Du Fu

Characterrelationship

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Character'slife

Familybackground

TheancientancestorofDuFuwasthefamouscoolofficialDuZhouintheperiodofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,andhisgrandfatherDuShenWord.DuFuandDuMu,anothergreatpoetintheTangDynasty,the"littleLiandDu",arebothJinDynastyuniversityscholarsandfamousgeneralDuYu,butthetwotribesarefarapart.HisancestralhomewasXiangyang(nowinHubei),hisgreat-grandfatherDuYiyiwasthemagistrateofGongCounty,andhelivedinGongCounty(nowinHenan).DuFucamefromDuYu'ssecondson,DuDan,andDuMucamefromDuYu'syoungestson,DuYin.DuFuwasborninGongCountyinthefirstyearofEmperorXuanzongoftheTangDynasty(712).Hismother,Cui,diedwhenDuFuwasyoung.TheCuifamilyisalsoawell-knownfamilymember.Hehasmetmanyunclesandcousins​​whowereclosetoeachothermanytimesinhislife.

WhenDuFuwasateenager,becauseofthesuperiorfamilyenvironment,helivedarelativelystableandprosperouslife.Hewasstudioussincehewasachild,andwasabletowritepoemsattheageofseven."Thinkingisstrongatsevenyearsoldandsingingtothephoenix."Hewasalsoverynaughtywhenhewasateenager."Inremembranceofthefifteenthyear,theheartisstillachild,andheisashealthyasayellowcalf.ThepearandjujubeareripeinAugustbeforethecourt,andthetreecangobackathousandtimesaday."

Inhisyouth,DuFuhadtheopportunitytobeinfluencedbyvariousculturesandarts,whichhadagreatinfluenceonhisfuturepoetrycreation.Forexample,whenhewasfiveorsixyearsold,hewatchedthedancerGongsunAuntie'ssworddanceinLicheng,Henan.Later,heheardaboutLiGuinianintheresidenceofQiwangLiFaninShangshanfanginLuoyangandinfrontofXuanzong’sfavoriteCuiDitanginZunhua.InLuoyang’sBeimanMountainPeakXuanyuanEmperor’sTemple,IhaveseenthefivesaintsandtheranksofthousandsofofficialspaintedbythesaintWuDaozi.Thisisreflectedinhislaterpoetrycreation.Atthattime,celebritiesCuiShangandWeiQixinsawthepoetryhewasstudyingandpraisedhimforhisstyleofBanGuandYangXiong.ElderslikeLiYongandWangHanalsocondescendedtovisithim.

YouthTraveling

InthenineteenthyearofKaiyuan(731),19-year-oldDuFutraveledtoXunXia(nowLinyi,Shanxi).Attheageoftwenty,DuFuroamedWuyueforseveralyears.Inthetwenty-thirdyearofKaiyuan(735years),DuFureturnedtohishometowntoparticipateinthe"townshiptribute".Inthetwenty-fourthyearofKaiyuan(736years),DuFutooktheJinshiexaminLuoyang,butfailed.DuFu'sfatherwasinthepostofYanzhouSimaatthattime,soDuFuwenttoYanzhouProvince,andtogetherwithSuYuanmingandothers,wenttoQizhaoPlainforthesecondtimeroaming.Atthistime,hisfatherwasworkingasSimainYanzhou.HespentfourorfiveyearsintheQiuMafrivolouslifeinQi-Zhao,andhealsolefttheearliestsurvivingpoems:"DengYanzhouCityTower",whichisaprovince.WorksbyhisfatherwhenhewasinYanzhou;therearealsotwosongs"PaintingEagle"and"FangbingCaoHuma",whichextoltheeagleandthehorsewiththeenthusiasmofyoungpeople;thereisalso"WangYue",whichisamasterpiece,endingThetwosentencesinthebookarewell-knownsayingsthathavebeenpasseddownthroughtheages:"Iwillbethetopofthemountain,lookingatthemountainsandsmallmountains",whichrevealstheextraordinaryambitionofthepoet'syouth.

InAprilofTianbaoThreeYears(744),DuFumetLiBaiinLuoyanginLuoyang,whowasgivengoldbyEmperorXuanzongoftheTangDynasty.ThetwomettotraveltogetherinLiangandSong(nowKaifengandShangqiu,Henan).MeetthepoetGaoShi,thisisthethirdtimetoroam.Afterthat,DuFuwenttoQizhou(nowJinan,Shandong).

ForthefouryearsofTianbao(745),hemetLiBaiinQilu.Inadditiontodrinkingandcomposingpoems,healsodiscussedalchemyandseekingimmortality,andjointlyvisitedFanYeren,ahermitinthenorthofYanzhou.Thetwoalsogavepoemstoeachother.DuZengli’spoemsaid:“YuYidongisaguest,pityingthekinglikeabrother.Sleepingintheautumn,walkinghandinhandwiththeday.”LiZengdu’spoemsaid:“AutumnwavesfallinSurabaya,andtheseaisbright.Let'stakethecup!"Thetwohaveneverseeneachothersince.

DefeatedinChang'an

ForsixyearsinTianbao(747),Xuanzongorderedtheworld's"universalartist"totaketheexaminChang'an,andDuFualsotooktheexam.DuetothepowerofLiLinfu,whodirectedafarceof"wildandwisemen",allthescholarswhotooktheexaminationwereunsuccessful.Sincetheroadofimperialexaminationwasunworkable,DuFuhadtoturnawayfromthedooroftherichandpowerfulinordertorealizehispoliticalideals,andtogivegiftstoothers,buttonoavail.HelivedinChang'anfortenyears,rushedtooffergifts,depressed,frustratedinhisofficialcareer,andlivedalifeofpoverty.

OnthefirstmonthofTianbao'stenthanniversary(751),XuanzongwillholdthreegrandceremoniestoworshipTaiqingPalace,TaimiaoandTiandi.DuFuthenpre-presentedthree"GreatLifu"inTianbao'snine-yearwinter,whichwasappreciatedbyXuanzong,TheorderisinJixianAcademy,butonlythequalificationto"participateintheselectionorder"iswaitingforassignment.BecausetheexaminerisstillLiLinfu,hedidnotgetanofficialposition.

Inthe14thyearofTianbao(755),DuFuwasawardedasmallofficiallikeHexilieutenant,butDuFuwasunwillingtoholdtheofficialpositionof"notbeingaHexilieutenant,desolateisabrokenwaist",thecourtchangedhimRenYouweiledthegovernmentsoldierCaotojointhearmy(low-levelofficialposition,responsibleforguardingthearmorrodsandmanagingtheaccesscontrolkeys).DuFuwasforty-fouryearsoldandhadbeeninChang'anformorethantenyears,soheacceptedthisuselesspostforhislivelihood.InNovember,DuFuwenttotheprovincialhomeofFengxian(PuchengCounty,ShaanxiProvince).AssoonasDuFuenteredthehouse,heheardcrying.Itturnedoutthathisyoungestsonwasstarvingtodeath.BasedonthefeelingsofChang'anfortenyearsandtheexperiencesalongtheway,hewrotethefamous"500wordsofchantingfromBeijingtoFengxianCounty".

WarandDisplacement

InNovemberforthe14thAnniversaryofTianbao(755),theAnshiRebellionbrokeout.InJuneofthefollowingyear,TongguanfellandXuanzongfledwestinpanic.InJuly,PrinceLiHengwaslocatedinLingwu(nowLingwuCity,NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion),andhewasSuzong.Atthistime,DuFuhadmovedhisfamilytoQiangVillageinHuozhou(nowFuxian,Shaanxi).HeheardthatSuzonghadascendedthethrone.InAugust,hewentnorthaloneandwenttoLingwu.Unfortunately,hewascapturedbytherebelsonthewayandwastakentoChang'an..WangWei,whowasalsocaptured,wasunderstrictsupervision,andDuFuwasnotimprisonedbecauseofhisjuniorofficialstatus.Despitepersonalmisfortune,DuFuisalwaysworriedaboutthecountryandthepeople.

