone"tastesthethingsofghostsandgodsandhearsthesoundsofghostsandgods"andcametotheconclusionthat"thereareghostsandgods".ButMozididnotignoretheroleofrationalknowledge.

MoZibelievesthatthesourceofhumanknowledgecanbedividedintothreeaspects,namely,hearingknowledge,speakingknowledgeandpersonalknowledge.Hedivideshearingknowledgeintotwotypes:rumorsandpersonalknowledge,butinMozi'sview,whetheritisrumorsorpersonalknowledge,itshouldnotbesimplyaccepted,butmustbedigestedandintegratedtomakeithisownknowledge.Therefore,heemphasizedtheneedto"getwhatisheard",thatis,afterhearingandacceptingit,thinkingandinvestigating,takingtheknowledgeofothersasthebasis,andtheninheritingandcarryingforward."Speakingofknowledge"inMozi'swordscontainsthemeaningofinferenceandinvestigation,andreferstotheknowledgeobtainedbyinference.Heespeciallyemphasizedthat"whatyoudon'tknowifyouknowisknown,thenyouknowthetwo",thatis,theunknownknowledgeisinferredfromtheknownknowledge.Ifitisknownthatfireishot,itisinferredthatallfiresarehot;acirclecanbedrawnwithcompasses,anditcanbeinferredthatallcirclescanbemeasuredwithcompasses.ItcanbeseenfromthisthatMozi'sknowledgeandknowledgearenotsimplytobearnegatively,butcontainapositiveandenterprisingspirit.Inadditiontoknowingandknowing,Moziattachesgreatimportancetoknowingrelatives.ThisisalsoamajordifferencebetweenMoziandotherpre-Qinscholars.Mozi'spersonalknowledgereferstotheknowledgegainedthroughpersonalexperience.Hedividedtheprocessofknowingrelativesintothreesteps:"consider","accept"and"mind"."Concerning"isthestateofaperson'scognitiveabilitytoseekknowledge.Butjustthinkingaboutitmaynotbeabletoobtainknowledge.Forexample,ifyouopenyoureyesandlookattheforeignobject,youmaynotbeabletorealizethetruthoftheforeignobject.Therefore,itisnecessaryto"receive"knowledge,andletthesenseorganssuchaseyes,ears,nose,tongue,andbodycomeintocontactwiththeexternalobjectsinordertoperceivetheexternalnatureandshapeoftheexternalobjects.Butwhatyougetby"receiving"knowledgeisstillveryincompleteknowledge.Whatitgetscanonlybetheapparentknowledgeofthings,andsomethings,suchastime,cannotbefeltbythesenses.Therefore,theknowledgeobtainedbyhumansensesisstillpreliminaryandincomplete.Theknowledgeobtainedmustbeintegrated,sorted,analyzed,andinferredinordertoreachthestateof"clear"knowledge.Inaword,Moziorganicallylinkedthethreeaspectsofknowledgesources,makinghimuniqueinthefieldofepistemology.

Logic

MoziisoneoftheimportantpioneersofancientChineselogicthoughtsystem.Mobian,Yinming,andAncientGreeklogicarecalledthethreemajorlogicsintheworld.Hemoreconsciouslyandextensivelyusedthemethodoflogicalinferencetoestablishordemonstratehispoliticalandethicalthoughts.Healsoputforwardthelogicalconceptsofdebate,class,andreasonforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofChineselogic.Anditisrequiredtolearnthedebateasakindofspecializedknowledge.AlthoughMozi's"argument"generallyreferstothetechniqueofdebate,itisbasedonknowledge(things)andreason(foundation,reason),soitbelongstothecategoryoflogicalanalogyorargumentation.The"threeforms"mentionedbyMoziarenotonlytheideologicalstandardofspeech,butalsothefactorsforreasoning.Moziisalsogoodatusinganalogytoexposethecontradictionsoftheenemy.ThankstoMozi'sadvocacyandenlightenment,theMohistschooldevelopedalogic-orientedtradition,andthefirstChineseancientlogicsystemwasestablishedbythelaterMohistschool.

Startingfromthislawofthinking,Moziwentontoestablishaseriesofthinkingmethods.Hesummedupthebasicmethodofthinkingas"totracethenatureofeverything,todiscussthecomparisonofwords.Toexpressthetruthbyname,toexpressthemeaningbywords,totellthestory.Takebyclass,givebyclass"("Smalltake").Inotherwords,thepurposeofthinkingistoexploretheinevitableconnectionbetweenobjectivethings,andtoexploretheformthatreflectsthisinevitableconnection,andexpressitwith"name"(concept),"ci"(judgment),and"say"(reasoning)."Takebyclassandgivebyclass"isequivalenttotheanalogyofmodernlogicandisanimportantmethodofreasoning.Inaddition,Mozialsosummedupavarietyofreasoningmethodssuchashypotheses,bluntwords,selectivestatements,deduction,induction,etc.,sothatMozi'sdialecticshasbeenformedintoamethodicalandsystematicsystem,whichisuniqueintheancientworld.,ItstandssidebysidewiththelogicofancientGreeceandthescienceofYinminginancientIndia.

