Private university

Differences

Thebiggestdifferencebetweenprivateuniversitiesandpublicschoolsisthedifferenceininvestors.Publicuniversitiesarefundedbystatefinances,andprivateuniversitiesareestablishedbyprivateorprivateinstitutions.Therefore,privateschoolshavehigherfeesthanpublicschools.Inaddition,thedifferenceininvestmentsubjectsleadstodifferentteachingdirectionsbetweenthetwo.Publicuniversitiesarefundedbythestatetoundertakethemissionofnationalhighereducation,focusingontheresearchandteachingofbasicdisciplines;whileprivateuniversitiesrelyonthemarkettosurvive,setupcoursestomeetmarketdemand,keepinnovatingincurriculumsettings,andthequalityofteachingistheguaranteeoftheirsurvival.

HistoricalTradition

Almostallcountriesintheworldhaveprivateuniversities,andtheyoftenbecomethemainstreamofhighereducationinacountryintermsofprestigeandquantity.SincetheoriginsofWesternuniversitiesareinseparablefromreligiousactivities,thefoundationofEuropeanandAmericanuniversitiestendstobeprivatefundsandtheirdevelopmentismoreindependent.TheoriginofprivateuniversitiesinAsia(outsideJapan)wasmainlytheChristianuniversitiesfromtheWestinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,andtheyhadthegreatestinfluence.

DuringtheRepublicofChinaperiod

Prestigiousschoolsflourished(1900-1929)

China’sfirstprivatemodernuniversity,SoochowUniversity,wasestablishedinSuzhouin1900bytheChristianSupervisoryCouncilEstablishedandawardedthefirstBachelorofArtsdegreeinChina.

BeforetheMayFourthMovement,privateuniversitieswerethemainforceinhighereducationinChina,andnoneofthemwereregisteredwiththecentralgovernment(beforetheendoftheNorthernExpedition,theRepublicofChinawasruledseparatelybytheBeiyanggovernmentandtheNationalGovernment).Havefullautonomy.Sinceitsoperation,thosewhohavenotbeenabolishedhavebecomewell-knownlocalschools.

ProtestantChristianityhas:

SoochowUniversity

YenchingUniversity

QiluUniversity

St.JohnUniversities

JinlingUniversity

HujiangUniversityandother13universities.

TheCatholicChurchhas:

FuJenCatholicUniversity

AuroraUniversity

JinguUniversityandmanyothers.

LocalChineseself-run:

PrivateNantongUniversity(Nantong)

ChunghwaUniversity(Wuchang)

ChineseUniversity(Beijing)

ChaoyangUniversity(Beijing)

FudanUniversity(Shanghai)

DatongUniversity(Shanghai)

GuanghuaUniversity(Shanghai)

DaxiaUniversity(Shanghai)

NankaiUniversity(Tianjin)

XiamenUniversity(Xiamen)etc.

NationalSupervision(1929-1949)

In1929,theNationalistGovernmentcompletedtheNorthernExpedition,unifiedChinainformandenteredthepoliticaltrainingperiod.Theauthoritieshavesuccessivelypromulgatedthe"UniversityOrganizationLaw","UniversityRegulations"and"PrivateSchoolRegulations",andprivateuniversitiesacrossthecountryhavebeenincorporatedintosystemmanagement.Sincethen,eachschool’snamemustbeprefixedwiththeword“Private”.Inaddition,itisalsorequiredtosetup“commoncompulsorysubjects”.The1946"ConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina"expresslystipulatedthat"publicandprivateeducationalandculturalinstitutionsacrossthecountryshallbesupervisedbythestateinaccordancewiththelaw."

Discriminationandsuppression(1949-)

In1949,theRepublicofChinagovernmentmovedtoTaiwan.InviewoftheexperienceoftheChineseKuomintangbeingharassedbythestudentmovementafter1946,itmadeeveryefforttocrackdownonprivateuniversities.Fromtheearlydiscriminatorypolicyprohibitingprivateuniversitiesfromusingplacenamesasschoolnames,theuseof"developmentroads"todivideandreducethecampusofFuJenCatholicUniversity,totheattempttodemolishtheLuSiyiChurchofDonghaiUniversityundertheguiseof"publicconstruction".example.