AtthetimeoftheAnshiRebellion,healwayswatchedthedevelopmentofthecurrentsituation.Duringthisperiod,hewrotetwoarticles:"PicturesontheSituationoftheEmperorGuoShijuninHuazhouandDestroyingtheInvaders"and"TheFirstYearofQianyuan"FiveQuestionsabouttheStateExaminationofJinshiStrategies",toprovidesuggestionsforthesuppressionoftheAnshirebels,andtoconsiderhowtoreducetheburdenonthepeople.WhenLiSiye'ssoldierswerepassingthroughHuazhou,thepowerfulforceinthecrusadeagainsttherebels,theNorthwestCourtJiedu,hewrotethepoem"TwopoemsofGuan'anWestSoldiersPassingandGoingtoGuanzhong",expressingstrongpatrioticenthusiasm.

Short-termappointment

InAprilofthesecondyearofGermany(757),GuoZiyi'sarmycametothenorthofChang'an.DuFuventuredoutoftheJinguangmeninthewestofthecityandescapedfromChang'anthroughtheconfrontationbetweenthetwoarmies.FengXiang(nowBaoji,Shaanxi)wenttoSuzong.OnMay16,hewasawardedtheZuoSupplementbySuzong,soitwascalled"DuSupplement"intheworld.Unexpectedly,DuFuwasquicklydemotedtoHuazhou(nowHuaxian)forrescuingFangguanandangeringSuzong.Hewasresponsibleforsacrifices,rituals,schools,elections,medicalcare,exams,etc.AfterarrivinginHuazhou,DuFufeltverydepressedandtroubled.HeoftenvisitedtheZhengxianPavilionbytheXixiRiver(neartheoldofficialplatforminXinglinTowntoday)torelievetheworries.Inhispoemssuchas"TiZhengxianPavilion","EarlyAutumnBitterandHotCasesStill","Independence"and"XingMaXing",heexpressedhissighandresentmentabouthisfrustrationinhisofficialcareer,thescorchingstateoftheworld,andthetreacherousadmiration.DuFuwasreleasedaftertherescueofFangguanbyPrimeMinisterZhangHao.But"theemperorisnotveryself-explanatory",fromthenon,SuzongnolongerreusedDuFu.InSeptemberofthisyear,Chang'anrecovered.InNovember,DuFureturnedtoChang'anandremainedasZuoSupplementary.Althoughhewasloyaltohisduties,hewaseventuallyimplicatedintheFangguancase.

AttheendofthefirstyearofQianyuan(758),DuFutemporarilyleftHuazhoutovisitrelativesinLuoyangandYanshi(bothinHenanProvincetoday).InMarchofthefollowingyear,thebattlebetweentheTangarmyandtheAnshirebelsbrokeoutinYecheng(nowAnyang,Henan),andtheTangarmywasdefeated.OnthewaybacktoHuazhoufromLuoyang,DuFusawtheendlessdisastersbroughttothepeoplebythewarandthepatrioticbehaviorofthepeoplewhoenduredthehumiliationtojointhearmyandparticipatedinthewar."ShiHaoOfficials","TongguanOfficials")and"ThreeFarewells"("Newlyweds","OldFarewells"and"FamilyFarewells"),andafterreturningtoHuazhou,theywererevisedandunmanufactured."Sorrowfulthingsinmyeyes,becausepeopletravelfar."

WanderinginShuzhong

InthesummerofthesecondyearofQianyuan(759),HuazhouandGuanzhongwereseverelydroughty.DuFuwrote"SummerSigh"and"SummerNightSigh",sorrowfulandsad,chantingaboutthesufferingofrefugeesinthecountry.Afterthebeginningofautumnthisyear,DuFuwasdistressedbythefilthycurrentaffairs,sohegaveuphispositioninHuazhoutojointhearmyandwentwesttoQinzhou(nowTianshui,GansuProvince).DuFuwrotemorethan30poemsinHuazhou.DuFuwentthroughseveralroundsandfinallyarrivedinChengdu.WiththehelpofYanWuandothers,hebuiltathatchedcottageonthebankofHuanhuaCreekinthewestofthecity.Itwascalled"DuFuThatchedCottage"andalsoknownas"HuahuaThatchedCottage".HewaslaterrecommendedbyYanWuasJiedu'sstaff,andhisfamilylivedinFengjieCounty,Sichuan.

InthespringofthesecondyearofGuangde(764),YanWuwenttotowninShu,andDuFureturnedtothecottage.Hewanderedoutsidefornearlytwoyears.YanWurecommendedDuFuasamemberoftheschool'sengineeringdepartment,andservedasYanWu'sadviser.LatergenerationsalsoreferredtoDuFuastheDepartmentofEngineering.SoonDuFuresignedagain.Duringthesefiveorsixyears,DuFuwasstilllivingunderafence.Hesaid:"ThebookofHouLu'sdeceasedpersoniscutoff,andthehungryandchildisharedesolate"("TheMadman")."Heusessomedetailsofhislifetoshowhishardshipinlife.Hesaidthathischildren,whoarenotsensible,don’tknowhowtorespecttheirfathers,don’tknowhowtorespecttheirfathers,andwhethertheyarefathersornotwhentheyarehungry,shouldtheyfollowfatherandson?Zhili,whenhewashungry,heclamoredforfoodandcriedoutsidetheeastgate.Intheautumnstorm,DuFu'shutwasruined,hisoldwifewashungry,andhecouldnotsleepallnight.Hewrote"Thehutwasbrokenbytheautumnwind."Oneofthemostfamousversesis:"TherearetensofthousandsofbuildingsinAndeGuangsha,andtheworldisfullofjoy."

InAprilofthefirstyearofYongtai(765),YanWudiedandDuFuleftChengdu.ViaJiazhou(Leshan),Rongzhou(Yibin),Yuzhou(Chongqing),Zhongzhou(Zhongxian),Yunan(Yunyang),arrivedatKuizhou(Fengjie)inthefirstyearoftheZongdacalendaryear(766)oftheTangDynasty.DuetothecareofthegovernorofKuizhou,BaiMaolin,DuFuwasabletoliveheretemporarilyandmanage100hectaresofDongtunpubliclandforthepublic.Thefamilyalsoparticipatesinsomelabor.Duringthisperiod,thepoet'screationreachedaclimax.Inlessthantwoyears,hecomposedmorethan430poems,accountingfor30%oftheexistingworks.In"ClimbtheHeights","theboundlessfallofthewoods,theendlessYangtzeRiverrollsdown"hasbecomeamasterpieceoftheages.

Longdyingintheboat

Dalithreeyears(768),DuFuwashomesick,wentoutofthegorgebyboat,firstwenttoJiangling,thentransferredtothepublicsecurity,anddriftedtoHunanattheendofthewinterYueyang,mooringdownstairsinYueyang.Climbinguptothelong-awaitedYueyangTower,overlookingthevastexpanseofDongtingLakewithsmokeandwaves,thinkingofthedriftinginmyoldage,thecountry'smanydisastersanddifficulties,Iwasfullofemotions,soIwrote"DengYueyangTower".Duetodifficultiesinlife,notonlycouldhenotreturnnorth,buthewasalsoforcedtotravelsouth.InthefirstmonthofthefourthyearoftheDalicalendar,fromYueyangtoTanzhou(Changsha),fromTanzhoutoHengzhou(Hengyang),backtoTanzhou.