Scientificthought

Cosmology

Mozibelievesthattheuniverseisacontinuouswhole,andindividualsorpartsarecomposedofthisWhatseparatesfromtheunifiedwholeareallcomponentsofthisunifiedwhole.Inotherwords,thewholecontainstheindividual,andthewholeiscomposedoftheindividual.Thereisacertainorganicconnectionbetweenthewholeandtheindividual.Startingfromthiscontinuousviewoftheuniverse,MoZiwentontoestablishatheoryoftimeandspace.Henamedtime"Jiu"andspacenamed"Yu",andgavethedefinitionof"Jiu"and"Yu",thatis,"Jiu"meansalltimeincludingthepastandthepresent,and"Yu"includesthings.Allspace,timeandspaceinthenorthandsoutharecontinuousanduninterrupted.

Aftergivingthedefinitionofspace-time,Mozifurtherdiscussedthequestionofwhetherspace-timeisfiniteorinfinite.Hebelievesthattimeandspacearebothinfiniteandinfinite.Forthewhole,timeandspaceareinfinite,whileforparts,timeandspaceareinfinite.Healsopointedoutthatcontinuousspace-timeiscomposedofspace-timeelements.Hedefinedthespace-timeelementas"beginning"and"end","beginning"isthesmallestunitthatcannotbeseparatedintime,and"end"isthesmallestunitthatcannotbeseparatedinspace.Inthisway,space-timeiscontinuousandinfinite,andthiscontinuousinfinitespace-timeiscomposedofthesmallestunit.Infinitycontainsinfinity,andcontinuitycontainsdiscontinuousspace-timetheory.

Onthebasisofthespace-timetheory,Moziestablishedhisowntheoryofmotion.Heunifiesandconnectstime,spaceandthemovementofobjects.Hebelievesthatinacontinuousandunifieduniverse,themovementofobjectsismanifestedinthesuccessivedifferencesintimeandthepositionmigrationinspace.Thereisnochangeintimesequenceandlocation,sothereisnomovement,andthereisnopuremovementawayfromtimeandspace.

MoZialsohasanincisiveexpositionontheoriginandpropertiesofmatter.Amongthepre-Qinscholars,LaoTzufirstproposedthattheoriginofmatteris"beingbornfromnothing"(LaoTzuChapter1),"allthingsintheworldarebornfrombeing,andbeingbornfromnothing"(LaoTzuChapter40).Mozifirstrosetoopposethisideaof​​Laozi,andproposedthatallthingsbeginwith"being".Hepointedoutthattherearetwokindsof"nothing",oneisthatithasexistedinthepastandisnowabsent,suchassomekindofextinctbird,whichcannotbedeniedas"have"becauseitnolongerexists;theotheristhatithasneverexistedinthepast.Thingsthathaveneverbeenbefore,suchasthecollapseofthesky,are"nothingness"thatdoesnotexistinthefirstplace.The“nothing”thatdidnotexistdoesnotproduce“being”,andthe“things”thatoriginallyexistedandlaterdidnotexistarenot“being”bornfrom“nothing”.Itcanbeseenthat"being"existsobjectively.Then,Moziwentontoelaborateontheissueofmaterialproperties.Hebelievesthatifthereisnostone,thehardnessandcolorofthestonewillnotbeknown,andwithoutthesunandfire,therewillbenoknowledgeofheat.Inotherwords,attributesdonotexistwithoutmaterialobjects,attributesareobjectivereflectionsofmaterialobjects.Thereasonwhypeoplecanperceivetheattributesofmatterisduetotheobjectiveexistenceofmaterialobjects.

MathematicsDiscourse

MoziwasthefirstscientistinChinesehistorytotreatmathematicalproblemsfromarationalheight.HegaveaseriesofmathematicalconceptsPropositionsanddefinitions,thesepropositionsanddefinitionsarehighlyabstractandrigorous.

ThemathematicalconceptsgivenbyMozimainlyinclude:

Aboutthedefinitionof"times."Mozisaid:"Doubleistwo."("MoJing1")Thatis,theoriginalnumberisaddedonce,ortheoriginalnumberismultipliedbytwoiscalled"double".Forexample,twofeetare"times"ofonefoot.Regardingthedefinitionof"ping".Mozisaid:"Flat,thesameheight."("MoJing1"),whichmeansthatthesameheightiscalled"level."ThishasthesamemeaningastheEuclideangeometrytheorem"thecommonperpendicularsbetweenparallellinesareequal".

