Overview
CarlRansonRogers(CarlRansonRogers1902-1987),thetheoristandinitiatorofhumanisticpsychology,andpsychotherapist,ispraisedbypsychologistsas"humanisticpsychology"TheFatherofLearning".RogerswasborninOakPark,Illinois,USAonJanuary8,1902.Hewasthefourthofsixchildreninthefamily.Hisfatherwasasuccessfulcivilengineer,hismotherwasinchargeofhousework,andhewasalsoadevoutChristian.
RogersisanAmericanpsychologistandoneofthemainrepresentativesofhumanisticpsychology.Engagedinthepracticeandresearchofpsychologicalconsultationandtreatment,andiswell-knownforthe"client-centered"psychologicaltreatmentmethod.In1947,hewaselectedasthechairmanoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.In1956,hewasawardedtheOutstandingScientificContributionAwardbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.
Inthe1960s,theindividual-centeredtheoryexpandedfromindividualconsultationtogroupconsultation,whichplayedanimportantroleinhelpingpeoplegrowandimproveinterpersonalrelationships.TheneweducationsystemproposedbyRogersinLajolla,Californiaisbasedontheprincipleof"personalcenter".Heassumedthatwhenlearninginanenvironmentwhereeveryonerespectseachother,treatseachotherwithsincerity,andeveryonehasempathyandunderstanding,themotivationfor"self-realization"willemerge.
RogerscollectivelyreferredtomanyconsultinggroupsofthesamenaturethatexistedintheUnitedStatesatthetimeasanencountergroup,includinginterpersonalrelationshipgroups,T-groups,sensitivetraininggroups,personalgrowthgroups,humanpotentialgroups,etc..Althoughthesegroupshavedifferentnames,theyareessentiallythesame.Theyallemphasizetheinterpersonalexperienceinthegroup,andbothfocusontheemotionalproblemshereandnow.Thepurposeofgroupcounselingisnottotreat,buttopromotepersonalgrowth,includingunderstandingoneself.,Enhanceself-confidence,seekmeaningfulinterpersonalrelationships,etc.Knowingtheheartreferstothecommunicationandexchangebetweentheheartandtheheart,whichsummarizesthemostfundamentalcharacteristicsofthesegroupconsultations.Therefore,knowinggroupsareregardedasdevelopmentalgroupconsultationsorgrowthgroupconsultations.
Principles
JapaneseconsultingpsychologistKokubunYasutakasummarizedtheprinciplesofknowinggroupsinto6principles:
self-perception.Differentfromself-insight,moreemphasisisplacedonexperiencingyourownfeelingsatthistime.
Emotionalperformance.Ifyouareawareofyourtrueself,youmustexpressit.Theexpressionherereferstofeelings.
Self-affirmation.Adheretothetrueselfinbothverbalandnonverbalforms.
Acceptothers.Tocultivatetheabilitytoacceptothers,thebesttrainingistolisten.
Thereisasenseoftrust.Believeintheconsistencyofotherpeople'sbehaviorandbuildgoodrelationships.
Completetherole.Inordertoexpressyourtrueselfintherealworld,youmustexpressyourownroletoberealistic.
Groupinstructorsandparticipantsactivelyencourageotherstoexpresstheirtruefeelings,revealattitudesthattheyhaveneverexpressed,sothateachmembercanbeviewedtruthfullybyothers,andlearnfromothers.Membersgetpositiveornegativefeedbackaboutthemselvesintheirresponsesinordertotrulyunderstandthemselves.Althoughtherewillbetwistsandturnsinthisprocess,theremayalsobeconflictsbetweenmembers,butthisistemporary.Inthedevelopmentofthegroup,eachmemberwillrealizethatotherscareandrespectforthemselves,therebyincreasingtheircareandrespectforthemselves,strengthentheirsenseofresponsibility,changetheirunsuitablebehaviors,learntoestablishsatisfactoryinterpersonalrelationships,andmakelifeeasier.Richerandmoremeaningful.
Infact,theknowinggrouphasmadeupforthemajorshortcomingsof"one-to-one"psychologicalcounselingfromadynamicperspective:traditionalpsychologicalcounselingtheorybelievesthatthecounselingprocessisastrugglebetweentheconsultantandtheclient.Therearecertainfactorsintheclient'sheartthatarenotconducivetohismentalhealth,andtheconsultanthastofightagainstthem.Infact,fortheclient,theconsultantisonlypartofhisenvironment.Inadditiontotheconsultant,hehastocontactmanypeopleandmanythings.Thefactorsthatpushhispsychologytounhealthyarebasicallyinthisenvironment.Ifasinglepsychologicalcounselorwantstousehisownpowerandsuchapowerfulsocialforcetomakeadifference,thereisnotmuchchanceofwinning.Theinfluenceiscertainlynotasgoodasagroup.
Ofcourse,knowinggroupscannotsolveallpsychologicalproblems.Rogersteinbluntlystateditsshortcomings:becausethisisanartificiallyestablishedgroup,membersofthegroupcanopenthemselvesinaknowinggroup,andoftenreturntotheoriginalenvironmentwhentheyreturntotheoriginalenvironment,andtheycannotactivelypromotetheoriginalenvironment.Toopenup.Duetothelimitedtimeleftforindividualsingroupcommunication,deep-seatedpsychologicalproblemsoftencannotberesolved.Aftergroupmembersdiscovertheirownpsychologicalproblems,theyshouldstillresorttoone-on-onepsychologicalcounseling.