InthefifthyearofDali(770years),ZangJiemadetroubleinTanzhou,andDuFufledtoHengzhou.HeoriginallyplannedtogotoChenzhoutojoinhisuncleCuiNiao,butwhenhetraveledtoLeiyang,theriversurged.IhadtostopatFangtianyianddidn'teatanythingforfivedays.Fortunately,thecountymagistrateNiesentsomeonetobringmeatandwineandwassaved.Later,DuFuhadtotravelmorethantwohundredmilesupstreamfromLeiyangtoChenzhou.Atthistime,theflooddidnotrecede.DuFuwasoriginallydeterminedtoreturntothenorth.Atthistime,hechangedhisplan,wentdowntheriverandturnedbacktoTanzhou.InthewinterofthefifthyearofDali(770),DuFudiedonasmallboatfromTanzhoutoYueyang.Hewasfifty-nineyearsold.

MainAchievements

PoetryAchievements

DuFu'spoem"hassixtyvolumes",lostearly.InthesecondyearofBaoyuanintheNorthernSongDynasty(1039),WangZhu'scollectionconsistedof1405articles,compiledinto18volumes,andtitled"TheCollectionofDuGongbu".QianQianyicompiled"AnnotationtoDuGongbuJi".YangLunsaid:"SincetheSixDynasties,Yuefuquestionshaveoftensimulatedplagiarism,andChenChenXiangyinisthemostannoying.Zimeicameoutonlytofeelatthetime,sympathizeswiththecountry'sdifficulties,andsuffersfromthepoorpeople.Gotothepredecessors'antagonism".

InthemiddleofDuFu'smiddleage,becauseofhispoeticstylewasdepressedandfrustrated,hewasconcernedaboutthecountryandthepeople,andDuFu'spoemswerecalled"thehistoryofpoetry".Hispoemsareknownforarchaicandrhythmicpoems,andhavevariousstyles.Thefourcharacters"shensuccumbedtofrustration"accuratelysummarizehisownstyleofwork,andheisdominatedbydepression.DuFulivedinthehistoricalperiodwhentheTangDynastyturnedfromprosperitytodecline.Hispoemsdealtwithsocialturmoil,politicaldarkness,andpeople’ssuffering.Hispoemsreflectedsocialcontradictionsandpeople’ssufferingatthattime.HispoemsrecordedthedeclineoftheTangDynastyfromprosperity.ThegreathistoricalchangeshaveexpressedtheloftyConfucianbenevolenceandstrongsenseofsuffering,soitisknownasthe"historyofpoetry".

DuFuisconcernedaboutthecountryandthepeople,hasanoblepersonalityandsuperbpoetry.DuFuwrotemorethan1,500poemsinhislifetime,manyofwhicharefamousversesthatcelebratetheages,suchas"ThreeOfficials"and"SanBie";amongthem,the"ThreeOfficials"are"ShiHaoOfficials","Xin'anOfficials"and"TongguanOfficials".","ThreeFarewells"are"NewlywedsFarewell","FamilylessFarewells"and"OldFarewell".ThepoemshandeddownbyDuFuarethemostextensiveamongtheTangpoems,andoneofthemostoutstandingpoetsintheTangDynasty,andhasaprofoundinfluenceonlatergenerations.DuFu'sworkiscalledthedevastationintheworld,thesageinthepoem;thesufferingofthepeople,theturbulenceinthewriting.Itisamasterpieceofrealisticpoetry.

RhythmicpoetryoccupiesanextremelyimportantpositioninDu'spoetry.TheachievementofDuFu'srhymepoems,firstofall,istoexpandthescopeoftherhymepoemexpression.Henotonlywritesentertainment,chanting,travels,banquets,andlandscapes,butalsowritescurrentaffairsinrhythmicpoems.Towritecurrentaffairsinrhymedpoems,thenumberofwordsandmetricarelimited,makingitmoredifficult,butDuFucanuseitfreely.DuFuwrotetherhymepoemsfreelyandarbitrarily,doingeverythingpossibletochange,conformingtothelawwithoutseeingtherestraintsofthevocalrhythm,andthealignmentisneatandthereisnotraceoftheopposition.Forexample,"DengGao",whichYangLuncalled"thefirstintheseven-characterruleofDuJi",issuchapoem:"Thewindisrushing,theskyishighandtheapeswhistleandmourn,andZhuQingshaandwhitebirdsflyback.TheYangtzeRiverisrollingin.Wanlisorrowfulautumnoftenvisits,andhasbeenonthestagealoneformorethanahundredyears.ItisdifficultandbittertohateFanshuangtemples,anditfallsdowntothenewcupofturbidwine."Thewholepoemisextremelysophisticatedandsophisticatedinthephonologicalsentencepattern.Alleightsentencesarecorrect,andthefirstsentenceisalsocorrect.Therigorousconfrontationwasconcealedbythefluidityoftheimage,andtherigorbecamesparse.

ThehighestachievementofDuFu'srhythmicpoemscanbesaidtobetowritethisstylesosmoothlyandsmoothlythatthereisnotracetobefound.Forexample,"SpringNightHappyRain":"Goodrainknowstheseason,whenspringishappening.Sneakintothenightwiththewind,moisturizingthingssilently.Wildpathsandcloudsareallblack,riverboatsandfiresarealone,dawnseestheredandwetplaces,flowersbloomintheofficialcity"Thelastfoursentencesarepairedwithrunningwater,andthecharmofthespringrainiswritteninonebreath,silentlyandwithoutexpectation,thelastcoupletwritesasurpriseoflookingbacksuddenly,themetricisrigorousanduniform.

DuFuisgoodatusingmanysystemsofclassicalpoetryanddevelopingthemcreatively.DuFu'sthoughtsofcaringaboutpeople'slivelihoodandsufferingandhisachievementsinrhythmicpoetrydirectlyinfluencedthecreationofnewYuefubyYuanZhen,BaiJuyiandothersintheMid-TangDynasty.HeisthepioneerofthenewYuefustyle.HisYuefupoemscontributedtothedevelopmentoftheNewYuefuMovementintheMid-TangDynasty.Hisfiveorsevenancientnovelsarebothpoetryandhistory,spreadingoutnarratives,andfocusingonthereciprocationofthewholestory,markingthehighachievementofChinesepoetryart.TheSongDynasty,whichwasfullofsocialcontradictions,wasthemostprosperoustimetolearnfromDuFu,andtheJiangxipoetryschoolwithDuFuasitssectappeared.GuYanwuandothersattheendoftheMingDynastyandthebeginningoftheQingDynastyalsohadacleartendencytolearnfromDuFu.LikeDuFu,theyalsousedrhymepoemstoreflectthestruggleagainsttheQingDynastyatthattime,andtheywereimpassioned.

DuShireceivedwideattentionsincetheSongDynasty.WangYucheng,WangAnshi,SuShi,HuangTingjian,LuYouandothershighlypraisedDuFu.Researchmaterialshavebeeninconstantuseforthepastthousandsofyears.Thereweremanyspecialbooksonthechronology,classification,andannotationsofDuGong'spoemsintheSongDynasty,suchasWangZhu's"DuGongbuJi",GuoZhida's"JiuJiaJiJiJiDuShi",LuBianciandCaiMengbi's"DuGongBuCaotangPoems"","XuJuren's"FunmenJizhuDugongbuPoems",including"WenGuanjunReceivingHenanandHebei","Chunwang","Queju","Wangyue"andsoon.LatergenerationsalsoannotatedmorethanonehundredkindsofDuJi.ThemorepopularQianQianyi's"AnnotationtoDuGongbuJi",QiuZhaoao's"DetailedNotesonDuPoems",YangLun's"DuShiJingquan",PuQilong's"ReadingDuXinJie".Boththenewandold"BooksoftheTang"haveDuFu'soriginalbiography.AftertheSongDynasty,thecommentaryandexplanationofDu'spoemsinthepoetrynotesareveryrich.In1964,ZhonghuaBookCompanycompiledthe"ClassicalLiteratureResearchMaterialsCollection·DuFuVolume",thefirsteditionof"TheDepartmentofTangandSongDynasties".AttheendoftheMingDynasty,WangSihad"DuJian",andQingShihonghad"ReadingDuPoems".Inaddition,theZhonghuaBookCompanycompiledthemoreimportantpaperssincetheMayFourthMovementintothe"CollectionofDuFuResearchPapers."BiographiesandnewresearchmonographsincludeFengZhi's"BiographyofDuFu",XiaoDifei's"ResearchonDuFu",FuGengsheng's"DuFu'sPoems",andZhuDongrun's"DuFu'sNarratives".ThemoredetailedchroniclesincludeWenYiduo's"Mr.ShaolingChroniclesMeeting"andthe"DuFuChronicles"oftheSichuanLiteratureandHistoryResearchCenter.

