Source
"Mozi"
IntheearlydaysoftheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC),MoziheardinQithatChuwasgoingtoattackSong,HeimmediatelysenthisdiscipleQinHualitoleadhismorethan300students,carryingdefenseequipmenttoShangqiu,thecapitalofSongDynasty,topreparefordefensivebattles.HetraveleddayandnighttoChuduCountyfortendaysandtennights.TheladdermadebyChuStateforsiegeislikepublicloss.Hesaid,"Whatdoyouwant?"Mozisaid:"Someoneinthenorthbulliedme,Ihopeyoukillhim."Mozisaid:"Iwillgiveyoutentaelsofgold."Heaskedlikeapublicloss:"Ifollowrighteousnessandneverkill."Mozistoodupandsaid,"Pleaseletmetalkaboutrighteousness.Ilistenedinthenorth.ItissaidthatyouwillmakealaddertoattackSongState.WhatisthesinofSongState?ChuStatehassurpluslandandinsufficientpopulation,killingthelackofpeopleandfightingforsurplusland.Thiscannotbesaidtobewise.SongStatehasnotsinned.Attackingitcannotbesaidtobebenevolence.Knowingthis,youdon’thavetofightforreasons,norcanitbesaidtobeloyal,fightwithoutsuccess,youcan’tbesaidtobestrong.Yousaythatyoufollowrighteousnessandkillmanywithoutkillingoneperson.Youcan’tsaythatyou’reawiseone.”It’slikeapubliclosstoexpressconvincing.Mozisaid,"Ifthisisthecase,whynotstop?"Hesaidlikeapublicloss:"No,becauseIhavealreadytoldtheKingofChu."Mozisaid,"Whydidn'tyoushowmetotheKingofChu?"Heagreedlikeapublicloss.
MozimetthekingofChuandsaid:"Nowsomepeoplehereabandontheirfloatsandwanttostealtheneighbor’sbrokencar,abandontheirbeautifulclothesandstealtheneighbor’scoarsecloth,abandontheirown.Exquisitemeattostealtheneighbour'schaff.Whatkindofpersonisthis?"KingChusaid:"Thispersonmusthavetheproblemofstealing."Mozisaid:"ThelandofChuisfivethousandmilesinradius,andSongisonlyfive.Ahundredmiles,thisislikeafloatorabrokencar;inthestateofChu,Yunmengzeandrhino,si,elk,anddeer,theYangtzeRiverandHanRiverhavethemostfish,turtles,turtles,andhornsintheworld,andSongDynastyhasthemostItisnothingmorethanpheasants,rabbits,cruciancarp,etc.,whicharelikefinemeatandchaff.Therearebigpinetrees,Wenzi,Yu,Nan,YuzhangintheChucountry,andtheSongcountrydoesnotevenhavebigtrees.Thisislikebeautifulclothesandcoarseclothclothes.IFromthesethreethings,IthinkthatyousentsomeonetoattacktheSongStateandthatpersonisofthesamekind."ChuWangsaid:"Althoughitisso,butIbuiltaladderformelikeapublictransport,andIcandefinitelytaketheSongState."MoziaskedChutoask.Wangaskedhimtocompetelikepublictransport,Mozitookoffhisbeltasacity,andusedsmallpiecesofwoodasinstruments.Mozidesignedthemechanismofsiegeninetimeslikeapublicloss,andMoziblockeditallninetimes.Theorgansforsiegeofthecitywereexhausted,andMozihadmorethanenoughequipmenttodefendthecity.Therewereexhaustivemethodslikepubliclosses,buthesaid:"Iknowwhattodowithyou,butIwon'ttellyou."Mozisaid,"Iknowwhatyoudoagainstme,butIwon'ttalkaboutit."ChuWangaskedhimwhy.Mozisaid:"Itmeanslikeapublicdefeat,butitisjusttryingtokillme.Ifyoukillme,SongGuocan'tdefenditandcanattack.However,mystudentQinhualiandotherthreehundredpeoplealreadyhavemine.ThedefensiveequipmentiswaitingfortheinvadersofChuStateonthecapitalofSongState.EvenifIkillme,Ican’tkillallthedefenders.”ChuWangsaid:“Okay!IwillnotattackSongStateanymore.”
From"PublicLoss".ThisisasuccessfulpracticeofMozi,whoadvocatesuniversalloveandnon-attack.