Aboutthedefinitionof"samelength".Mozisaid:"Thesamelength,thesameistrue."("Mojing1")Thatistosay,thelengthofthetwoobjectsarecomparedwitheachother,exactlyone-to-onecorrespondence,completelyequal,called"thesamelength."

Aboutthedefinitionof"中".Mozisaid:"Mediumisthesamelength."("MoJing1")Here"zhong"referstothecenterofsymmetryoftheobject,thatis,thecenteroftheobjectisapointatthesamedistancefromthesurfaceoftheobject.

Aboutthedefinitionof"won".Mozisaid:"Won,thesamelongasonemiddleschool."("MoJing1")here"won"isthecircle,Mozipointedoutthatthecirclecanbedrawnwithcompasses,orcanbecheckedwithcompasses.CompasseshavebeenwidelyusedbeforeMozi,butitisMozi'scontributiontogiveaprecisedefinitionofthecircle.Mozi'sdefinitionofcircleiscompletelyconsistentwiththedefinitionofcircleinEuclideangeometry.

Aboutthedefinitionofsquare.Mozisaidthatthefourcornersareallrightangles,andaquadrilateralwithfoursidesofequallengthisasquare.Thesquarecanbedrawnandtestedwitharight-anglecurvedruler"moment".ThisisalsoconsistentwiththedefinitionofsquareinEuclideangeometry.

Aboutthedefinitionofastraightline.Mozisaidthatthecollinearlineofthreepointsisastraightline.Thethree-pointcollinearisthedefinitionofastraightline,whichiswidelyusedinlatergenerationstomeasuretheheightanddistanceofobjects.ThemathematicianLiuHuioftheJinDynastyusedthethree-pointcollinearlinetomeasuretheheightanddistanceinthesurveyingmonograph"IslandMathematics".AftertheHanDynasty,thesight"Wangshan"onthecrossbowwasalsoinventedaccordingly.

Inaddition,Mozialsodiscussedthedecimalvaluesystem.AsearlyastheShangDynasty,Chinahadalreadyuseddecimalnotationmoregenerally,andMoZiwasthefirstscientisttosummarizeandelaborateontheconceptofplacevaluesystem.Heclearlypointedoutthatthenumbersondifferentdigitshavedifferentvalues.Forexample,onthesamedigit,oneislessthanfive,andondifferentdigits,onecanbemorethanfive.Thisisbecauseinthesamedigit(ones,tens,hundreds,thousands...),fivecontainsone,andwhenoneisinahigherdigit,onecontainsfiveinturn.

Physicsresearch

Mozi’sresearchonphysicsinvolvesthebranchesofmechanics,optics,acoustics,etc.,andgivesalotofphysicsconceptsDefinition,therearemanyimportantdiscoveries,andsomeimportantphysicstheoremsaresummarized.

Firstofall,Mozigavethedefinitionofforce,saying:"Force,thepunishment(form)isthereasonwhyitworks."("Mojing1")Inotherwords,forceiswhatmakesobjectsmove.Thereason,eveniftheeffectofthemotionoftheobjectiscalledforce.Inthisregard,hegaveanexampletoillustrate,sayingthatitislikeliftingaheavyobjectfromthebottomtothetop,whichcanonlybedonebecauseofapowerfuleffect.Atthesametime,MoZipointedoutthatwhenanobjectreceivesaforce,italsoproducesareactionforce.Forexample,aftertwoobjectsofequalmasscollide,thetwoobjectswillmoveinoppositedirections.Ifthemassesofthetwoobjectsdiffergreatly,theobjectwiththelargermasswillnotmoveafterthecollision,butthereactionforcewillstillexist.

Next,Mozigavethedefinitionof"movement"and"stop".Hebelievesthat"movement"isduetoforcepushing,andmoreimportantly,heputsforwardtheviewthat"stop,foralongtime,lastforever,andbeacowisnotahorse."Itmeansthatthestopofthemovementofanobjectcomesfromresistance.Theeffectofimpedance,ifthereisnoresistance,theobjectwillmoveforever.ThisviewisconsideredtobetheforerunnerofNewton’slawofinertia.Itismorethan1,000yearsolderthantheworld’scontemporaries.Itisalsoasignofthebirthanddevelopmentofphysics.(Aristotlebelievesthatforceisthecauseofmovementofobjects.Itwillnotmove,andstopisthenatureoftheobject.Thisviewisconsistentwiththeresultsofordinarypeople'sobservation,butitissuperficialandwrong).