Achievementsincalligraphy

DuFuisverymatureandprofoundinhiscalligraphycreationconcept.Judgingfromtherecord,hisscriptiswritteninregularscriptandcursive,andthewholeisinmind,admiringtheancientandmajestic,payingattentiontothespeed,rhythm,gesture,inkmethodandsooninthewriting.Itisalsoveryin-depthintheTangDynasty.Calligrapher.Atthesametime,hispraiseoftheofficialcalligraphersoftheTangDynastyandtheevaluationofCaoBaandZhangXuareenoughtomakehimfamousinthehistoryofcalligraphy,andhis"booksareexpensiveandthin"laidthefoundationforDuFuinthehistoryofcalligraphytheory.importantposition.

Literarycharacteristics

Poeticexpression

Language

ThelanguageofDuFu’spoemsisgenerallybelievedIthasthecharacteristicsof"slumping",anditslanguageandtextstructurearefullofchanges.Itemphasizestherefinementofwordsandsentences.Theterm“shengloom”wasfirstseenintheSouthernDynasties,“thebodyofgloomycontemplation,thebeautyofthesunandthemoon”.Later,DuFuwrotemoreaccuratelysummarizingthelanguageofhisownworkswiththefourwords“depressionandfrustration”.ThedisciplesofYangXiongandMeiGaocanbetouched."FurtherresearchonDuPoetryfoundthattheformationofhispoetrystyleiscloselyrelatedtohisadherencetoConfucianism.Atthesametime,DuFuwasattheendofhisheydayandhadambitiousambitionswhenhewasyoung.He"willbethetopofthemountainandseethemountainsandsmallmountains".Later,theAnshiRebellionbrokeout,thenationalfortunedeclined,coupledwiththepoorofficialcareer,andthehugegapbetweenidealsandrealityalsomadeDuShi'spoetrystylestrong.Therehasbeenachange,approachingrealism.

Images

TheindividualizationofDuShi’schoiceofimagesisthefoundationofDuShi’slanguage.ImagesoftenappearinDu’spoems,suchasancientfortress,autumnclouds,apehowling,remnanttorch,emergencygorge,dangerouscity,loneboat,fallingflowers,sunsetandothernaturallandscapes,aswellasordinarypeoplesuchasweavergirl,oldwoman,oldfarmer,andwife,alsoThereareofficials,generals,evilyoungpeopleandotherpowerfulforces.TheyallshowDuFu’seagernessfor"ZhongxingJishi,rebukeofchaos,indignationatrampantdominance,sadnessatwanderinganddeprivation,compassionforthecharcoaloflivingbeings,andregretformaterialexhaustion.BoShi’spraisesfromthepublic”,anditistheexpressionoftheseheavyemotionsthatmakeDuShi’slanguagetendtobe“depressedandfrustrated”.WuKan's"HuanxiPoetryTalk"commentedonDuFu'slatepoems"changingarbitrarily,openinguptheyangandcombiningtheyin"again:"Butthemeaningisfaraway.Ifyoucitethelastsentence,youcan'tknowthenextsentence."WuGanalsosaid:"Ordinarypeoplecanonlysayonethinginonesentence,buttwomorethingsinonesentence.DuShicansaythree,four,andfivethingsinonesentence;ordinarypeoplewritepoems,buttheycansaysofar.Butwithindozensofmiles,DuShicansayhundredsofmilesinonesentence,thetwomilitarystates,andthewholeworld.Thisiswonderful."

Style

Intermsofstyle,DuFu’spoemshaveavarietyofstyles.YuanZhencommentedonDuFulikethis:"AsforZimei,covertheso-calledThincoquettish,undertheShen,Song,wordsdominateSuandLi,QiswallowsCaoandLiu,hidestheface,XieZhiislonely,mixedXu,Yuandthelike,allhavethestyleofancientandmodern,andtheyareuniqueineveryone.QinGuanalsohasasimilarview:"SoDuZimei,poorandsublime,extremelylavishandunrestrained,fullofdiluteinterest,handsomeandclean,andbeautiful,butthemastersarenotasgoodasothers.However,ifyoudon’tgatherthebestofthepeople,theDufamilycan’tbealone.”Forexample,DuFualsohasawildandunrulyside.YoucanseeDuFu’sarrogancefromhismasterpiece"TheSongoftheEightImmortalsinDrinking".

ThemainstreamviewbelievesthatthestyleofDuFu'spoemsismelancholyandfrustrated,thelanguageisrefined,themetricisrigorous,thecraftsmanshipisingenious,thefeelingsaresincere,honestandtalkative,thedescriptionisdeep,thedescriptionisdelicate,andtheimageisbright."Beingunfamiliarwiththehumannature,butthewordsarenotastonishingandendless"ishiscreativestyle.AsfarasDuShi’suniquenarrativestyleanddiscussionstyleareconcerned,somescholarsbelievethatitwasinfluencedby"TheBookofSongs·Xiaoya",anditstragicandgenerousstyleissimilarto"LiSao".SomescholarsalsobelievethatDuShipossessesthetraditionalspiritofbenevolentpoliticsandthetruerecordspiritofSimaQian.ThereisalsoaviewthatDuFu’spoemshavea"humanitarianspirit."HanYu,agreatwriterintheTangDynasty,onceputDuFuandLiBaitogetherandsaid:"LiDu'sarticlesarethere,andthegloryislong."WangAnshicommendedDuPoetryforhisachievementsin"UglyYanissobigandsmallthatyoucan'tseehowtocarveit".ChenShan's"PunnyNewWords"Volume7:"OldDu'spoemsshouldbethe"SixClassics"inpoems,andpoemsbyothersbelongtothelikesofthephilosophers."JiangShiquan's"ZhongyatangCollection"VolumeOne"ThePrefacetotheCollectionofDetailedNotesonDuPoems"isalsoknownas"DuPoetry,the"FourSonsBook"inthepoem."

Metrics

ThemetricofDuFu'spoemshasthecharacteristicsofconcisewordingandneatcontrast,whichisinlinewiththe"architecturalbeauty"ofChinesepoetry.Inaddition,DuFuhasmanyinnovationsingenre.Forexample,hiscreativityintheFive-SevenLawisalsouniqueinhisliterarycreation.

Content

IntermsofthecontentofDuFu’spoems,mostoftheworksreflectthesocialoutlookatthetime,withawiderangeoftopicsandprofoundmeanings,especiallydescribingthesufferingofthepeople.Toexpresshissorrowandcompassionforthepeople,loveforthepeople,worryaboutthecountryandthepeople,Du’spoemsareknownasthehistoryofpoetry.Hidden,thereisalmostnothingleft,sothetitleisthehistoryofpoetry."TheconclusionwasreachedinSongDynasty,butthemeaningofpoetryhistoryhasitsownopinions.SomepeopleannotateDu'spoemswithhistoricalfactsandthinkthatDu'spoemsaredocumentarypoemsthatcansupplementthehistoryandprovethehistory,soitiscalledthehistoryofpoetry.Thisargumentonlyemphasizesthetruthandfalsityofhistoricalevents,whiledespisingtheemotionalcharacteristicsofpoetry.SomepeoplethinkthatDuFuhashistoricalknowledgeandhisrigorousbrushworkiscomparabletotheHanhistorianSimaQian.Andthosewhohavecriticsandcriticsofpoemscan"notbebeautifulandnothideevil",soitiscalledthehistoryofpoetry.Thisisdesirable.TheotheristhatDuFu’spoemsarecalledpoemhistorybecauseoftheirsorrowandcompassionandsentimentality.Thisargumentisalsodesirabletoacertainextent.Buttherearealsothosewhodon’tlikeDuFu’spoems.YangYidoesn’tlikeDuFu.LiuFang’sZhongshanPoetrysays:"YangDaniandoesn’tlikeDuGongbu’spoems,heiscalledthevillagemaster."

