Overview
RadioFrequencyIdentification(RadioFrequencyIdentification,RFID)isatypeofautomaticidentificationtechnology.Thewirelessradiofrequencymethodisusedfornon-contacttwo-waydatacommunication,andtherecordingmedium(electronictagorradiofrequencycard)isreadandwrittenbytheradiofrequencymethodtoachievethepurposeofidentifyingthetargetanddataexchange.Itisregardedasthemostpromisinginformationinthe21stcentury.Oneofthetechnologies.
Radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyusesradiowavenon-contactrapidinformationexchangeandstoragetechnology,combineswirelesscommunicationwithdataaccesstechnology,andthenconnectstothedatabasesystemtoachievenon-contacttwo-waycommunication,therebyachievingidentificationThepurposeistoexchangedataandconnectanextremelycomplexsysteminseries.Intheidentificationsystem,thereadingandwritingandcommunicationofelectronictagsarerealizedthroughelectromagneticwaves.Accordingtothecommunicationdistance,itcanbedividedintonear-fieldandfar-field.Forthisreason,thedataexchangemodebetweentheread/writedeviceandtheelectronictagisalsodividedintoloadmodulationandbackscattermodulation.
Developmentprocess
1940-1950:Duetothedevelopmentandprogressofradartechnology,RFIDtechnologywasderived,andthetheoreticalbasisofRFIDwasbornin1948.
1950-1960:PeoplebegantoexploreRFIDtechnology,buttheydidnotbreakawayfromlaboratoryresearch.
1960-1970:Relatedtheoriescontinuedtodevelop,andthesystembegantobeusedinpractice.
1970-1980:RFIDtechnologywascontinuouslyupdated,productresearchgraduallydeepened,andRFIDtestingbegantoacceleratefurther.Andrealizedtheapplicationofrelatedsystems.
1980-1990:RFIDtechnologyandrelatedproductsweredevelopedandappliedinthemarket,andapplicationsinvariousfieldsappeared.
1990-2000:PeoplebegantopayattentiontothestandardizationofRFID,andRFIDsystemscanbeseeninmanyareasoflife.
After2000:Peoplegenerallyrecognizetheimportanceofstandardizationissues.ThetypesofRFIDproductshavebeenfurtherenrichedanddeveloped.Whetheractive,passiveorsemi-activeelectronictagshavebeguntodevelop,relatedproductioncostsFurtherdecline,applicationareasgraduallyincrease.
Today,thetechnicaltheoryofRFIDhasbeenfurtherenrichedanddeveloped.Peoplehavedevelopedsingle-chipelectronictags,multi-electronictagreading,wirelessreadableandwritable,andRFIDtechnologythatadaptstohigh-speedmovingobjects.Development,andrelatedproductshaveenteredourlives,andbegantobewidelyused.
Workingprinciple
ThebasicworkingprincipleofRFIDtechnologyisnotcomplicated:Afterthetagentersthereader,itreceivestheradiofrequencysignalsentbythereader,andsendsoutthestoragebyvirtueoftheenergyobtainedbytheinducedcurrent.Theproductinformationinthechip(PassiveTag,passivetagorpassivetag),orthetagactivelysendsasignalofacertainfrequency(ActiveTag,activetagoractivetag),andthereaderreadsAfterfetchinganddecodingtheinformation,itissenttothecentralinformationsystemforrelevantdataprocessing.
AcompletesetofRFIDsystemiscomposedofthreeparts:readerandelectronictag,whichistheso-calledtransponderandapplicationsoftwaresystem.Itsworkingprincipleisthereader(Reader)Emitaspecificfrequencyofradiowaveenergytodrivethecircuittosendouttheinternaldata.Atthistime,theReaderwillsequentiallyreceiveandinterpretthedata,andsendittotheapplicationforcorrespondingprocessing.
FromtheperspectiveofcommunicationandenergysensingmethodsbetweenRFIDcardreadersandelectronictags,itcanberoughlydividedintotwotypes:inductivecouplingandbackscattercoupling.Generally,low-frequencyRFIDmostlyadoptsthefirstmethod,andhigh-frequencyRFIDmostlyadoptsthesecondmethod.
