converter - technewscircle

Introduction

Theemergenceofvarioustypesofconvertershasgreatlyexpandedthescopeofuseofvariousinstruments(devices),makingtheautomaticcontrolsystemmoreflexibleandbroaderAdaptability.Thebasicfunctionofvarioustypesofconvertersistoconvertinformationintoaformthatisconvenientfortransmissionandprocessing.Itisrequiredthattheinformationdoesnotundergodistortion,distortion,ordelayduringtheconversionprocess,sothereisacertaindegreeoflinearity,inputandoutputimpedancematchingandisolationoftheconverter.Requirements:①Linearcharacteristics.TheoutputsignalYoftheconverterisrequiredtohaveagoodproportionalrelationshipwiththeinputsignalX,thatis,Y=KX+A,whereKandAareconstants.②Inputimpedanceandoutputimpedance.Theinputimpedanceandoutputimpedanceoftheconvertermustmatchtheinputendinstrumentandtheoutputendinstrumentinordertoobtainhighconversionaccuracy.③Isolationcharacteristics.Theinputcircuit,outputcircuit,andpowersupplycircuitshouldbeisolatedfromeachotherontheDCpotential,andthegroundingpointsoftheinputandoutputcircuitsFshouldbeseparatedtoimprovetheanti-interferenceability.

Type

1,XV-VGAV101VGAtoAVconverter

ItcanconverttheVGAsignaloutputbythecomputerintoasignalthatTVAVcanaccept

2.XW-USVGDVUSBtoVGA/DVIvideoconverter

YoucanadduptosixadditionaldisplaywindowsthroughtheUSB2.0interfacetoextendyourWindowsdesktoptomultipledisplays,andAllowviewingmultipleprogramwindowsatthesametime

3,XW-AVVG101AVtoVGAconverter

ConvertanalogAVandS-videovideosignalsintoVGAdigitalsignals

4.XW-VGDV101VGAtoDVIconverter

ItcanconnecttheD-Suboutputportofordinarygraphicscard,VGAorRGBHVmatrixtohigh-enddisplaydevicessuchasmonitorsandprojectorsthatonlyhavedigitaloutputports.

5,XW-DVVG101DVItoVGAconverter

ItcanconnecttheoutputofthegraphicscardandtheplayerwithonlythedigitalimageoutputporttotheanalogD-SubinputportonlyDisplays,projectors,matrixswitchersandotherequipment

6,XW-AG2HDVGAtoHDMI

TheinputVGAvideosignalcanbeconvertedintoacompleteHDMIsignaloutput

7,DC2HDDVItoHDMI

TheinputDVIvideosignalcanbeconvertedintoacompleteHDMIsignaloutput

8,XW-YB2HDcomponentvideotoHDMI

TheinputcomponentvideoandaudiosignalcanbeconvertedintoacompleteHDMIsignaloutput

9,VDVR103videotoDVI+VGA

compositevideo,YPrPbandS-VideocomponentvideointoDVIsignalandVGAsignalareoutput

SoftRoadQuotations

DataTypeConverter

ThedatatypeconverterinHibernateisusedtoconvertthepersistentclassTypeconversionbetweenattributevaluesandtablefieldvalues.

Formatconverter

Theaudioandvideofileformatconversionfunctionofvideoeditingsoftware

Audioandvideoformatconvertersareakindofpopularsoftwarethatisverypopular.Comparedwiththeabovesignalconverter,itismainlywidelyusedinordinaryhouseholds.Themainapplicationsare:videoformatconversion,audioformatconversion,commonvideoformatconversionsincludeRMVB,AVItoMP4,3GP,theseconversionsaremainlyusedinmobilephonesVideoplayback,RMVB,AVItoDVD,theseconversionsaremainlyusedtoburnDVDdiscs.CommonaudioformatconversionsincludeMP3,APEtoM4A,AAC,andmusiccanbeplayedoniPods,etc.throughconversion.

Mainfunction:mainlyformultimediaaudioorvideoformatconversion,whichisverypopularamongthepublic.