Mainideas

InDuFu'sownwords,"worryingaboutLiYuaninpooryears"ishiscentralidea,and"willingtokillone'slifeineconomictimes"ishisconsistentspirit.Heusedthesetodemandhimselfandtoencouragehisfriends.HepraisedYuanJieandsaid,"DaozhouisworriedaboutLiShun,andhiswordsarefullofvibes."HesaidtoYanWu,"Ifyouareapublicassistant,don'tloveyourbodywhenyouareindanger."HealsosaidtoPeiQiu,"ToJun,Yao,Shun,FuGong,etc.It’slongagothatLuSidied.”ItistheseprogressiveideasthathaveformedDuFu’snever-decliningpoliticalenthusiasm,perseveranceandtenaciouscharacter,andopen-mindedoptimism,makinghimthemostpoliticallyactiveinourcountry’shistory.Stronggreatpoet.Ofcourse,thisisalsoinseparablefromhispracticeoflifeclosetothepeople.

DuFuwasborninabureaucraticfamilywithalongtraditionof"honoringConfucianismandguardingofficials"forgenerations.ThefamilygaveDuFutheorthodoxConfuciancultureandambitiontomakeadifferenceinofficialcareer.Therefore,DuFureferredtobeinganofficialastheirfamily's“supplycareer”-acareerthathasbeeninheritedfromgenerationtogeneration.Hisvariousculturaleducationandsubsequentbehaviorsareallrelatedtothepursuitofofficialcareerandofficialdom.Forexample,hewrotein"Twenty-twoRhymesforWeiZuoZhangZhang,"hesaid,"Hepretendstobequitestrong,andLiDengwantstobeaway.Totheking,YaoandShun,andthenmakethecustomshonest."Thisisakindofhopetoentertheofficialcareer,inthecareerTorealizehisidealandambitionof"totheemperor,YaoandShun,andtomakethecustomshonest"isthedesiretomakecontributionsintheactualworkofsocietyandtobenefitthecommonpeople.

Beforethirty-fiveyearsold,DuFuwasstudyingandtraveling.AtthetimeoftheNewYear'sEra,DuFu'seconomicsituationwasrelativelygood.Thiswasthemostinterestingperiodinhislife.Fromtheageoftwenty,heendedhisstudylifeandbegana"grandtour"thatlastedmorethantenyears.Duringthislong-termgrandtour,DuFucameintocontactwiththeincomparablyrichculturalheritageandmagnificentriversandmountainsofourmotherland,whichnotonlyenrichedhislife,butalsoexpandedhisvisionandheart,andbroughtquiteastrongromanticismtohisearlypoetry..Thepoem"WangYue"canbearepresentative."Itwillbethetopofthemountain,andthemountainsandsmallmountainswillbeseen",whichisrevealingthepoet'sambitionforallcareers(includingcreation).Butbecauseofthiswayoflife,itisimpossibletogetclosetothepeopleandpenetrateintoreality.Therefore,asagreatrealistpoet,thisisjustapreparatoryperiodforhiscreation.

DuFu'smovetowardsrealismbeganwiththeten-yeardemiseofChang'aninthesecondperiod(35to44yearsold).ThiswasthebrewingperiodoftheAnshiRebellion.ThetraitorsLiLinfuandYangGuozhongwereinpower.NotonlydidDuFufailtorealizehispoliticalambitionsof"totheemperor,YaoandShun,andtomakethecustomsmorehonest",buthealsobegantolive"thedooroftherichandthevictorsoftheNorthThehumiliatinglifeof"FatMachen",andevenoftengohungryandcold:"Hungermovesfortendays,andmyclothesarehangingon."Underthetormentofhungerandcold,DuFualsothoughtofretiringandmakinga"senttothesunandthemoon."FatheroftheChao,XuYou,DuFudidnotevadehardship,butresolutelyembarkedontheroadofactivelyjoiningtheWTO.LifetorturedDuFuandmadehimperfect.Hegraduallypenetratedintopeople’slivesandsawthesufferingofthepeopleandtheevilsoftherulingclass,andthuswrote"TheTourofSoldiers","TheWalkofBeauty",andthe"WingbeforeFengFeng".Waitingforamasterpieceofrealism.DuFualsohadsuchapoem:"Amanisbornintheworld,andheisastrongman";"Ahusbandswearstothecountry,whyisheangry?Thefameandfameareaunicorn,andthebattlebonesshouldbequicklydecayed."TheseversesallreflecttheambitionofDuFuwhoiseagertohelptheworldandmakecontributions,butDuFu’sidealsandambitionsarebasedonastrongsenseofsocialresponsibilityandsenseofsuffering.TheresultoftenyearsofhardshiphasturnedDuFuintoapoetwhoisconcernedaboutthecountryandthepeople.ThisconfirmedthedirectionofDuFu'sfuturelifeandcreation.

Fromforty-fivetoforty-eight,itwasthethirdperiodofDuFu'slife,theperiodofseizingthievesandbeinganofficial.ThiswasthemostviolentperiodoftheAnshiRebellion.Thecountrywasinjeopardy,thepeoplesufferedheavydisasters,andthepoetsalsoexperiencedhardshipsanddangers.TheAnshiRebellionwasofanationalcontradictioninnature,andthewaratthattimewasaself-defensewarconcerningthesurvivalofthecountry.Therefore,DuFu'sattitudetowardsthewarwasdifferentfrombefore.Itwasnotopposition,butanactivecallforit.Hemournedthe"FortyThousandVolunteers"whosacrificedforthecountry.Headmonishedthecivilandmilitaryofficialsto"sweepwithguns".Ontheonehand,hevigorouslyexposedthedarknessofmilitaryserviceandsympathizedwiththepeople;ontheotherhand,heencouragedthepeopletojointhewar.Becauseofhisin-depthpeople’slivesandhisinvolvementinactualstruggles,hewrote"SorrowfulChenTao","SorrowingtheHeadoftheRiver","SpringHope","QiangVillage","NorthernExpedition","PushingSoldiersandHorses"and"ThreeOfficials",Aseriesofpoemswithahighdegreeofpeople'scharacterandpatriotism,suchasthe"ThreeFactions",reachedthepeakofrealism.Forexample,hispoem"DengYueyangTower":"IheardaboutDongtingwaterinthepast,andnowIgotoYueyangTower.WuChuissoutheastofChu,andtheuniversefloatsdayandnight.Thereisnowordforrelativesandfriends,andthereisaloneboatforoldandsick.Rongmaguanisnorthofthemountain,PingXuanSiLiu."Inthispoem,thepoetstandsontheYueyangTower,throughthedistantview,thinksofthesocialsituationofturmoilandwars,andcannothelpbutexchangetearswithYiChuangXuaninhisheartandhome.Anotherexampleis:"WenGuanjunReceivingHenanandHebei","SuddenlyheardfromoutsidetheswordtocollectJibei,tearsfilledtheclothesatthebeginning.Butseeingthewife'sworries,Iamecstaticinpoemsandbooks.Isingsongsinthedaytimeandindulgeinwine,andyouthisagoodcompany.Returntothehometown.FromBaGorgetoWuGorge,thentoXiangyangtoLuoyang."Inthispoem,Iwasmadatthenewsthattheimperialcourtregainedthelostground.BothofthesepoemswerewrittenbyDuFuwhenhewaswandering.DuetotheAnshiRebellion,thesocietyappearedtobeamess,soDuFualwayshopedthattherebellionwouldbeputdownandthesocietywouldbestable.Therefore,whenhethoughtofthecountrysuffering,theflamesofwar,andthecharcoaloflife,heshedtears,andwhenheheardthatthearmyhadregainedJibei,hecriedwithjoyandcouldn'tsuppresshimself.ItcanbeseenthatDuFu'sworriescomefromthecountry,andjoyalsocomesfromthecountry.ThisisthesenseofsocialresponsibilityandworrythattheConfucianintellectualspossesstheworldastheirresponsibility.