Regardingtheleveragetheorem,MoZialsomadeabrilliantstatement.Hepointedoutthatthereasonwhytheweighingrodisbalancedwhenweighingobjectsisthatthe"book"isshortandthe"standard"islong.Inmodernscientificlanguage,the"ben"istheresistancearm,andthe"standard"isthepowerarm.Writteninthemechanicsformula,itispower×powerarm("standard")=resistance×resistancearm("ben").Inaddition,MoZialsoconductedaseriesofresearchesonmechanicalproblemssuchaslever,inclinedplane,centerofgravity,rollingfriction,etc.,soIwon'trepeatthemhere.Inthehistoryofoptics,MoZiwasthefirstscientisttoconductopticalexperimentsandconductsystematicresearchongeometricoptics.ItisnottoomuchtosaythatMozilaidthefoundationofgeometricoptics,atleastinChina.JustasNeedhamsaidinthephysicsvolumeof"HistoryofScienceandTechnologyinChina",Mozi'sresearchonopticswas"earlierthanwhatweknowinGreece"and"Indiacannotbecompared."

Mozifirstdiscussedtherelationshipbetweenlightandshadow.Hecarefullyobservedthechanginglawsofmovingobjects'images,andputforwardthepropositionthat"thescenerydoesnotmigrate".Inotherwords,theshadowofamovingobjectfromthesurfaceisalsomovingwiththeobject,whichisactuallyanillusion.Becausewhenthepositionofthemovingobjectmoves,theimageformedatthepreviousmomenthasdisappeared,andtheimageformedafterthedisplacementisnewlyformed,insteadoftheoriginalimagemovingtoanewposition.Iftheoriginalimagedoesnotdisappear,itwillalwaysexistintheoriginalposition,whichisimpossible.Therefore,themovementoftheimageyouseeisonlytheresultofthecontinuousanduninterruptedbirthanddeathoftheoldandnewimagesalongwiththemovementoftheobject,ratherthanthemovementoftheimageitself.ThispropositionofMoziwaslaterinheritedbyfamousartists,andfromthisheputforwardthepropositionthat"theshadowofthebirdhasnotmoved."Followingthat,Mozidiscussedtheissueoftheumbraandsecondaryshadowsofobjects.Hepointedoutthatifthelightsourceisnotapointlightsource,theobjectwillproduceumbraandsecondaryshadowsduetotherepeatedilluminationofthelightemittedfromeachpoint;ifthelightsourceisapointlightsource,onlytheumbrawillappear.ThenMoziconductedexperimentsonsmallholeimaging.Heclearlypointedoutthatthelighttravelsinastraightline,andtheinvertedimageformedbytheobjectpassingthroughthesmallhole.Thisisbecausewhenthelightpassesthroughtheobjectandthenpassesthroughthesmallhole,duetothestraightpropagationofthelight,thetopoftheobjectisimagedonthebottom,andthebottomoftheobjectisimagedonthetop,sotheresultingimageisaninvertedimage.Healsoexploredtherelationshipbetweenthesizeoftheimageandtheobliquenessoftheobjectandthedistanceofthelightsource.Hepointedoutthattheobliqueobjectorthelightsourcewouldcausetheshadowtobelongandthin,whiletheobjectorthelightsourcewouldcausetheshadowtobeshortandthick.Betweenandthelightsource.WhatisparticularlyvaluableisthatMozihasconductedconsiderablesystematicresearchonflatmirrors,concavemirrors,convexmirrors,etc.,andhasderivedaseriesofbasicprinciplesofgeometricoptics.Hepointedoutthattheflatmirrorsformedimagesofthesamesizeandsymmetricalfarandnear,buttheywerereversed.Iftwoormoreflatmirrorsilluminateeachother,repeatedreflectionswilloccur,formingcountlessimages.Theimageoftheconcavemirroristoformapositiveimagewithinthe"center",theimageislargerfromthe"center",theimagefromthe"center"issmall,andatthe"center"theimageisaslargeastheobject;inthe"center"Outside,theinvertedimageisformed,thenear"middle"imageislarge,andthefar"middle"imageissmall.Convexmirrorsonlyformapositiveimage,thenearmirrorimageislarge,andthefarmirrorimageissmall.The"center"hereisthecenterofthesphericalmirror.AlthoughMozihasnotbeenabletodistinguishthedifferencebetweenthecenterofthesphereandthefocus,andconfusedthecenterofthespherewiththefocus,hisconclusionisbasicallyconsistentwiththeimagingprincipleofmodernsphericalmirrors.