Author
Mozi(approximately468BC-376BC),surnamedMo,firstnameZhai,wasborninLu,onceservedasanofficialinSong,andhastraveledthroughouthislifeKingdom,Weiguo,repeatedlyvisitedChucountry,andlaterlivedinLucountryforalongtime.HeisthefounderoftheMohistschool.ThemainthrustofMozi'smilitarythinkingisloveandnon-offensive,butheisnotblindlyopposedtowar,butadvocatesfightingagainstunrighteousnesswithrighteousness,payingattentiontowarpreparations,payingattentiontodefenses,resistingaggressivewars,andseekingtoremaininvincible..
Meaning
ThemutualbenefitisthecoreofMohist'slegalview.Mohistuses"universallove"and"payingbenefit"asthestandardtomeasurethelegalsystemsofvariouscountriesandevaluatetheideologyofeachschool,Especiallytoimplementitintothelegislativeandjudicialsystem."Loveatthesametime"refersto"donotbeevil",whichmeanstoloveallpeopleequallyregardlessofrelatives,nobleandpoor,richorpoor."Compatibility"refersto"communitythieves",advocatingthatpeoplehelpeachother,seekcommonwelfare,andopposecompetition.
Mozibelievesthat:loveismutual,benefitismutual,andtherelationshipbetweenloveandbenefitistheunityofopposites,adialecticalrelationshipthatcomplementseachother,isdependentoneachother,andisconditionaloneachother.LiangQichaooncepointedout:"Comprehensiveloveisatheory,andmutualbenefitisthewaytoimplementthistheory."Butthe"people-oriented"thinkingintoday'sworldissimilartoMozi'stheory.
MoZisaid:"Thecountrythatregardspeopleasitscountry,thehouseofpeopleasitshome,andthebodyofpeopleasitappears."Thatis,lookingatotherpeople'scountryislikelookingatyourowncountry,lookingatotherpeople'sfamilylikelookingatyourownfamily,andlookingatotherpeople'sbodylikelookingatyourownbody.Infact,whatMoziistellingushereisto"putpeoplefirst,treatpeopleasyourself"andconsiderproblemsfromtheotherside'sperspectivetoavoidmisunderstandingsandeliminateconflicts.Everyoneloveseachotherandnolongerharmseachother,fatherandsonarelovingandfilialbecauseoflove,brothersareharmoniousandcoordinatedbecauseoflove,becauseloveoccurs,sotheharm,complaint,resentment,etc.willnotoccur.
Kimloveisnotattack,loveandbenefiteachother
Mozi'sideologicalpurposeis"community".Hebelievedthatthe"greatharm"and"greatharm"insocietyatthattimewerewarsbetweencountriesandcompetitionsbetweenpeople.Thefundamentalreasonforthisphenomenonwasthatpeopledidnotloveeachother.Therefore,headvocatedthatnationsandpeopleshould"loveandbenefiteachotheratthesametime."Startingfromhisideologyofuniversallove,Moziadvocatednon-offensiveandopposedwar.Heconcludedthatwhentheloverworks,thepersonlovesit;whenthegoodpersonworks,thepersonalsobenefitsit.viceversa.Thatbeingthecase,aslongasthecountryandthecountry,thefamilyandthefamily,andthepeopleloveeachother,don'tstartwarsorattackeachother.Inthisway,theywillnotattackeachotherwithweaponsandpoisons,sothattheycanbenefittogether.Otherwise,theuseofweaponry,poison,waterandfirewillcauseeveryonetotakedamagetogether.Therefore,Mozi"strivestorejuvenatetheworldandeliminatetheharmoftheworld",advocatesthat"thecountrywillnotattackanddestroy,andotherswillnotcausechaosandthieves.""Thechaosofthesmallfamily",todothe"harmoftheworld"("Mozi·Jianaixia").
MoZialsoopposedwarfromthemoralaspectofwar.Mozi'sthoughtsandintentionsareveryclear.Themurdererdies,onekillsonedeath,tenkillstendeaths,andonehundredkillsahundreddeaths.Thisisthepunishmentfortheunrighteous,andtheydeservetheirsins.Thisishuman.Everyoneunderstandsthetruth.However,forthoseinvaderswholaunchedwarsagainstothercountriesandkilledandinjuredalargenumberofpeople,somepeopledidnotknowit,butpraisedit.Thisisobviouslyareversalofblackandwhiteandaconfusionofrightandwrong.Mozitriedhisbesttodefendthistheoryofreversingrighteousnessandunrighteousness,andpointingoutthatmilitantsareunrighteous,thusexplainingtheprincipleofnon-offensive.