"Myeyesarefullofsorrows,becausepeopletravelfaraway."InJulyofthesecondyearofQianyuan(759),DuFuabandonedhisofficialofficeandarrivedinChengduattheendoftheyearandbuiltathatchedcottageinthewesternsuburbsofChengdu.,Beganhislastperiodof"WanderingSouthwest"life.Intheelevenyearsofwandering,heoftenlivedalifeof"lifelikeeveryoneelse".Helovestointeractwithworkingpeople,buthatesbureaucracy,sohesaid:"Idon'tliketoenterthestatecapital,andIamafraidofothers.ItbelongstoMaoyu,andIhaveneverbeenangered."DuFu'slifeisstillverydifficult,andhepassedaway.Inthatyear,IwashungryforfivedaysbecauseofavoidingZangjie’schaos.Whatisvaluableisthatnomatterhowhardheisinlife,andnomatterwherehedrifts,heisalwaysconcernedaboutthesafetyofthecountryandthesufferingofthepeople.Atthesametime,hehasneverforgottenorrelaxedhiscreation.Duringtheelevenyearsofwandering,hewrotemorethanathousandpoems."TheThatchedHouseWasBrokenbytheAutumnWind","WenGuanjunReceivingHenanandHebei","WuChengWuLang","FatherTianMuMudDrink","Generals","QiuXing","SuiYanXing",etc.arethebestofthisperiod.work.Differentfromthepreviousperiod,ithasmorelyricalnatureandmorediversifiedforms.Itisparticularlynoteworthythattheseven-characterrhymepoemwascreativelyendowedwithsignificantpoliticalandsocialcontent.

DuFuwanderedinSichuanforeightornineyears,inHubeiandHunanfortwoorthreeyears,anddiedonabrokenshipfromChangshatoYueyanginthewinterofthefifthyearofDali(770)."Thebloodofthewarisstillflowing,andthevoiceofthearmyisstillmoving."Thisishislastnostalgiaforthecountryandthepeople.

(ThereferencematerialcomesfromDuXiaoqin’s"Summaryofthe20thCenturySui,TangandFiveDynastiesLiteratureResearch".Section3)

CharacterEvaluation

• HanYuintheTangDynasty:①UniqueMinistryofIndustry'iscalledthewholeAmerica,andthepoetsofthatdayhavenoimitations.("TitleDuGongfu'sTomb")②LiDu'sarticleisthere,anditisfullofglory.("TiaoZhangJi")

• TangDynastyBaiJuyi:(DuPoems)runthroughthepresentandancienttimes,withaseriesofrhythmsandperfectwork.("NineBookswithYuan")

• YuanZhenoftheTangDynasty:①Dupoemsareboundlessandreacheverywhere.("SynopsisPoemstoHeaven")②DuFu'sgeniusisquiteextraordinary,andeverytimehelooksforpoems,helookslikealover.Lianqusaidstraighttothetime,notknowingtheoriginoftheancients.("RewardingLiFuSeeingGifts")

• SimaGuangoftheNorthernSongDynasty:Theancientswerepoetry.Theonewhoisfullofpreceptsisalso.Inmoderntimes,thepoetDuZimeiisthebestpoet.("ContinuedPoems")

• NorthernSongDynastySuShi:Therearemanypoetsinancientandmoderntimes,andDuZimeiistheleader.Isn'titbecausehelivesinhungerandcold,doesnotuseitforlife,andevenforgetstheemperorafterameal?("WangDingguoPoetryCollection")

• YeMengdeofSongDynasty:Thepoetworkswithoneword,andtheworldknowsit,butthechangesofLaoDuopenandclose,surprisinglyendless,almostimpossibletocapture.("StoneLinPoetryTalk")

• SongDynastyXuWei:OldDuPoemsareindisputable,anddonotneedtobepraised.Youcangainsomethingandyoumustnotforgetit.("YanZhou'sPoetryTalk")

• SouthSongLuYou:Thearticleisself-explanatory,andtheloyaltyandrighteousnessarethought-provoking.("YouJinpingMountainVisitsShaolingAncestralHall")

• PengDingqiuandothersinQingDynasty:BetweenTianbao,FuandLiBaiwereequallyfamous,andhewascalledLiDuatthetime.RanYuanzhen’swords:"LiBaiZhuangwaveisfreeandunconstrained,andsincerityisalsobeautiful.Totheend,theparallelrhyme,bigorthousandwords,hundredsoftimes,bold,boldandwindy.Tunetobeclearanddeep,whichbelongstotherightlaw,andifyouabandonthecommonplace,thenLiShangcan'tgothroughhisfeudallords,andthestateismysterious?"BaiJuyialsosaid:"Dupoetryrunsthroughtheancientandmodern,doinghisbest,almostsurpassingLi."Yuan,BaiZhi'stheoryislikethis.Gaiqi'sprovenanceislost,joy,grief,anger,goodvirtuousandevil,anditisseeninpoetryatfirstsight.Anditisbasedonloyaltytotheemperorandworryingaboutthecountry,andthinkingaboutchaoswhenhurting.Readinghispoemscanknowhisworld,soitwascalledthe"historyofpoetry"atthattime.("AllTangPoems")

• ModernLuXun:①IalwaysfeelthatTaoQianstoodalittlefarther,andLiBaistoodalittlehigher.Thisisalsoduetothetimes.DuFudoesnotseemtobeanancientperson,asifheisstillaliveinourpiletoday.(LiuDajie"LuXunonClassicalLiterature")②DuFuisthebackboneoftheChinesenation!("CelebritiesintheChineseTextbookofJuniorHighSchool:DuFu")

• HuangJinxiang:"TheonlyoneswhoholdthebestofTangpoetryareLiandDu!"

• Modernpoet[America]KennethRexroth:MypoetryisundoubtedlymainlyinfluencedbyDuFu.Ithinkheisthegreatestpoeteverintherealmofepicanddrama.InsomerespectsheevensurpassesShakespeareandHomer.Atleastheismorenaturalandkind.("TheCriticBiographyofFiveThousandYearsofChineseLiterature")

AnecdotalAllusions

Indignationagainsttheroyalfamily

TheTangDynastyduringthereignofEmperorXuanzongofTangDynastywasabigcountryintheworldatthattime.Buteveninthisbigcountry,whichseemstobestillpowerfulonthesurface,thesignsofcollapsehavealreadybeenbornduetomanyreasonssuchastheupperhandandthelowerhand.Finally,theTangDynastyquicklymovedtowardstheturningpointofitsoverthrow-theoccurrenceofthe"AnshiRebellion".Afterlearningofthissituation,DuFufeltthatthoseinpowerwhoignoredthepeople’slivelihoodandonlycaredabouttheirownenjoymentwouldsurelyleadtotheruinofthecountry;soheindignantlywrotedownwhatwaslaterselectedintothefamousanthology"ThreeHundredTangPoems"Thepoemisaseven-characterlongancientpoementitled"LieRenXing".Thepoemhasbecomeaveritable"epic"becauseoftheboldironyandprofoundexposureofthehotandluxuriouslifeoftheYangfamily;andpeoplealsosummarizedanidiom"hot"fromit,whichisusedtoshowthatthearroganceandpowerareverypowerful.Thebigone.