Therepresentativevideoconvertersare:WindowsMoiveMaker,VideoStudio,FormatFactory,etc.

WindowsMovieMaker

WindowsMovieMakerisavideoeditingtoolthatcomeswiththeWindowssystem.BecauseitisprovidedbytheWindowssystem,itcanbedescribedasthemostcommonvideoconverterforordinaryhomecomputers..AsthesoftwaredevelopedbyMicrosoft,thevideoformatssupportedbyitaremainlyMicrosoft-relatedformats,suchasAVIandWMV,sothecompatibilityislimited.Butbecauseordinarycomputershavethem,itisveryconvenientforpeoplewhodonotrequirehighformatconversion.

SuperConversionShow

SuperConversionShowisthemostpopulardomesticvideoeditingsoftwareforcivilianuse.Thesoftwareintegratesvideoconversion,audioconversion,CDtrackripping,audioandvideomixingconversion.,Audioandvideocutting/connectingconversion,superimposingvideowatermark,superimposingrollingsubtitles/personaltext/pictures/framesareallinone,andcanworktogetherthroughtheenhancementtool"SubtitleConversion",addingexternalsubtitlefilesandself-madestandardsubtitles,whichcanbedescribedassmartComprehensiveandhigh-qualityeditingsoftwareamongeditingtools.

●Superimposedtext,scrollingsubtitles,watermarktrademark,superimposedphotoframeandotherfunctionsarethemostpowerful,easytouse,andtheeffectisverybeautiful.

●Thebestfunctioncompatibility,suchascutting,merging,etc.willnotbeeffectiveforindividualformatslikeotherconversionsoftware.ThevariousfunctionsofSuperConvertShowsupporttheperfectapplicationofalmostallformats.

●SupportallkindsofCPUMMX,3DNow!,SSE1/2/3/4andthelatestmulti-coretechnologyandotherinstructionsystemsarefullyoptimized,theconversionqualityisexcellentandthespeedisamazing.

●Itistheonlyconversionsoftwareonthemarketthathassmartcompatibilityandexpandsthecodecofallsystemsintheworld.Forexample,installthelatestversionofDivx,andthesoftwarewillautomaticallyusethelatestcodec.Withoutupgradingthesoftware,youcandoubletheconversionspeedorusethenewfunctionsofeachcodec.

●Unparalleleduser-friendlyoperationinterface,easytouse,noadsormaliciousplug-ins,veryfriendlyandbeautifulinterface,andhighproductquality.

●Ithasthebestsupportfortheconversionofvarioushigh-definitionvideoformats,withamazingspeedandexcellentcompatibility.Itiscurrentlythebestproductthatsupportshigh-definitionconversioninChina.

VideoStudio

VideoStudionotonlyfullymeetstheneedsoffamilyorpersonalvideoeditingfunction,itcanevenchallengeprofessional-levelvideoeditingsoftware,thesoftwaresupportsDVvideoCaptureandedittorealizethevideoeditingfunction.Infact,duetothepowerfulnon-linearvideoeditingfunction,VideoStudioismoreinclinedtobeavideoeditingsoftware,butitsvariouseditingfunctionsandaccompanyingvideoconversionThefunctioncanalsobringconveniencetothosewhoneednothighrequirementsforvideoconversion,butpreferediting.

FormatFactory

FormatFactory(FormatFactory)isamulti-functionalmultimediaformatconversionsoftwareforWindows.Canrealizetheconversionbetweenmostvideo,audioandimageformats.

Networkstandards

Therearethreemaintypesoflocalareanetwork(LAN)structures:Ethernet,TokenRing,TokenBus,andasthesethreeThebackbonenetworkfiberdistributiondatainterface(FDDI)ofthiskindofnetwork.Theyallfollowthestandardsstartingwith802madebyIEEE(AmericanInstituteofElectricalandElectronicEngineers).Therearecurrently11standardsrelatedtolocalareanetworks.Theyare:

IEEE802.1──GeneralNetworkConceptsandbridges,etc.

IEEE802.2──Logicallinkcontrol,etc.