In1974,theauthoritiespromulgatedthe"PrivateSchoolsLaw",forcingallprivateschoolstoregisteras"consortiumlegalpersons",andimposedstrictregulationsonboardofdirectors,finances,andfees.Althoughitisalegalperson,duetothesuppressionofthe"PrivateSchoolLaw",theprivateschoolhasactuallybecomea"privatepublicinstitution"underthe"MinistryofEducationofTaiwanRegion".Thegovernmentnotonlysupervisestheboardofdirectors,butalsosupervisestheboardofdirectors,andmanagesprivateuniversitiesinthesamewayaspublicuniversities.ThisisdifferentfromthefactthattheUSandJapanesegovernmentsusefundstoaidprivateuniversities.,Thegovernmentgrantsverylittlefinancialsubsidiestoprivateuniversitiesandrestrictsthechargingstandardsofprivateuniversities.

Sofar,publicuniversitiesstillmonopolizethe"tax-freerewardsforprivatedonations",whichisevenmoredetrimentaltoprivateuniversities'fundraising.

TheUnitedStates,Japan,andSouthKorea

PrivateuniversitiesleadthetophighereducationintheUnitedStatesbecausefundsareeasytouse,andalumniandcompaniesarewillingtodonatemoney,andtheyalsoenjoygovernmentsubsidieslikepublicuniversities.Withthefundingofscholarships,privateuniversitiesoftenmonopolizethebestsourceofyoungstudents.Intermsofuniversities,thetop20universitiesintheUnitedStatesarealmostallprivateuniversities,andtheiralumniandprofessorshavewonmostoftheNobelPrizesintheworld,suchasthe8IvyLeagueschoolsandtheUniversityofChicago,StanfordUniversity,andMassachusetts.PolytechnicInstitute,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,CarnegieMellonUniversity,etc.

InJapan,KantohasWasedaUniversity,KeioUniversityandtheUniversityofTokyo,andKansaihasDoshishaUniversity,RitsumeikanUniversity,andKyotoUniversity.SophiaUniversity,MeijiUniversity,HoseiUniversity,RikkyoUniversity,ChuoUniversity,etc.intheTokyoareaarealsothecradlesofpoliticalandbusinesselitesandsocialcelebrities.GraduatesofInternationalChristianUniversityarelovedbyUNagencies,attractingtwoJapaneseprincessestomakeanexception.GakushuinUniversityisawell-known"RoyalUniversity",whileKokugakuinUniversityandHwanggakukanUniversityshouldertheacademicmissionofShintoism.

10ofthetopuniversitiesinSouthKoreaareprivateuniversities.Thethreetopuniversitiescollectivelycalled"SKY",S—SeoulUniversity,K—KoreaUniversity,andY—YonseiUniversity,alsoincludetwoprivateuniversities:KoreaUniversity(K)andYonseiUniversity(Y).

Currentsituation

MainlandChina

PrivateuniversitiesinMainlandChinabecamepublicuniversitiesafterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949.Foralongtime,thehighereducationsectorhasbeenmonopolizedbypublicuniversities.Itwasnotuntilthe1980sthatthegovernmentbegantoallowtheestablishmentofprivatecollegesanduniversities.Yang'enUniversity,foundedin1987,isthefirstprivateuniversityinmainlandChinathathasthequalificationstoissuenationalundergraduatecertificatesandconferbachelor'sdegrees.AsofMay2007,therehavebeen295state-recognizedprivatecollegesanduniversitiesinmainlandChinathatcanissuegraduationcertificates.Atthesametime,thereareindependentcollegesestablishedincooperationwithordinarycollegesanduniversitiesandnon-governmentalforces.

Theteachingequipmentofprivateuniversitiesisgenerallyinferiortothatofpublicuniversities.Thereisnotnecessarilystrictreviewandsupervision,andacademicqualificationsarenotnecessarilyrecognized.Forexample,asof2005,thetotalnumberofvariousprivateuniversitiesexceeded1,000.However,thereareonly239privateuniversitiesrecognizedbythestate,ofwhich25areundergraduatesandtheothersarejuniorcolleges.Atthesametime,studentscannotchangetheirhukouduetoattendingtheseschools.

Taiwanarea

Undertheearlyjointentranceexaminationsystem,whenstudentschoosetoapplyforavolunteer,iftheyarenotrequiredbytheregionandspecialdepartments(suchasunwillingtoleavetheTaipeiarea),exceptforafewdepartments(Suchas:DepartmentofEnglishofFuUniversity,DepartmentofLawofSoochowUniversity),mostlypublicuniversitiesarethefirstchoice,followedbyprivateuniversities.Beforethecollegeupgradewasimplementedin1990,TaiwanhadonlyTunghaiUniversity,FuJenCatholicUniversity,SoochowUniversity,TamkangUniversity,ChungYuanChristianUniversity,FengChiaUniversity,JingyiUniversity,ChineseCultureUniversity,YuanpeiUniversityofScienceandTechnology,andseveralprivateinstitutions.CollegeofArtsandSciences.