MoZialsoconductedresearchonthetransmissionofsound,andfoundthatJingandPiaohadtheeffectofamplifyingsoundandusedthemcleverly.Heoncetaughthisstudentsthatwhendefendingthecity,inordertopreventtheenemyfromdiggingtunnelsandattackingthecity,hewoulddigawellevery30feetandplacealargepoppyinthewell.Thepoppy’smouthwasstretchedwiththincowhidesothatpeoplewithgoodhearingcouldlieonthepoppy.Conductinterceptiontomonitorwhethertheenemyisdiggingatunnel,wherethetunnelisdug,andpreparetodefendagainsttheenemy.Thosewholiedownandlistentoit,examinethelocationoftheacupuncturepoint,chiselinandwelcomeit).AlthoughitwasimpossibleforMoZitounderstandthemechanismofsoundresonanceatthetime,thismethodofdefenseagainsttheenemycontainedrichscientificconnotations.

EducationalThoughts

MoZiisaneducator.Thefirstcomprehensivecivilianschoolwithliberalarts,sciences,military,engineeringandothersubjectsinhumanhistorywasfoundedbyMozibeforetheageof30.Thisschoolhascultivatedalargenumberoftalents,anditissaidinhistorythat"disciplesfilltheworld."

MoZi'seducationalthoughtis"hardpractice,obeydiscipline",andputforwardtheeducationalpurposeof"rejuvenatingtheworld,eliminatingtheharmoftheworld".

Mechanicalmanufacturing

Moziisproficientinmanualskills,whichcanbecomparedwiththeartisanpublictransportclassatthattime.Moziisgoodatdefendingcities,andhehasfullydemonstratedhistalentsandaccomplishmentsinthisaspectintheoffensiveanddefensivedrillsthatwereconductedwhenChuattackedtheSongDynasty.Ittookhim3yearstocarefullydevelopawoodenbird(kite,paperkite)capableofflyingandbecamethefounderofancientChinesekites.Heisalsoanexpertatmakingvehicles,abletobuildacarwithaloadof30stoneinlessthanaday.Thecarhebuiltwasfast,labor-saving,anddurable,whichwasappreciatedbypeopleatthetime.

Moziwasalmostfamiliarwiththemanufacturingtechnologyofvariousweapons,machineryandengineeringbuildingsatthattime,andhehadmanycreations.Inthebook"Mozi","Beichengmen","PreparationofWater","PreparationofAcupoints","PreparationofMoths","MeetingEnemyTemple","Mishou"andotherchapters,heintroducedandexplainedindetailthesuspensionofthecitygates.Thestructureofthegate,thestructureofthegateandvariousdefensivefacilitiesinsideandoutsidethecity,themanufacturingtechnologyofcrossbows,orangesandvariousoffensiveanddefensiveequipment,andtheconstructiontechnologyofwaterwaysandtunnels.Theequipmentandfacilitieshediscussedhaveagreatinfluenceonthemilitaryactivitiesoflatergenerations.

Historicalevaluation

Mozi’sevaluationofhimself:"Thisbenevolenceisalsorighteous",itiscalled"Tiande",itiscalled"Tianzhi",anditiscalled"TheWayoftheHolyKing"".

"Xunzi·Chengxiang":"Theritualandmusicareextinct,thesaintsarehidden,andtheinktechniqueispracticed."

BanGu's"ABinOpera":"TheKongxiisnotwarm,theinkissuddenNotGuizhou."

MaoZedongcommentedthatMoziwas"agreatmasterofdialecticalmaterialisminancienttimes"and"asagemoreintelligentthanConfucius."

YangXiangkui:"Mozi'sachievementsinnaturalsciencearebynomeansinferiortoancientGreekscientistsandphilosophers,evenhigherthanthem.HispersonalachievementsareequaltothewholeofGreece."

BaoPengshancommentedthatMoziwasa"swordmanwhochallengedtheempire."

Anecdotes

Moziweepingsilk

WhenMozisawpeopledyesilk,heexclaimed:"Whendyeingsilkwithcyan,itbecomescyan,withyellow.Dyeingsilkbecomesyellow.Whenthedyeischanged,thecolorofthesilkchangesaccordingly;addingfivedyes,thesilkpresentsfivecolors.Soyoumustbecarefulaboutdyeingsilk!"Notonlydyeingsilk,butalsogoverningthecountryIt'slikedyeingsilk.Humannatureislikesilk,itmustbedyed.

Sticktotherules

DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,ChuwasabouttoattacktheSongState,andLuBanspeciallydesignedandmanufacturedakindofladderfortheChuStatetobeusedforsiege.MoziwasinQicountryatthattime,andwhenhegotthenews,hehurriedtoChucountrytopersuadehim.Afterwalkingfortendaysandtennights,whenhearrivedinChucountry,YingimmediatelyfoundLuBanandwenttoseeKingChu.MozitriedhisbesttopersuadethekingofChuandLuBannottoattacktheSongDynasty.Thisis"MoziSaveSong".Thisstoryhasevolvedintoanidiom:sticktotherules.