Thereadercanbeareadorread/writedevicedependingonthestructureandtechnologyused,anditistheinformationcontrolandprocessingcenteroftheRFIDsystem.Thereaderusuallyconsistsofacouplingmodule,atransceivermodule,acontrolmoduleandaninterfaceunit.Thereaderandthetaggenerallyadoptahalf-duplexcommunicationmodeforinformationexchange,andthereaderprovidesenergyandtimingtothepassivetagthroughcoupling.Inpracticalapplications,managementfunctionssuchasthecollection,processingandremotetransmissionofobjectidentificationinformationcanbefurtherrealizedthroughEthernetorWLAN.
Components
ThecompleteRFIDsystemconsistsofthreeparts:areader,anelectronictag,andadatamanagementsystem.
1.Aboutthereader
Thereaderisadevicethatreadstheinformationinthetag,orwritestheinformationthatthetagneedstostoreintothetag.Dependingonthestructureandtechnologyused,thereadercanbearead/writedevice,whichistheinformationcontrolandprocessingcenteroftheRFIDsystem.WhentheRFIDsystemisworking,thereadersendsradiofrequencyenergyinanareatoformanelectromagneticfield,andthesizeoftheareadependsonthetransmitpower.Thetaginthecoverageareaofthereaderistriggeredtosendthedatastoredinit,ormodifythedatastoredinitaccordingtotheinstructionsofthereader,andcancommunicatewiththecomputernetworkthroughtheinterface.Thebasiccompositionofthereaderusuallyincludes:transceiverantenna,frequencygenerator,phase-lockedloop,modulationcircuit,microprocessor,memory,demodulationcircuitandperipheralinterfacecomposition.
(1)Transceiverantenna:Sendradiofrequencysignalstothetag,andreceivetheresponsesignalandtaginformationreturnedbythetag.
(2)Frequencygenerator:Generatestheoperatingfrequencyofthesystem.
(3)Phase-lockedloop:Generatetherequiredcarriersignal.
(4)Modulationcircuit:Loadthesignalsenttothetagtothecarrierwaveandsenditoutbytheradiofrequencycircuit.
(5)Microprocessor:Generatesthesignaltobesenttothelabel,decodesthesignalreturnedbythelabel,andsendsthedecodeddatabacktotheapplicationprogram.IftheencryptedsystemreturnsDecryptionoperationisrequired.
(6)Memory:Storeuserprogramsanddata.
(7)Demodulationcircuit:demodulatethesignalreturnedbythetaganddeliverittothemicroprocessorforprocessing.
(8)Peripheralinterface:tocommunicatewiththecomputer.
2.Abouttheelectronictag
Theelectronictagconsistsofatransceiverantenna,AC/DCcircuit,demodulationcircuit,logiccontrolcircuit,memoryandmodulationcircuit.
(1)Transceiverantenna:Receivethesignalfromthereaderandsendtherequireddatabacktothereader.
(2)AC/DCcircuit:Utilizetheelectromagneticfieldenergyemittedbythereaderandoutputitthroughavoltagestabilizingcircuittoprovideastablepowersupplyforothercircuits.
(3)Demodulationcircuit:Removethecarrierfromthereceivedsignalanddemodulatetheoriginalsignal.
(4)Logiccontrolcircuit:decodethesignalfromthereader,andsendbackthesignalaccordingtotherequirementsofthereader.
(5)Memory:Asalocationforsystemoperationandstorageofidentificationdata.
(6)Modulationcircuit:Thedatasentbythelogiccontrolcircuitisloadedtotheantennaandsenttothereaderafterthemodulationcircuit.
Classification
Radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologycanbedividedintothreecategoriesbasedonthepowersupplymodeofitstags,namelypassiveRFID,activeRFID,andsemi-activeRFID.
1.PassiveRFID.