IEEE802.3──CSMA/CDaccessmethodandphysicallayerregulations

IEEE802.4──ARCnetbusstructureandaccessmethod,physicallayerregulations

IEEE802.5──TokenRingaccessmethodandphysicallayerregulations,etc.

IEEE802.6──MetropolitanareanetworkAccessmethodandphysicallayerregulationsofIEEE802.7──BroadbandLAN

IEEE802.8──FiberLocalAreaNetwork(FDDI)

Type

1,XV-VGAV101VGAtoAVconverter

ItcanconverttheVGAsignaloutputbythecomputerintoasignalthatTVAVcanaccept

2,XW-USVGDV

USBtoVGA/DVIvideoconverter

YoucanadduptosixadditionaldisplaywindowsthroughtheUSB2.0interface,extendyourWindowsdesktoptomultipledisplays,andallowmultipleviewingatthesametimeAprogramwindow

3,XW-AVVG101AVtoVGAconverter

ConvertanalogAVandS-videovideosignalsintoVGAdigitalsignals

4,XW-VGDV101VGAtoDVIconverter

ItcanconnecttheD-Suboutputportofordinarygraphicscard,VGAorRGBHVmatrixtohigh-enddisplaydevicessuchasmonitorsandprojectorsthatonlyhavedigitaloutputports.

5,XW-DVVG101DVItoVGAconverter

CanconnecttheoutputofthegraphicscardandplayerwithonlydigitalimageoutputporttothedisplaywithonlyanalogD-Subinputport,Projectors,matrixswitchersandotherequipment

6,XW-AG2HDVGAtoHDMI

TheinputVGAvideosignalcanbeconvertedintoacompleteHDMIsignaloutput

7,DC2HDDVItoHDMI

TheinputDVIvideosignalcanbeconvertedintoacompleteHDMIsignaloutput

8,XW-YB2HDcomponentvideotoHDMI

TheinputcomponentvideoandaudiosignalscanbeconvertedintocompleteHDMIsignaloutput

9,VDVR103videotoDVI+VGA

compositevideo,YPrPbandS-VideocomponentvideotoDVISignalandVGAsignaloutput

Audioandvideoformat

Audioandvideofileformatconversionfunctionofvideoeditingsoftware

Audio,videoTheformatconverterisakindofverypopularsoftware.Comparedwiththesignalconverterabove,itiswidelyusedinordinaryhouseholds.Themainapplicationsare:videoformatconversion,audioformatconversion,commonvideoformatconversionisRMVB,AVItoMP4,3GP,theseconversionsaremainlyusedformobilevideoplayback,RMVB,AVItoDVD,theseconversionsaremainlyusedforburningDVDdiscs.CommonaudioformatconversionsincludeMP3,APEtoM4A,AAC,andmusiccanbeplayedoniPods,etc.throughconversion.

Mainfunction:mainlyformultimediaaudioorvideoformatconversion,whichisverypopularamongthepublic.

Therepresentativevideoconvertersare:WindowsMoiveMaker,VideoStudio.

WindowsMovieMaker

converter

VideoStudio

Devicetype

ProtocolConverterAtlas

ConverterAtlas

Converterscanbedividedintoprotocolconvertersinprinciple,Twocategoriesofinterfaceconverters.Fromtheapplication,itcanbedividedintofiberopticconverters,photoelectricconverters,videoconvertersandsoon.Forexample,avideoconverterisadevicethatconnectsacomputerandaTV.ItcanconvertthecontentonthecomputeranddisplayitontheTV,sothatpeoplecanusetheTVtolearnaboutthecomputer,surftheInternet,playgames,dobusinesspresentations,watchstocks,andsoon.

Conversionmodes

Thecommonconversionmodesoftypicalconvertersareasfollows:

V.Conversionbetween35andG.703interface;

ConversionbetweenEthernet(RJ45)andRS232;

Conversionbetweensingle-modefiberandmulti-modefiber;

ConversionbetweenEthernet(RJ45)andRS232;p>

ConversionbetweenopticalfiberinterfaceandEthernet(RJ45);

ConversionbetweenEthernetportandE1;

ConversionbetweenUSBinterfaceandotherinterfaces,etc.Wait.