MozidiscouragedthekingofChufromdefeatingSong,andthekingofChufinallyagreed,buttheywerereluctanttogiveupthenewlybuiltsiegeequipment,andwantedtotryitspowerinactualcombat.Mozitookoffhisbelt,surroundeditasacitywall,andusedwoodchipsasaweapon,allowingLuBanandhimtoperformonbehalfoftheoffensiveanddefensivesides.LuBanuseddifferentmethodstoattackthecitymanytimes,butwasblockedbyMozimanytimes.Lubanhadexhaustedallhisequipmenttosiegethecity,andMozi'sstrategyofdefendingthecitywasmorethanenough.LuBanrefusedtoadmitdefeat,sayingthathehadawaytodealwithMozi,buthedidnotsay.MozisaidheknewhowLuBanwasgoingtodealwithhim,buthedidn'tsayithimself.KingChucouldn'tunderstand,andaskedwhatitmeant.MozisaidthatLuBanwantedtokillhimself.IthoughtthatifIkilledmyself,noonewouldhelpSongGuodefendthecity.WheredidLuBanknowthatabout300disciplesofMoZihadalreadystoodtherewaitingforChutoattack.SeeingthatKingChuwasunsureofwinning,hedecidednottoattackSongKingdom.

KuaimaYuren

Mozistudentsarecleverandbrilliant,buttheydon’tknowiftheyworkhard,Mozialwaysblameshim.GengZhuzisaid,"Sir,Ireallydon'thaveanythingbetterthanothers?"Mozisaid,"I'mgoingtoTaihangMountaintoridefasthorsesandcattle.Whichoneareyougoingtospur?"GengZhuzisaidconfidently:"IwanttospurKuaima."Moziasked:"WhydoyouspurKuaima?"Tengzhuzisaid:"Quaimaisworthspurring.Becauseitfeelssensitive,whippingitcanmakeitrunfaster!"

Mozi'sintentionistoinspirePengzhu,lethimstudyhard,andmakeprogress.Nowthatitisamatteroftime,hesaidtoPengzhu:"Ialsothinkyouareworthspurring!Youshouldstriveforprogresslikeafasthorse.!"Inthefuture,Iwillworkhardtostudyandstrivetomakeprogress.Inolongerhavetourgemyteacherallday.

Moziacceptsdisciples

AnindividualfromtheStateofLuaskedhissontolearnfromMozi,buthedidnotexpectthathissondiedonthebattlefield.ThefathernaturallyblamesMozi.ButMozisaid,youletyoursonlearntheskills,youlearnedtheskills,andthefatherwasfuriouswhenhewaskilledinawar.Thisislikepreparingtosellfood,andyouareangrywhenthefoodissoldout.Isn'titridiculous!

Interpersonalrelationship

Relationship

Nameofperson

Remarks

Disciples	Birdslippery	"Mozi·GengzhuPian"ismadeofLuoShuali,"RespectingMaster"ismadeofQinHuali,"Liezi·YangZhuPian"ismadeofQinHuali,and"AncientandModernPeople"ismadeBirdQuli
Highstones	MoZimakesGuanQianproudlytravelandGaoShiZiYuWei
Publicstilltoomuch	Mozitraveledtoofar."LuShi·GaoYi"forthepublic
Plowingthepillars	Mozi'swanderingcolumninChu
WeiYue	Mozimakesittravelmore
CaoGongzi	MoZishiCaoGongziYuSong
ShengChuo	MozimakeseverythingtogetherXiangziniu
Suichaozi	Therearesixbooksin"ArtandWenzhi",andBan'scloud:"Mozidisciple."
HuFeizi	《艺文志"Therearethreebooks,andBan'scloud:"Mozidisciple."

Mainworks

AfterMozi’sdeath,theMofamilyBasedonhistoricaldataonMozi’slifeanddeeds,thedisciplescollectedhisquotationsandcompileditintoabook"Mozi",whichisarecordofMozi’sdisciplesandtheirsubsequentdisciples’wordsanddeeds.

Thecontentof"Mozi"isextensive,includingpolitics,military,philosophy,ethics,logic,andtechnology.ItisanimportanthistoricalmaterialforthestudyofMoziandhislaterstudies.Thisbookisdividedintotwoparts:onepartrecordsMozi’swordsanddeeds,expoundingMozi’sthoughts,whichmainlyreflectsthethoughtsoftheearlyMohists;theotherpart"Jingshang","Jingxia","Jingshoushang","Jingshouxia",and"Datake"."SmallCollection"andother6articles,generallycalledMobianorMojing,focusontheepistemologyandlogicofMohistschool,andalsocontainmanynaturalsciencecontent,reflectingthethoughtsoflaterMohistschool.IntheWesternJinDynasty,LuShengandLeYibothmadeannotationsforthebook"Mozi",whichhasbeenlost.Today'spopulareditionsincludeSunYirang's"MoZiXianGu"andtheversionincludedin"TheCollectionofZhuZi".