AmongthethreetypesofRFIDproducts,passiveRFIDappearstheearliest,themostmature,anditsapplicationisalsothemostextensive.InpassiveRFID,theelectronictagcompletestheinformationexchangebyreceivingthemicrowavesignaltransmittedfromtheradiofrequencyidentificationreaderandobtainingenergythroughtheelectromagneticinductioncoiltopoweritselfforashorttime.Becausethepowersupplysystemisomitted,thevolumeofthepassiveRFIDproductcanreachtheorderofcentimetersorevensmaller,anditsownstructureissimple,thecostislow,thefailurerateislow,andtheservicelifeislong.Butasaprice,theeffectiverecognitiondistanceofpassiveRFIDisusuallyshort,anditisgenerallyusedforclose-rangecontactrecognition.PassiveRFIDmainlyworksinthelowerfrequencyband125KHz,13.56MKHz,etc.Itstypicalapplicationsinclude:buscards,second-generationIDcards,canteenmealcards,etc.
2.ActiveRFID.
ActiveRFIDhasnotbeenaroundforalongtime,butithasplayedanindispensableroleinvariousfields,especiallyintheelectronictollcollectionsystemofhighways.ActiveRFIDispoweredbyanexternalpowersourceandactivelysendssignalstotheradiofrequencyidentificationreader.Itsvolumeisrelativelylarge.Butitalsohasalongertransmissiondistanceandhighertransmissionspeed.AtypicalactiveRFIDtagcanestablishcontactwitharadiofrequencyidentificationreaderfromahundredmetersaway,andthereadratecanreach1,700read/sec.ActiveRFIDmainlyworksinhigherfrequencybandssuchas900MHz,2.45GHz,5.8GHz,andhasthefunctionofidentifyingmultipletagsatthesametime.Thelong-distanceandhigh-efficiencyofactiveRFIDmakeitindispensableinsomeradiofrequencyidentificationapplicationsthatrequirehighperformanceandalargerange.
3.Semi-activeRFID.
PassiveRFIDitselfdoesnotsupplypower,buttheeffectiveidentificationdistanceistooshort.ActiveRFIDhasalongenoughrecognitiondistance,butrequiresanexternalpowersourceandisrelativelylarge.Thesemi-activeRFIDistheproductofcompromiseforthiscontradiction.Semi-activeRFIDisalsocalledlow-frequencyactivationtriggertechnology.Undernormalcircumstances,semi-activeRFIDproductsareinadormantstateandonlysupplypowertothepartofthetagthatholdsthedata,sothepowerconsumptionissmallandcanbemaintainedforalongtime.WhenthetagenterstherecognitionrangeoftheRFIDreader,thereaderfirstactivatesthetaginasmallrangewitha125KHzlow-frequencysignaltomakeitentertheworkingstate,andthentransmitsinformationtoitthrough2.4GHzmicrowave.Inotherwords,firstuselow-frequencysignalsforprecisepositioning,andthenusehigh-frequencysignalstoquicklytransmitdata.Itsgeneralapplicationscenariois:inalargerangecoveredbyahigh-frequencysignal,multiplelow-frequencyreadersareplacedindifferentlocationstoactivatesemi-activeRFIDproducts.Thisnotonlycompletesthepositioning,butalsorealizesthecollectionandtransmissionofinformation.
Features
Generallyspeaking,radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasthefollowingcharacteristics:
1.Applicability:RFIDtechnologyreliesonelectromagneticwavesanddoesnotrequirephysicalconnectionbetweenthetwoparties.touch.Thisenablesittoestablishaconnectionregardlessofdust,fog,plastic,paper,wood,andvariousobstacles,andcompletecommunicationdirectly.
2.Highefficiency:ThereadandwritespeedoftheRFIDsystemisextremelyfast,andatypicalRFIDtransmissionprocessisusuallylessthan100milliseconds.Thehigh-frequencyRFIDreadercanevenidentifyandreadthecontentsofmultipletagsatthesametime,whichgreatlyimprovestheefficiencyofinformationtransmission.
3.Uniqueness:EachRFIDtagisunique.Throughtheone-to-onecorrespondencebetweentheRFIDtagandtheproduct,thesubsequentcirculationofeachproductcanbeclearlytracked.
4.Simplicity:RFIDtagshavesimplestructure,highrecognitionrate,andsimplereadingequipment.EspeciallywiththegradualpopularityofNFCtechnologyonsmartphones,eachuser'smobilephonewillbecomethesimplestRFIDreader.