Interfacetype

ThetypicalinterfacetypesoftheconverterareEthernetinterface,E1interface,serialinterface(RS232),SC/STinterface,USBinterface,etc.

RJ-45interfaceconverter

1.Ethernetinterface

Interfacestandard:IEEE802.3

Terminalrate:10M/100/1000Mbps

Workingmode:fullduplex,halfDuplex

Terminalconnector:RJ45interface

2.E1interface

Networkinterface:G.703,G.704,G.823

Networkspeed:2.048Mbps

Networkinterface:BNC(75ohms)etc.

Linecode:HDB3code

3.Serialinterface

Interfacerate:19200bps

Interfacestandard:RS-232

SC/STinterfaceconverter

4.SC/STinterface

STinterface:10Base-F

SCinterface:100Base-FX

5.USBinterface

USB1.1:12Mbps

USB2.0:480Mbps

Themostbasicconverterusuallyhasonlytwointerfaces,andmoreAdvancedconvertershavemultipledifferentinterfaces.

Transmissionrate

Differentconverterproductshavedifferenttransmissionratesduetodifferentconversioninterfaces.Typicalinterfacetransmissionratesareasfollows:

ConverterAtlas

Networkstandards

Therearethreemaintypesoflocalareanetwork(LAN)structures:Ethernet,TokenRing,TokenBusandThebackbonenetworkfiberdistributiondatainterface(FDDI)ofthesethreekindsofnetworks.TheyallfollowtheIEEE(AmericanInstituteofElectricalandElectronicEngineers)standardsbeginningwith802.Therearecurrently11standardsrelatedtolocalareanetworks.Theyare:

IEEE802.1──generalnetworkconceptAndbridges,etc.

IEEE802.2──LogicalLinkControl,etc.

IEEE802.3──CSMA/CDaccessmethodandphysicallayerregulations

IEEE802.4──ARCnetbusstructureandaccessmethod,physicallayerregulations

IEEE802.5──TokenRingaccessmethodandphysicallayerregulations,etc.

IEEE802.6──MetropolitanareanetworkaccessmethodandphysicalLevelrequirements

IEEE802.7──BroadbandLAN

IEEE802.8──FiberOpticalLAN(FDDI)

A/Dconverter

IntroductiontoADconverter

1.ClassificationofADconverter

ThefollowingbrieflyintroducesthebasicprinciplesofseveralcommonlyusedtypesAndfeatures:integraltype,successiveapproximationtype,parallelcomparisontype/serialparalleltype,Σ-Δmodulationtype,capacitorarraysuccessivecomparisontypeandvoltage-frequencyconversiontype.

1)Integraltype(suchasTLC7135)

TheworkingprincipleofintegraltypeADistoconverttheinputvoltageintotime(pulsewidthsignal)orfrequency(pulsefrequency),andthenthetimer/Countergetsthedigitalvalue.Theadvantageisthathighresolutioncanbeobtainedwithasimplecircuit,butthedisadvantageisthatbecausetheconversionaccuracydependsontheintegrationtime,theconversionrateisextremelylow.Mostoftheinitialsingle-chipADconvertersusedintegraltype,andnowthesuccessivecomparisontypehasgraduallybecomethemainstream.

2)Successivecomparisontype(suchasTLC0831)

SuccessivecomparisontypeADiscomposedofacomparatorandDAconverterthroughsuccessivecomparisonlogic,startingfromMSB,andsequentiallyThebitcomparestheinputvoltagewiththeoutputofthebuilt-inDAconverter,andoutputsadigitalvalueafterntimesofcomparison.Thecircuitscaleismedium.Itsadvantagesarehighspeed,lowpowerconsumption,andhighpriceatlowresolution(12bits).

3)Parallelcomparisontype/serialparallelcomparisontype(suchasTLC5510)

ParallelcomparisontypeADusesmultiplecomparatorstoperformconversiononlyforonecomparison,alsoknownasFLash(Fast)type.Duetotheextremelyhighconversionrate,n-bitconversionrequires2n-1comparators.Therefore,thecircuitscaleisalsoverylargeandthepriceishigh.ItisonlysuitableforareaswithextremelyhighspeedssuchasvideoADconverters.