Mozialsoopposedwarandadvocatednon-offensiveintermsofwarsthatconsumedalotofmanpower,materialresources,andfinancialresources,killedandinjuredcountlesspeople,anddisruptedsocialproductivity.
Mozipraisedtheancientbenevolentmonarchsforbeingabletointersectwithbigcountries,getalongwithneighboringcountries,onedayandthenext,withinthefourseas,leadingthepeopleinagriculture,benefitingthepeople,andopposingtheprincesandprincesatthattime.Theatrocitiesthatinitiatewarsadvocatethatthosewhoinitiatewarshouldbekilledwithoutmercy.Warmongerswholaunchedawarofaggressionandattackedaninnocentcountrymustbepunishedwithacapitalcrime,andtheyshouldnotbeallowedtocontinuetogovernandharmthepeopleoftheworld.
Prosperityandbenefit,fightagainstinjustice
Moziadvocates"loveandmutualbenefit"and"non-offensive".Heopposesinjustice.Headvocatesnon-offensive.,Ratherthanadvocatingnon-war.Hebelievesthattheactofbenevolenceis"torejuvenatetheworldandeliminatetheharmoftheworld."Tothisend,arighteousbattlemustbeheldandabattleagainstunrighteousnessmustbeheld.
MoZibelievesthatYu'sconquestofYouMiao,TangFajie,andKingWu’sdefeatofZhouwereallforthebenefitofthepeopleoftheworld,notforthesakeofwealthandpleasureforhimself.Mozidistinguishedbetween"attack"and"punishment".Toattackthe"innocentcountry"isto"punish",andtobeattheguiltykingisto"punish".Therefore,theactionsofthekingsofYu,TangandWuare"punishment"insteadof"punishment".attack".Moziagreeswith"punishment"andopposes"attack."Because"punishing"isanactofbenevolenceandrighteousnessto"rejuvenatetheworldandeliminateitsharm",while"attack"istheopposite.Hepointedoutthatthewarlikecountry,withitsownstrongsoldiers,to"attacktheinnocentcountry",plunderproperty,andkillallpeople.Thisisan"attack".Fortheattackers,thereshouldbe"noforgivenessforthedead."",soheactivelyopposed"attack";forinnocentandguilty"princes",inordertoeliminateharmtoallpeople,hemust"punish"them.Therefore,Moziadvocatedthepunishmentoftheguiltykingandopposedtheattackontheinnocentcountry.Heresolutelyopposestheaggressivewarof"attackingtheinnocentcountry";heactivelysupportsthejustwarof"punishingthemadmenandthepeopleandthieves".Everythingisbasedonthestandardof"rejuvenatingtheworld,eliminatingtheharmoftheworld",andthereisnolackofrationalityinthisthinking.
Beingvirtuoustowinthepeople,thebattlewillwin
Whiledistinguishingthedifferencebetween"attack"and"punishing",Mozifurtherpointedout:"attack"mustbedefeated."Zhu"mustwin.Thereasonforthisisthatthosewho"attacktheinnocentcountry"violatethewillofheavenandprovidence,andlosethewillofthepeople,sotheywillinevitablyfail;thosewho"punishmadmenandthieves"followthewillandwillofthepeople,conformtothewillofthepeople,Publicopinion,soitisboundtowin.Fromthis,heaffirmedthatthepeople'saspirationswillwinthebattle.Towintheheartsofthepeople,itisespeciallyimportanttobevirtuous.RespectingthewiseisthemostimportanttaskoftheHolyKingingoverningthecountry,andisthefoundationofgovernance,soitisnecessarytocherishthewise.Becausethevirtuousmanisthetreasureofthesolidcountryandtheassistantofthesociety.Forthewise,wemustberich,noble,respectful,andhonorable.Thecriterionforjudgingthevirtuousandtheinfidelismorality,righteousnessandability,notcloseness,beautyandugliness.Wearetrulyimpartialandselfless.Wewillusethemifwecan.Inthisway,everyonewillcompeteforrighteousness,ability,andvirtue.Inthisway,thecountrycanbegovernedandthepeoplecanbeexemptedfromdisasters,andofcoursetheywillwintheheartsandmindsofthepeople.