Familymembers

Grandfather

DuFu'sgrandfatheristhepoetDuShenyanintheearlyTangDynasty.DuShenyanisverytalented,butheisproudofhistalent.Shao,LiQiao,CuiRong,andSuWeiweiarecollectivelyreferredtoasthe"FourFriendsofArticles".InthefirstyearofEmperorGaozongoftheTangDynasty(670years),hewaspromotedtotherankofJinshiandservedasWeichengWei.ThentransfertoLuoyangCheng.InthefirstyearofEmpressWuShengli(698),hewasrelegatedtoJizhouSihutojointhearmy.Butatthistime,theyoffendedcolleaguesGuoRuonaandchiefZhouJizhong,andthetwoconspiredtoframeDuShenyanandconvictedthemofdeath.DuFu'suncle,DuBin,wasthirteenyearsold,andassassinatedZhouJizhong,whichshockedthegovernment.Duetothis,DuShenyandidnotdieandwassummonedtothecapitalbyWuZetian.Becauseofhisappreciationofhispoemsandessays,hewasawardedtheworkofZuoLang,theofficialtothediningdepartmentmemberWaiLang.Later,hewasexiledtoFengzhouforcolludingwithZhangYi'sbrother.Butsoonitwasorderedback.

Parents

DuFu’sfatherwasDuShenyan’seldestson,DuXian,andhisbiologicalmotherwasanativeofTobuCity,Qinghe,buthediedshortlyafterhisbirth.ThefathercontinuedtomarryLuShi.DuFuwasraisedbyhisaunt.DuFuhaselderbrothers,diedyoung,threehalf-brothersandhalf-sister,DuFuoftenmentionstheminhispoems.ButDuFurarelymentionedhisstepmother.

Wife

Attheageof30,DuFutemporarilyinterruptedhisroamingbetweenQilu,YanandZhao,andreturnedtoLuoyang,inthenorthwestofYanshiCounty.LuHunMountainVillawasbuiltunderYangshan,andthenhemarriedthedaughterofYangYi,SinongShaoqing,inHongnongCounty(changedtoLingbaoCountyduringtheTianbaoperiod).SinongShaoqingisthedeputyministerinchargeofagricultureandfinance.Hiswifeismorethantenyearsyoungerthanhim.Unfortunately,DuFudidnotwriteabiographyforhisbelovedwife,andMrs.Yang’snameisunknown,butDuFumentionedherinmanypoems.

Children

TheeldestsonZongwen(thenicknameXionger),thesecondsonZongwu(thenicknameJizi),andthedaughterFenger.

Anotheryoungson,Tianbaodiedofstarvationin14years.

Thereisatleastonewoman:DuFu'spoem"NorthernExpedition"hasthesentence"Twolittlegirlsinfrontofthebed".

Laterinfluences

Hispoemsarerichinsocialcontent,strongcontemporarycolorsanddistinctpoliticaltendencies,whichtrulyandprofoundlyreflectthepoliticalcurrentaffairsandthevastexpanseofahistoricalerabeforeandaftertheAnshiRebellion.Thepictureofsociallifeisthereforecalledthe"poetryhistory"ofageneration.DuFu'spoemsarecomposedofallforms.InadditiontotheFiveAncients,SevenAncients,FiveLaws,andSevenLaws,healsowrotealotofarrangingandarrangingstyles,usingavarietyofartistictechniques,andheisamasterofthethoughtandartofTangpoetry.

DuFuinheritedthespiritoftheHanandWeiYuefu"feelinginsorrowandhappiness,becauseofevents",andgotridoftheshacklesoftheancientquestionsofYuefu.Yuefu,suchasthefamous"ThreeOfficials","SanBie"andsoon.Afterhisdeath,hewasgreatlypraisedbyFanHuang,HanYu,YuanZhen,BaiJuyiandothers.DuPoemshadaprofoundinfluenceonYuanBai's"NewYuefuMovement"literarythoughtsandLiShangyin'smodernallegoricalpoemsaboutcurrentaffairs.ButDuShireceivedwidespreadattentionaftertheSongDynasty.WangYucheng,WangAnshi,SuShi,HuangTingjian,andothershighlypraisedDuFu,whileWenTianxiangtookDuFu'spoemsasthespiritualforcetoupholdnationalintegrity.TheinfluenceofDu'spoems,fromancienttimestothepresent,haslongbeenbeyondthescopeofliteratureandart.

Duringhislifetimeandsomeyearsafterhisdeath,DuFudidnotreceivemuchrecognitionandattention.Toacertainextent,thiswascausedbyhisinnovationinstyleandmetric.SomecriticsIthinksomeoftheseworksarestillveryboldandweird.Thereisalmostnoinformationabouthimwhenhewasalive,only6poetstotaling11poems.Moreover,thesepoemsdonotmentionthatheisamodelofpoetryandethicalviewpointsregardinghisinfluence.

HisworksbegantobecomefamousintheninthcenturyAD.EarlypositivecommentscamefromBaiJuyi.HepromotedsomeethicalviewsofDuFu'sworks,althoughheonlyfoundtheseviewsinsomeofDuFu'sworks.InadditiontoBaiJuyi,thereisalsoHanYu,whowroteanarticletorefutethevoicesagainstLiDuanddefendtheiraestheticstatus.Atthesametime,thesetwopoetshavetheshadowofDuShiintheirpoems.DuFu,asKongQingxiangsaid,is"theonlypoetinChinawhoseinfluencehasgrownovertime".

Atthebeginningofthetenthcentury,WeiZhuang,aformerShupoetoftheFiveDynasties,foundtheruinsofthatchedcottagesandrebuiltthethatchedhutstopreservethem.Duringthisperiod,Chinastartedafrenzyofthe"NewYuefuMovement",andDuFuwashighlyregardedastheinspirationforthisrealisticpoetrymovement.DuFu'srealistcreativespirit,afterheconfessedhislife,influencedthecreationsofPiRixiu,CaoYe,NieYizhong,DuXunheandothers,thusformingarealistpoetryschoolthatdominatedthepoetryworldofthelateTangDynasty.

IntheSongDynasty,DuFu'sreputationreacheditspeak.HuangTingjianandChenShidao,etc.,speciallyexploredDuShiqi'ssideandformedthe"JiangxiPoetrySchool".Later,WangAnshi,LuYou,andWenTianxiangwerealltoacertainextent.UndertheinfluenceofDuFu,WenTianxiangcomposed200collectionsofDuFu'sfive-characterpoemsinprison.Inthepreface,hesaid:"WhoeverIwanttosay,Zimeiistheendorsement."ThebroaderinfluenceofDuFuisDuFu'sworks.Thepoetrywastransformedfromaliteralgameintoavehicleforexpressingpoliticalambitions,whichlaidthefoundationforlaterpoets'writingonpoliticalthemes.

ThedevelopmentofNeo-ConfucianismintheSongDynastyensuredthatDuFuwasamodelofpoetryandhissupremacy.SuShiexplainedthereason:No,butyoucan'tforgettherulerafterameal!"Hisabilitytothinkhascreatedhisinfluence.Outofhisyearningforagoodsocialorder,heishighlyrespectedbypoliticians,andreformershavealsolearnedfromhistreatmentofthepoor.Withcompassion,thewriterlearnsfromhisinnovationinartistictechniques.

JinShengtan,aliterarycriticintheearlyQingDynasty,comparedDuFu'spoemswithQuYuan's"LiSao",ZhuangZhou's"Zhuangzi",SimaQian's"HistoricalRecords",ShiNaian's"WaterMargin",andWangShifu's"TheStoryoftheWestChamber",collectivelycalled"TheBookofSixTalents".Incontemporarytimes,DuFu'sloyaltytothecountryandconcernforthepeoplehavebeenreinterpretedasmeaningnationalismandsocialism,andhehimselfhasbeenappreciatedbymodernresearchersforusingthe"people'slanguage".