AdvantagesandDisadvantages
Advantages
Radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologycanbewidelyusedinmanyindustriesandfields,anditmusthaveits"excellent".
Intermsofitsexternalmanifestations,thecarrierofradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisgenerallywaterproof,antimagnetic,andhightemperatureresistanttoensurethattheradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisstableinapplication.Intermsofitsuse,RFIDhasadvantagesinreal-timeupdatingofdata,storageofinformation,servicelife,workefficiency,andsafety.Radiofrequencyidentificationcanupdateexistingdatamoreconvenientlyunderthepremiseofreducinghuman,materialandfinancialresources,makingworkmoreconvenient;radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologystoresinformationbasedoncomputers,etc.,uptoseveralmegabytes,andcanstorealargeamountofinformation,Toensurethesmoothprogressofwork;radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasalongservicelife,aslongasthestaffpayattentiontoprotectionwhenusingit,itcanbereused;radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhaschangedtheinconvenienceofinformationprocessinginthepast,andachievedmultiplegoalsatthesametime.Identificationgreatlyimprovesworkefficiency;andradiofrequencyidentificationisalsoequippedwithpasswordprotection,whichisnoteasytobeforgedandhashighsecurity.Thetechnologysimilartoradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyistraditionalbarcodetechnology.Traditionalbarcodetechnologyisinferiortoradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyintermsofupdatinginformation,storinginformation,servicelife,workefficiency,andsafety,andcannotadaptwelltoourcountry.Thecurrentneedsofsocialdevelopmentarealsodifficulttomeettheneedsofindustriesandrelatedfields.
Disadvantages
(1)Insufficienttechnologicalmaturity.RFIDtechnologyhasappearedforashorttimeandisnotverymatureintechnology.Duetotheretro-reflectivecharacteristicsofUHFRFIDelectronictags,itisdifficulttoapplythemtocommoditiessuchasmetalsandliquids.
(2)Highcost.Comparedwithordinarybarcodelabels,thepriceofRFIDelectronictagsishigher,whichisdozensoftimesthatofordinarybarcodelabels.Iftheyareusedinlargequantities,thecostwillbetoohigh,whichgreatlyreducestheenthusiasmofthemarkettouseRFIDtechnology.
(3)Thesecurityisnotstrongenough.ThesecurityproblemfacedbyRFIDtechnologyismainlymanifestedintheillegalreadingandmalicioustamperingofRFIDelectronictaginformation.
(4)Technicalstandardsarenotuniform.
Applicationfields
1.Logistics
LogisticswarehousingisoneofthemostpotentialapplicationfieldsofRFID.InternationallogisticsgiantssuchasUPS,DHLandFedexareallinActivelyexperimentwithRFIDtechnologyinordertoimproveitslogisticscapabilitiesonalargescaleinthefuture.Applicableprocessesinclude:cargotrackinginthelogisticsprocess,automaticinformationcollection,warehousingmanagementapplications,portapplications,postalparcels,expressdelivery,etc.
2.Transportation
Therehavebeenmanysuccessfulcasesintaximanagement,busterminalmanagement,railwaylocomotiveidentification,etc.
3.Identification
RFIDtechnologyiswidelyusedinpersonalidentificationdocumentsbecauseofitsfastreadinganddifficulttoforge.Suchasthedevelopmentoftheelectronicpassportproject,mycountry'ssecond-generationIDcard,studentcardandothervariouselectronicdocuments.
4.Anti-counterfeiting
RFIDhasthecharacteristicsofbeingdifficulttocounterfeit,buthowtoapplyittoanti-counterfeitingstillrequiresactivepromotionbythegovernmentandenterprises.Theapplicablefieldsincludetheanti-counterfeitingofvaluables(tobacco,alcohol,medicine)andtheanti-counterfeitingoftickets.
5.Assetmanagement
Itcanbeappliedtothemanagementofvariousassets,includingvaluables,itemswithlargequantitiesandhighsimilarity,ordangerousgoods.Asthepriceoftagsdecreases,RFIDcanmanagealmostallitems.
6.Food
Itcanbeappliedtothemanagementoffruits,vegetables,freshfood,andfood.Theapplicationinthisfieldrequiresinnovationinlabeldesignandapplicationmode.