Thestructureoftheserial-parallelcomparisontypeADisbetweentheparalleltypeandthesuccessivecomparisontype.Themosttypicaloneiscomposedoftwon/2-bitparallelADconvertersandDAconverters.Thesecondcomparisonisconverted,soitiscalledHalfflash(semi-fast)type.TherearealsothreeormorestepstoachieveADconversioncalledMultistep/SubranglingAD,andfromtheperspectiveofconversiontiming,itcanalsobecalledPipelinedAD.ModernhierarchicalADalsoaddsmultipleTheconversionresultisusedfordigitaloperationtomodifyfeaturesandotherfunctions.ThespeedofthistypeofADishigherthanthatofthesuccessivecomparisontype,andthecircuitscaleissmallerthanthatoftheparalleltype.

4)Σ-Δ(Sigma?/FONT>delta)modulationtype(suchasAD7705)

Σ-ΔADconsistsofintegrator,comparator,and1-bitDAconverterAnddigitalfiltersandothercomponents.Inprinciple,itissimilartotheintegraltype.Theinputvoltageisconvertedintoatime(pulsewidth)signalandprocessedbyadigitalfiltertoobtainadigitalvalue.Thedigitalpartofthecircuitisbasicallyeasytosingle-chip,soitiseasytoachievehighresolution.Mainlyusedforaudioandmeasurement.

5)Capacitorarraysuccessivecomparisontype

CapacitorarraysuccessivecomparisontypeADusesacapacitormatrixmethodinthebuilt-inDAconverter,whichcanalsobecalledachargeredistributiontype.ThevaluesofmostresistorsingeneralresistorarrayDAconvertersmustbethesame,anditisnoteasytogeneratehigh-precisionresistorsonasinglechip.Ifacapacitorarrayisusedinsteadofaresistorarray,ahigh-precisionmonolithicADconvertercanbemadeatlowcost.MostoftherecentsuccessivecomparisonADconvertersareofthecapacitorarraytype.

6)Voltage-FrequencyConverter(suchasAD650)

Voltage-FrequencyConverterimplementsanalog-to-digitalconversionthroughindirectconversion.Theprincipleistofirstconverttheinputanalogsignalintoafrequency,andthenuseacountertoconvertthefrequencyintoadigitalquantity.Intheory,theresolutionofthisADcanbeincreasedalmostinfinitely,aslongasthesamplingtimecanmeetthewidthofthecumulativepulsenumberrequiredbytheoutputfrequencyresolution.Itsadvantagesarehighresolution,lowpowerconsumption,andlowprice,butitrequiresanexternalcountingcircuittocompletetheADconversiontogether.

2.ThemaintechnicalindicatorsoftheADconverter

1)Resolution(Resolution)referstotheamountofchangeoftheanalogsignalwhenthedigitalquantitychangesbyaminimumamount,Definedastheratiooffullscaleto2n.Resolutionisalsocalledaccuracy,usuallyexpressedbythenumberofdigitsofthedigitalsignal.

2)ConversionRate(ConversionRate)referstothereciprocalofthetimerequiredtocompleteanADconversionfromanalogtodigital.TheconversiontimeoftheintegralADismilliseconds,whichbelongstolow-speedAD,thesuccessivecomparisontypeADismicroseconds,whichbelongstomedium-speedAD,andthefull-parallel/serial-parallelADcanreachnanoseconds.Samplingtimeisanotherconcept,whichreferstotheintervalbetweentwoconversions.Inordertoensurethecorrectcompletionoftheconversion,thesamplerate(SampleRate)mustbelessthanorequaltotheconversionrate.Therefore,itisacceptableforsomepeopletoequatetheconversionratenumericallywiththesamplingrate.CommonlyusedunitsarekspsandMsps,whichmeanskilo/MillionSamplesperSecond(kilo/MillionSamplesperSecond).