DuFu'sinfluenceonfuturegenerationsalsohasmoralaspects.Inthetwentiethcentury,themodernAmericanpoetRexRossbelievedthatwhatDuFucaredaboutwasthelovebetweenpeople,thetoleranceandsympathybetweenpeople:"MypoetryisundoubtedlymainlyinfluencedbyDuFu.Iam.Heisconsideredtobethegreatestpoeteverinthefieldoutsideofepicanddrama.Insomerespects,heevensurpassedShakespeareandHomer.Atleastheismorenaturalandkind."

DuFuisnotonlyfamousinChina,butalsofamousoverseas.In1481,SouthKoreatranslatedDu'spoemsintoKoreanandcalledthem"AnnotationofDuPoemsandProverbs".HisinfluenceonJapaneseliteraturewasrelativelylate,untiltheseventeenthcenturyhehadthesamereputationinJapanasinChina.DuFuhadadeepinfluenceonMatsuoBasho.DuFuisalsothefavoritewriterofAmericanwriterKennethRexroth.

Charactercontroversy

Themysteryofthecauseofdeath

TherearefiveviewsonthecauseofDuFu’sdeathinliteratureandhistory:

1.Thetheoryofdeathfromillness

RegardingDuFu’sdeath,MoLifengandTongQiangwroteinthebook"BiographyofDuFu":"Winterishere,andthepoetfallsill.IfellillintheboatheadingtoHengyang....Asuperstarfellinthisinfinitelonelinessandloneliness."

Second,givedeath

Second.p>

Thisstatementoriginatedfrom"DuSupplements"underthenameLiGuanoftheTangDynasty.Sincethisstatementwasputforward,scholarsinsuccessivedynastieshaverefutedthisstatementandclearlypointedoutthebiggestprobleminthisparagraph.ThearticlementionedthatTangXuanzonggaveDuFutodeathin770,andTangXuanzongdiedinthefirstyearofBaoying.(762).

3.Self-sinkingtodeath

Thistheoryoriginatedfromthe"TitleDuZimeiTomb"writtenbyHanYuinthenameofthepseudo-TangDynastyandproposedthat"threesages(referringtoQuYuan,LiBai,andDuFu)allbelongtothesamewater.ThethreeofthemsankinHuaisha,whichisobviouslyanunfoundedimagination.

Four.Deathfromfoodpoisoning

ItisthefamousmodernscholarGuoMoruowhoputforwardthisstatement.GuoMoruo'sstatementisalsospeculativeandthereisalmostnoliterature.Asabasis,itispurelypersonalliterarycreation.

Five.Deathduetoindigestion

DuFu’sdeathandhungerareconstantlyconnected.AfterleavingSichuan,DuFulivedinHunanasaguest.Besiegedbytheflood,Iwashungryfor9consecutivedays(inotherwords,Iwashungryfor5consecutivedays).ThelocalcountymagistraterescuedDuFuwithasmallboatandservedhimwithbeefbroiled(barbecue:barbecue)liquor.DuFu,whohadbeengluttonousforalongtime,couldn'tbearhisstomach,andeventuallydiedofindigestion.

CommemorationofLaterGenerations

DuFuTomb

DuFuwasimpoverishedinhislateryears,DaizongDalithreeyears(768years),thewholefamilytraveledfromHubeitoHunanandtracedbacktoXiangjiangRiverGoupandclimbHengshanviaYuanxiang.InthefifthyearoftheDaliperiod,hewenttoChenzhoutovisitrelatives.DuetotheskyrocketingLeiShui,hemetobstaclesandlivedinLeiYi.LeiYangNieLingliwastheguestofhonor.Thatyear,DuFudiedofpovertyandillnessfromLeiyangtoHengyangXiangjiangZhouzhong.NieLingzhiburiedthetombwithhisbacknorthtothesouth.Thetombwassurroundedbyastonefence,andtherewastheSouthernSongDynastystoneinscription"TheTombofDuGongoftheMinistryofIndustryoftheTangDynasty"onthefront.

InthefourthyearofTangTianyou(907),theDugongTemplewasbuiltaroundthetomb,withacourtyard-styleclosedmountainbuildingwithacivilstructure.ThereisasandalwoodstatueofDuFuinthecentralmainhall,andtherearemorethanadozenroomsintheeastandwestcorridorsforsacrificestothetomb.IntheSongDynasty,DuLingAcademywasbuiltbesideDuGong'sAncestralHall.

DuFu'slastwishwastobeburiedinShouyangMountain,buthissecondsonZongwuwasunabletodoitduetopoverty,sohehadtotemporarilyburyitinLeiyang.Forty-threeyearsafterthepoet'sdeath,FangYou'sgrandsonDuSiyehelpedhimtobeburiedatthefootofShouyangMountaininYanshi,Luoyang,Henan.ThereisalsothetombofDuFuatthefootofShouyangMountain.

DuGongAncestralHall

RemainsofDuFu(10photos)

Savethefourtemples."ThefourtemplesrefertothetemplesofJiangyuan,Juzhou,Tonggu,andJianmen.Today,LeiyanghasthekeyculturalrelicsprotectionunitsinHunanProvince-DuFuTomb,DuGongbuTemple,DuLingBridge,DuLingAcademyandothersites,intheDuFusiteTheDuFuParkwasbuiltonthefoundationofthecity.Today,thereisthe"DuGongbuAncestralHall"intheShaolingyuaninChang'an,southofXi'an,ShaanxiProvince.ItwasestablishedintheMingDynastyandwascompletelyrenovatedafterliberation.

LocatedinNanyaowanVillage,ZhanjieTown,GongyiCity,ZhengzhouCity,HenanProvince.Itcoversanareaof​​34acreswithanorth-to-southblock.ItiscomposedofWangxiangPavilion,CaoPavilion,XianHall,etc.Theentirescenicareahasmorethan3,000flowersandtreesplantedwithexoticflowersandgrasses,greentrees,pinesandcypresses,majesticandmajestic,andvariousfacilitieshavegardenarchitecturalstyles,whichhavebecomeManlingMountains.Ashiningpearlonthetop.

ThereisamemorialhallinDuFu’shometown,whichdisplaysversionsofDuFu'spoemsandpapersonDuFu'spoems,alistofDuFu'spedigrees,andpoeticpaintingsofthe"ThreeOfficials"and"SanBie".

DuFujiangPavilion

LocatedinthesecondsectionofXiangjiangMiddleRoad,TianxinDistrict,ChangshaCity,HunanProvince,itisagardenantiquebuildingbuilttocommemoratetheTangDynastypoetDuFu.ItisseparatedfromOrangeIslandandYueluMountain.Facingtheriver,itislessthanonethousandmetersawayfromTianxinPavilion.TheJiangPaviliongardenareacoversanareaof​​morethan6000squaremeters,withabuildingareaof​​morethan3,800squaremeters.Themainpavilionisdividedintofourfloorsandis18metershigh.In2002,theChangshaMunicipalGovernmentdecidedtoformallyconstructit,andin2005OnSeptember19,theentirebuildingwasfullycompletedandpassedexpertacceptance,andthenitwasopenedtothepublicforatrial.

DuFuThatchedCottage

DuFuThatchedCottageinChengdu(12photos)

TheDuFuThatchedCottageinChengdu,Sichuan,wasoriginallybuiltbyDuFu.Later,afterthefivegenerationsofpre-ShupoetWeiZhuangfoundthesiteofthethatchedcottage,thecottagewasrestoredtopreserveit.Itwasrestoredtwotimes,thelargestofwhichwasinthethirteenthyearofHongzhiintheMingDynasty(1500)andthe16thyearofJiaqingintheQingDynasty(1811),whichbasicallyestablishedthescaleandlayoutofDuFu’sThatchedCottage,andevolvedintoamemorialAmuseumwherethelayoutoftheancestralhallisintegratedwiththestyleandfeaturesofthepoet’sformerresidence.ThereareonlymorethansixtypoemsinthetombofDuFuandDuGong’sshrineinthepast.BiographiesOneHundredandFortieth,"NewTangBookVolume201·BiographiesOneHundredandSixth","TangTalentBiography·DuFuBiography",etc.