Becauseofthevalueandlimitationsoftheknowinggroup,wecanregarditasanecessarypartofmentalhealth.Itcannotsolveallpsychologicalproblems,butitcannotparticipateinthesolutionofpsychologicalproblemswithoutit.
Generationanddevelopment
Thefounderofperson-centerTherapyistheAmerican-centeredpsychologistCarlRogers(CarlRoges,1902-1987).Thetherapywasdevelopedinthe1940s.
Developmentprocess:
Intheprocessoftreatingmentalillness,Rogersdiscoveredthatthetreatmentofmentalillnessiscloselyrelatedtothehealthygrowthofpeopleandiscloselyrelatedtointerpersonalcommunication.PsychotherapyItshouldbebasedonasincererelationshipbetweenthetherapistandtheclient.Thisrelationshipisnotarelationshipofexternalguidanceorindoctrination,butarelationshipthatinspiresandpromotesinternalgrowth.
Importantstage:
Thefirststage:Rogers'"TherapyandPsychologicalCounseling"waspublishedin1942,advocatingnon-directedtreatment.
Thesecondstage:The"Party-centeredTreatmentAct"waspublishedin1951,emphasizingtheclient-centeredapproachandactivelypromotingthegrowthoftheclient.
Thethirdstage:Inthe1960s,Rogerspublished"BecomeaPerson",whichfocusedonstudyinghowtheclientcangetthebestlearninginpsychotherapy,andexplorethetherapeuticrelationshipthatcanhelppersonalchange,anddevelopPersonalcentertreatment.
Thefourthstage:Inthe1970s,Rogersdevelopedapersonalgrowthgroup-aknowinggroup.
Philosophicalbasis
Existentialism
Existentialism,alsoknownassurvivalism,wasfirstproposedbyHeideggerandoriginatedfromtheDanishphilosopherSorenKerkeGur,themysticism.Existentialismfirstemphasizestheexistenceoftheindividual.Itbelievesthat"manisnothingbuthimself".Thefocusisonconsciousactivities,andthefocusisontheexperienceofhumanexistence.Payingattentiontothetwobasicissuesoftheessenceofhumannatureandthemeaningoftheexistenceoftheindividual,itisproposedtostudythedignity,value,andessenceofhumanbeings.Theroleofexistentialismforhumanisticpsychologyisreflectedinthefollowing:first,fromtheperspectiveoftheneedsofthetimes,existentialism’sessentialprovisionsonhumansmakeupforthepreviouslackofhumannaturetheoryandbecomethephilosophicalbasisofhumanisticpsychology;second,fromtheperspectiveofpsychologyFromtheperspectiveofthedevelopmenttrendofscience,itprovidesatheoreticalweaponforhumanisticpsychologytodenyandcounterthepsychoanalytictheoryandbehavioristtheory;third,fromitsowncharacteristics,itexplorestheindividual’sinterior,paysattentiontohumanexperience,andvalueshumanpotential.Self-actualization,functioning,etc.areallinherentlyrelated,andhumanisticpsychologyhasdrawnrichnutritionfromthem.
Phenomenology
Phenomenologyisdividedintoabroadsenseandanarrowsense.ThenarrowsensereferstothephilosophicalschoolfoundedbytheGermanphilosopherHusserl(to"returntofacts"inthelastcentury).,Advocatingtodescribephenomenathroughdirectknowledgeandopposinganyformofanalysis.Broadlyreferstothephilosophicaltheoryandmethodologicalsysteminfluencedbyit.Phenomenology,asaresearchmethod,conductsthestudyofpsychologicalphenomenaandadvocatesanalysisofconsciousnessOneself,throughdirectratherthanindirectknowledgetodescribethephenomenon,whichdoesnotincludeanycontentthathasbeenprocessedbyexperienceandpackagedbyfeeling.Phenomenologyisaneffectivemethodtostudyhumanconsciousness.Atthemethodologicallevel,itisreflectedintheabsenceofpreconceivedandsubjectivePrejudice,keeptheoriginalmeaning.Rogers'visitor-centeredtherapyisbasedonphenomenology,whichisreflectedinthefactthatthepsychologisttreatsvisitorsequally,paysattentiontothedirectneedsofthevisitors,anddoesnotmakeevaluationsandrequirementsonotheraspectssuchasbehavior,feelings,andexperience.However,shelvingdoesnotmeangivingup.Consultantscannotgiveuptheirownvaluesandjudgmentstandardsfromstarttofinish.
Pragmatism
Pragmatism(derivedfromtheGreekwordaction),developedinthecenturyThemostinfluentialphilosophicalschoolintheUnitedStates.JamesandDeweyaretherepresentatives.ThedifferenceisthatJamesbelievesthatpragmatismismethodology,whileDeweyadvocatesthatpragmatismisinstrumentalism.PragmatismemphasizestheinitiativeofexperienceandadvocatesthatpeoplecanonlyStartingfromtheexperienceofcognition,wetransformpeople’sbehaviorbasedonanattitudethatisloyaltothefactsandtheeffectsofevents.Rogersconstructshisowntheoreticalsysteminthespiritandattitudeofpragmatism.