7.Informationstatistics
Withtheuseofradiofrequencyidentificationtechnology,informationstatisticshasbecomeasimpleandfasttask.Thequerysoftwareofthearchivesinformationmanagementplatformsendsoutthestatisticalinventorysignal,andthereaderquicklyreadsthedatainformationandrelatedstorageinformationofthearchives,andintelligentlyreturnstheacquiredinformationandtheinformationinthecentralinformationdatabaseforproofreading.Forexample,forfilesthatcannotbematched,themanagerwillusethereadertocarryouton-siteverification,adjustthesysteminformationandon-siteinformation,andthencompletetheinformationstatisticswork.
8.Referenceapplication
Whenqueryingfileinformation,thefilemanagerusesthequerymanagementplatformtofindthefilenumber,andthesystemreadsthedatainthecentralinformationdatabaseaccordingtothefilenumber.Afterverification,thefileexitsignalissentout,andthefileintelligentidentificationfunctionmoduleofthestoragelocationmanagementplatformwillcombinethefilenumbertocorrespondtotherelevantstoragelocationnumbertofindoutthespecificlocationofthefile.Afterthemanagersendsoutthefileout-of-warehousesignal,theindicatorlightonthestoragelocationwilllightupimmediately.Whenthedataisoutofthelibrary,theRFIDreaderwillfeedbacktheacquiredinformationtothemanagementplatform,andthemanagerwillverifyitagain,checkthattheoutgoingfilesandthecheckedfilesarethesame,andthengooutofthelibrary.Moreover,thesystemwillrecordthetimewhentheinformationisoutofthelibrary.Ifthefeedbackfiledoesnotmatchthequeryfile,thealarmmoduleinthesecuritymanagementplatformwilltransmitanabnormalwarning.
9.Securitycontrol
Thesecuritycontrolsystemcanrealizethefunctionsoftimelymonitoringandabnormalalarmofthearchives,soastoavoidthedestructionandtheftofarchives.Whenarchivesareborrowedandreturned,especiallyphysicalarchives,theyareoftenusedforexhibitions,evaluationandinspection,etc.Themanagercarefullychecksthereturnedarchivesandverifieswiththeinformationbeforethearchivesarelent,andcanfindoutwhetherthearchivesaredamagedormissingintime..
Developmenttrend
1.Radiofrequencyidentificationtagtrend
Withtheformulationofstandards,thewiderangeofapplicationfields,theincreaseinthenumberofapplications,andthecontinuousimprovementoftechnology,Therapidadvancementoftechnology(forexample,inthecaseofbooks,usingconductiveinkonthecoverorcopyrightpagetodirectlyprinttheradiofrequencyidentificationantenna),thecostwillbelower;secondly,theidentificationdistanceislonger,evenpassiveradiofrequencyidentificationtagscanreachSeveraltensofmeters;thevolumewillalsobesmaller.
2.Highfrequency
Comparedwithlowfrequencysystem,UHFradiofrequencyidentificationsystemhastheadvantagesoflongidentificationdistance,fasterdataexchangespeed,higherforgerydifficulty,Theanti-interferenceabilityisstronger,thevolumeissmallandexquisite,andwiththereductionofmanufacturingcostandthefurtherimprovementofhighfrequencytechnology,theapplicationofUHFsystemwillbemoreextensive.
3.Networking
Someapplicationsrequireunifiedprocessingofdatacollectedbydifferentsystems(ormultiplereaders),andthenprovidethemtousers.Forexample,weusetwoTakingthetrainticketattheautomaticticketcollectionmachineonbehalfoftheIDcard,whichrequiresthenetworkedmanagementoftheradiofrequencyidentificationsystemtorealizetheremotecontrolandmanagementofthesystem.
4.Multifunctionalization
Withthecontinuousimprovementandpopularizationofmobilecomputingtechnology,thedevelopmenttrendofRFIDreaderdesignandmanufacturingStandards,anddeveloptowardsmodularization,miniaturization,portable,andembedded;atthesametime,multi-readercoordinationandnetworkingtechnologywillbecomeoneofthefuturedevelopmentdirections.