TheremarksofMoziandhisdisciplesarescatteredinvariousclassics,suchasin"XinXu","Shizi","YanziChunqiu","HanFeizi","LuShichunqiu","Huainanzi",and"Huainanzi"."Liezi","WarringStatesPolicy","OldThingsinthePalace","ShenxianBiography"andsoon.TheSeventyOnesof"Mozi"recordedinthe"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"experiencedthelossofgenerations.BytheSongDynasty,therewereonly60articlesinexistence,andnowthereareonly53articlesinexistence,and18articleshavebeenlost.Amongthem,thelostonesare:Part2of"JieYong",Part1andPart2of"JieFu",Part1andPart2of"MingGui",Part2andPart2of"FeiLe",Part1of"FeiConfucianism",exceptforeightInadditiontothearticle,theothertenarticleshavelosttheirtitles.Amongthesetenarticles,onlythe"PoetryZhengyi"mentionedthearticle"BeiWei",andtherestareunacceptable.TheworksofMohistschoolweregraduallylostaftertheSixDynasties.InthetenthyearofMingDynasty(1445),ZhangYuchuengraved"Mozi"into"TaoZang".Thefifty-threearticlesof"Mozi"werehandeddownbecausetheywereincludedintheTaoistbook"TaoZang".WangZhongdividedthebookofMoziintointernalandexternalchapters,andauthoredavolumeof"TheRepresentationofMozi".

Thebook"Mozi"wasnotwrittenbyoneperson,norwasitmadeinaflash.Itisgenerallybelievedthat"MoZi"isafamilystatementwrittenbyMoZiandhisdisciplesdescribingMoZi'sremarks.AccordingtoLiangQichao'sclassification,thecontentof"Mozi"canbedividedintofivecategories.

Thefirstcategory:mixedwiththewordsoffamousexpertsandmixedwiththesayingsofmixedfamilies.

"Family"

"Slimming"

"Stained"

"Fayi"

"SevenSufferings"

"Resignation"

"ThreeDebates"

Thesecondcategory:RepresentsthemainpoliticalthoughtofMohistschool.

"ShangXian"first,middleandsecondchapters	"Non-attack"first,middleandsecondchapters	TheFirst,MiddleandSecondPartof"KenAi"	TheFirstandMiddlePartof"JieYong"	Part1of"FeiLe"	Part2of"MingGui"
"Shangtong"First,MiddleandSecondPart	"FeiMing"First,MiddleandSecondPart	"TianZhi"First,MiddleandLowerPartChapter	TheSecondPartof"FestivalBurial"	TheSecondPartof"FeiConfucianism"

Thethirdcategory:TheMobianiscalledMobianbythosewhotreatMo,alsoknownasMojing,whichistheessenceofMozi.

TheUpperandLowerChaptersoftheClassics

TheUpperandLowerChaptersoftheClassics

"BigTake"

"SmallTake"

Thefourthcategory:TherecordofMozi’swordsandactionsbythedisciplesofMoziisalsoarecordofMozi’slife.

"PlowingPillar"

"Guiyi"

"Gongmeng"

"LuWen"

"Gongmeng"

Thefifthcategory:ItcanbesaidthatitistheMohistartofwar.Theelevenarticlesareallbasedonthelawofdefense.

Eachchapterofdefendingthecity

"PreparationoftheCityGate"	"PreparationoftheMoth》	"Standby"	"Preparation"	"Flag"	"MiscellaneousShou"
"BeiGaoLin"	"EncounterTemple"	"PreparationofWater"	"PreparationofAcupoints"	"Orders"

Charactercontroversy

TherearethreemaintheoriesaboutMozi'shometown:SongGuosaid,LuGuosaid,LuYangsaid.

SongGuosaid(nowShangqiu,Henan)

AfterMoziwasthenoblemanoftheSongstate,Muyi,MuyiwasthebrotherofSongXianggong,themonarchoftheSongstate.

MozirescuedtheSongDynasty(2photos)

AsearlyastheWesternHanDynasty,therewasarecordofMoziasamemberoftheSongDynasty,"HistoricalRecords·MenciusandXunqingBiography":"GaiModi,thedoctoroftheSongDynasty,wasgoodatguardingtheimperialcourtandwasusedforthepurposeoffrugality.ItmaybecalledwhenhemergedwithConfucius,orlater."Accordingtothis,manyscholarscalledhimSongpeople,andthistheoryhasbeenpopulartothisday.Asweallknow,thehistoricalmaterialvalueof"HistoricalRecords"isveryhigh.Here,althoughSimaQiandidnotspecifythebirthplaceofMozi,hepointedoutthatMoziwasthe"DoctorofSong".