Nowadays,privateuniversitieswithalonghistoryorestablishedbyenterprisescanstillcompetewithnationaluniversitieswithsoundfundingintermsofevaluation,ranking,teachingandresearchlevel,andthequalityofstudents.

SoochowUniversity'sacademicandsocialreputationsinlaw,German,Japanese,politicalscience,andaccountingarestillfewnationaluniversitiescomparabletoit.

TheSchoolofDesignoftheUniversityofPracticeisratedasoneofthe60topdesignschoolsintheworldbyAmericanBusinessWeekly(onlyChenggongUniversityistiedwithit).

FuJenCatholicUniversity(especiallyinEuropeanlanguages​​andmuseumstudies)andChangGungUniversity(especiallyinmedicineandscience)havebeenrankedamongthetop500intheworldin2006and2008.Inthesameperiod,Only2.53%ofnationaluniversitieshavetheabilitytoentertheworlduniversityrankings.

YuanZeUniversityhasbeenrankedamongthetop400universitiesintheworldin2012.

FengChiaUniversityisgoodatscienceandengineeringsubjects,especiallyinresourcesandelectricityrelatedsubjects.Inthe2015QSWorldRankingforthefieldofcomputerscience,theschoolranked371intheworldandthefirstprivateschool.

MingChuanUniversity,ShihHsinUniversity,andChineseCultureUniversityarecomparabletotheNationalChengchiUniversityinthefieldofcommunication,andMingChuanUniversity’sAsia-Pacificrankingisalsohigherthanthisschool.

HongKongArea

InHongKong,privateuniversitiesarenotascommonaspublicuniversities,andonlyHongKongShueYanUniversityismorefamous.TheHangSengUniversityofHongKongandTungWahCollegealsoofferbachelor'sdegreeprograms,sotheycanalsoberegardedasprivateuniversities.

Macaoarea

InMacao,privateuniversitiesaremorecommon,whilethenumberofpublicuniversitiesisrelativelysmall.MacauUniversityofScienceandTechnologyisthelargestcomprehensiveuniversityinthecountry.Inaddition,theCityUniversityofMacau,theUniversityofSaintJoseph,theMacauJinghuSchoolofNursing,theMacauSchoolofManagement,andtheMacauInstituteofChineseandWesternInnovationarealsoprivateuniversities.

Japan

Japaneseprivateuniversitiescanreceiveasmallamountofrecurrentsubsidiesfromthestate,buttheiroperationsaremainlybasedontuitionandalumnidonationsasthemainsourceoffunding.Privateuniversitiesestablishedbycompaniesandconsortiareceivefundingfromtheirfounders,buttheyarenotsubjecttoanyregularsubsidiesfromthestate.Generallyspeaking,thetuitionfeesofprivateuniversitiesarehigherthanthoseofpublicuniversities(includingnational,county,municipal,etc.),andscienceismoreexpensivethanliberalarts.Buttherearealsosomeprivateuniversitieswhosefeesarecheaperthanpublicuniversities.

InpartoftheWesternworld,thereisasystemthatshortensthethree-yearuniversitycoursetotwoyearsbeforegraduation.Althoughthissystemhastheadvantagesofreducingthefinancialburdenofstudentsandenablingearlyemployment,italsohastheriskofaffectingthequalityofteaching.InJapan,onlyRitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversitystillimplementsthissystem.Inaddition,trainingschoolsestablishedbycompaniesandlegalentitiesestablishedbylocalgovernments(publicprivateuniversities)arealsocalledprivateuniversities.Three-quartersofalluniversitiesinOrientalJapanareprivateuniversities.

Malaysia

TheAsianBusinessSchoolisjointlyorganizedbyBankNegaraMalaysiaandtheSloanSchoolofManagementoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.

PutraBusinessSchool,anautonomousgraduatebusinessschoolestablishedbyUPM,PutraUniversity,Malaysia.

RamanUniversity,awell-knownprivateuniversityestablishedbytheMalaysianChineseAssociationofMalaysianPoliticalParties

NilaiUniversity,aprivateuniversityjointlyownedbyMalaysianprivatecapitalandtheFederalLandDevelopmentAuthorityofMalaysia

PetroChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,aprivateuniversityundertheNationalPetroleumCorporationofMalaysia

NationalEnergyUniversity,affiliatedtotheNationalEnergyCorporationofMalaysia,isoneofthetopuniversitiesinMalaysia.