MoZiknowsthatthepeople'swilldeterminethevictoryordefeatofthewar,soheattachesgreatimportancetotheissueofpeople'ssentimentandpublicopinion.Heexplainedtheprinciplesofethicalgovernance,loveforthepeople,wintheheartsofthepeople,andwintheworldwiththethingsoftheancientholykings.Forexample,ifthekingofZhouWenwassealedinQishanandtheplacewassealedforhundredsofmiles,hecould"lovewithhispeopleatthesametime,andbenefitfromeachother,sothatthosewhoarenearcansettletheiraffairs,thosewhoarefarawaybelongtotheirvirtues,andthosewhohearthekingofliteraturewillallriseandfollow.Thosewhoareunfavorable,wishforthemeverywhere....Thepeoplelovethem,thewisemenreturntothem,andtheyhavenotdiedintheirlives,butWangTianxia"("Mozi:FeiMing1").Ifyoucanloveeachotherwiththepeople,benefiteachother,andpracticemoralgovernance,youcanwinwithoutfightingandeventuallyruletheworld.
Payattentiontocombatreadinessandbepreparedforallrisks.
Moziadvocatesuniversalloveandnon-attack,opposes"attackinganinnocentcountry"andadvocatesrighteouswarfare.Hepaysgreatattentiontowarandpaysattentiontowarpreparations.Mozipaysattentiontotheproblemofoffensiveanddefensivepreparation.
MoZiis"non-attack"but"preparedfordefense",sohehasalotofresearchonthetheoryandtechnologyofpreparingforwar.
MoZibelievesthattherearesevenmainscourgesofthecountry.Ifthe"sevenscourges"arenoteliminated,thecitywillnotbeprotectedandthecountrywillnotbeprotected.Hesaid:
"Therearesevenproblemsinthestate.Whatarethesevenpatients?Youcan’tguardtheditchofthecityandrulethepalace,youhaveoneproblem;thebordercountryisborderline,theneighborscannotbesaved,thesecondproblemisalsouseless;Merit,rewardtheincompetent,thepeople'sstrengthisuseless,thetreasureisvaininhospitality,thethreeproblemsarealso;Thinkofthesageanddonotaskanything,thinkthatitisstrongandunguarded,andtheneighborsdonotknowtheprecepts,andthefiveproblemsarealso;thebelieverisunfaithful,theloyaldoesnotbelieve,thesixproblemsarealso;theanimalbreedsarenotenoughtoeat,theministerIfitisnotenough,rewardscannotbehappy,punishmentcannotbeprestigious,andtherearesevenproblems.Toliveinthecountrywiththesevenproblems,therewillbenosociety;whenthesevenproblemsareusedtodefendthecity,theenemywillfalltothecountry.Wherethesevenproblemsaredue,thecountrywillhavedisaster."("Mozi·SevenTroubles")
Mozinotonlypaysattentiontopreparingforwarintheory,butalsotoprepareforwaranddefendthecitytechnically.Mozi's"Beichengmen","BeiGaoLin","BeiLadder","PrepareWater","BeiTu","BeiAcupoint","BeiMoFu","Welcome"in"MoZi"InelevenchaptersincludingEnemy’sTemple,“Banner”,“Order”,and“MiscellaneousShou”,theprinciplesofmechanics,optics,mathematics,andmorphologyareusedtospecifythemethodofdefendingthecity.ItcanbeseenthatitsimpactonmilitarytechnologyPayingattentiontoitalsoshowedhisknowledgeofnaturalsciencesandmilitarytechnologyandskills.
Startingfromthewarviewpointofmutuallove,mutualbenefit,mutualloveandnon-attack,andprosperityandeliminationofharm,Mozi'smilitaryideologyandwartechnologyandtechniquesexpoundedarenotlackinginclevernessandreasonableness.
Extension
TheessenceofMozi’sthoughtof"comprehensiveloveandmutualbenefit"isakindofflexiblemanagement,whichimprovesinterpersonalrelationshipsandeliminatesdamagethroughmutuallovebetweenpeople.Sexualconflictcreatesagoodsocialenvironmentsothatpeoplecanlovethemselvesandothers,sothateveryone'sinterestscanbemet.Thisisinlinewiththenaturalneedsofpeopleandinlinewithsocialethicsandlaws.
Mozi'sflexiblemanagementthoughtsarealsoveryrich.Forexample,theideaof"people-oriented"canbeusedasareferencefortoday'sbusinessmanagement.Forexample,Mozi'sexplanationofpeople-orientedis:Althoughthereareformationsforgentlemen'swarfare,braveryistherootofit.Althoughscholarshaveknowledge,characteristhefoundation.Therefore,whenwestudymanagement,wemustbeawareoftheleftandright,andknowthefundamentals.