"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"alsosaid"seventyarticlesin"Mozi".ThenameisZhai,whoisthedoctorofSong,afterConfucius."Therecordisthesameasthatof"HistoricalRecords".ItshouldbenotedthatthepositionofadoctorintheWarringStatesPeriodwasmostlyhereditary.Therefore,althoughthe"HistoricalRecords"and"Hanshu"didnotspecifythebirthplaceofMozi,theyactuallyimpliedthatMoziwasanativeofSongDynastyduetohereditarycareerasadoctor.LaterscholarsalsobelievedthatMoziwasanativeofSongState,andhisbirthplaceshouldalsobeinSongState.

Judgingfromthewholebookof"Mozi",MozihasmanyactivitiesinSongState,hastheclosestrelationshipwithSongState,andhasthedeepestaffectionforSongState.Itcanbeseenfromthe"Song"incident.Inaddition,thebook"Mozi"obviouslyhasthecharacteristicsoftheSonglocaldialect,andthereisnoLuandChudialects.ThisisalsoastrongevidencethattheSongpeopleofMozisaid.Furthermore,Moziisascholarwhotravelsaroundtheworldwiththeworldashisbosom.Theso-called"Confuciuspotstoveisnotblack,Mozi'sbenchisnotwarm",thatis,heoftentravelsbetweenSong,Lu,Qi,andWeiState,ChuStateandmanyotherplaces.Fromthispointofview,itisfar-fetchedthatLiangQichaodeniesMoziasaSongnativewiththephrase"returntotheSongDynasty"."ReturningtoSongDynasty"onlyprovedthatMozididnotliveinSongDynastyatthattime,butitdoesnotprovethathewasnotfromSongDynasty.ThewriterGeHongoftheEasternJinDynastyhasclearlyrecordedin"TheLegendofImmortals":"ThenameofMoziisDi,andthenameofSongisalso."

SaidLuGuo(nowTengzhou,Shandong)

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ThestateofLusaidthatitwasonlyinthelastyearsoftheQingDynasty.ThescholarSunYirangofthelateQingDynastywrote"MoZiJianGu".Chinese.MostscholarsfromShandongagreethatMoziwasanativeofLuduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriod.

ThepredecessorofXiaoluLouguowasMuyiCountry.IntheearlyZhoudynasty,afterMuyiwasmergedintoZhouDynasty,itwascalledXiaolulouKingdom.Aculturalrelicnamed"Muyige"wasunearthedinMushiTown,TengzhouCity,ShandongProvince,andmanydistinctivebronzesofXiaolulouKingdomwereunearthed.LegendhasitthatMozi'stheoryinheritedthetraditionofLuLouculture.

ThisstatementhasbeenrecognizedbythevastmajorityofShandongMohistscholars(KuangYaming,RenJiyu,YangXiangkui,ZhangDainian,ZhangZhihan,JiXianlin).

ZhangZhihan,awell-knownMohistscholarfromTengzhou,Shandong,furtherverifiedinhispapers"MoziwasoriginallyfromTengzhou"and"NewExplorationofMozi'sHometown"andotherpapers,Mozi'sbirthplaceshouldbefromtheancientcountryofLu"Lanyi"(nowinTengzhou,Shandong),LanyilaterbelongedtotheStateofLu.Themainbasisis:"Mozi·Guiyi""MoziisQifromLu.""Mozi·LuWen""towelcomeMoziYuLu"."LuShichunqiu·LoveClass""Likealadderforpublictransportation,ifyouwanttoattacktheSongDynasty,MoziwillhearitandgofromLuto".

Luyangsaid(nowLushan,Henan)

ThelocalsofLuyangclaimedthatMoziwasanativeofYaoshanTown,Luyang.

CommemorationofLaterGenerations

In2018,threecompanieswereorganizedbyAnhuiInvestmentGroupHoldingsCo.,Ltd.,AnhuiGuoyuanHoldings(Group)Co.,Ltd.,andHefeiXingtaiFinancialHoldings(Group)Co.,Ltd.JointlydonatedfundstoestablishtheMoziQuantumScienceandTechnologyFoundationandsetupthe"MoziQuantumAward"torewardscientistswhohavemadeoutstandingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsinthefieldsofquantumcommunication,quantumcomputing,andquantumprecisionmeasurementonaninternationalscale.The"MoziQuantumAward"isthehighestawardinthefieldofquantuminformation.