3)QuantizingErrorTheerrorcausedbythefiniteresolutionofAD,thatis,thesteppedtransfercharacteristiccurveoffiniteresolutionADandthetransfercharacteristiccurveofinfiniteresolutionAD(idealAD)Themaximumdeviationbetween(straightlines).Itisusually1orhalfofthesmallestdigitalanalogvariation,expressedas1LSB,1/2LSB.

4)OffsetErrorThevalueatwhichtheoutputsignalisnotzerowhentheinputsignaliszero,andcanbeadjustedtotheminimumbyanexternalpotentiometer.

5)FullScaleError(FullScaleError)Thedifferencebetweenthecorrespondinginputsignalandtheidealinputsignalvalueatfull-scaleoutput.

6)Linearity(Linearity)Themaximumdeviationbetweenthetransferfunctionoftheactualconverterandtheidealstraightline,excludingtheabovethreeerrors.

Otherindicatorsinclude:AbsoluteAccuracy,RelativeAccuracy,DifferentialNonlinearity,MonotonicityandError-freeCode,TotalHarmonicDistotortion(THD)andintegralNon-linear.

3.DAconverter

ThereisnotmuchdifferenceintheinternalcircuitcompositionoftheDAconverter,generallyaccordingtowhethertheoutputiscurrentorvoltage,whetheritcanbemultipliedOperations,etc.areclassified.MostDAconvertersconsistofaresistorarrayandncurrentswitches(orvoltageswitches).Switchtheswitchaccordingtothedigitalinputvaluetogenerateacurrent(orvoltage)proportionaltotheinput.Inaddition,inordertoimprovetheaccuracy,aconstantcurrentsourceisputinsidethedevice.Generallyspeaking,duetothesmallswitchingerrorofthecurrentswitch,acurrentswitchtypecircuitismostlyused.Ifthecurrentswitchtypecircuitdirectlyoutputsthegeneratedcurrent,itisacurrentoutputtypeDAconverter.Inaddition,thevoltageswitchtypecircuitisadirectoutputvoltagetypeDAconverter.

1)Voltageoutputtype(suchasTLC5620)

AlthoughvoltageoutputtypeDAconvertersoutputvoltagedirectlyfromtheresistorarray,theygenerallyuseabuilt-inoutputamplifiertooutputwithlowimpedance.Devicesthatdirectlyoutputvoltageareonlyusedforhigh-impedanceloads.Becausethereisnodelayintheoutputamplifierpart,theyareoftenusedashigh-speedDAconverters.

2)Currentoutputtype(suchasTHS5661A)

CurrentoutputtypeDAconvertersrarelyusecurrentoutputdirectly.Mostofthemareconnectedwithcurrent-voltageconversioncircuitstoobtainvoltageoutput.ThelatterhasTherearetwomethods:oneistoonlyconnectaloadresistortotheoutputpinforcurrent-voltageconversion,andtheotheristoconnectanoperationalamplifier.Themethodofcurrent-voltageconversionwithloadresistance,althoughvoltagecanappearonthecurrentoutputpin,itmustbeusedwithinthespecifiedoutputvoltagerange,andbecauseofthehighoutputimpedance,itisgenerallyusedwithanexternaloperationalamplifier.Inaddition,mostCMOSDAconverterscannotoperatecorrectlywhentheoutputvoltageisnotzero,soanexternaloperationalamplifiermustbeconnected.Whenanexternaloperationalamplifierisusedforcurrent-to-voltageconversion,thecircuitconfigurationisbasicallythesameasthevoltageoutputtypeofthebuilt-inamplifier.Atthistime,duetothedelayoftheDAconverterbeingaddedtothecurrentset-uptimeoftheDAconverter,theresponsebecomesslower.Inaddition,theoperationalamplifierinthiscircuitispronetooscillateduetotheinternalcapacitanceoftheoutputpin,andphasecompensationissometimesnecessary.

3)Multiplicationtype(suchasAD7533)

SomeDAconvertersuseaconstantreferencevoltage,andsomeaddanACsignaltothereferencevoltageinput.ThelattercangetTheresultofmultiplyingthedigitalinputandthereferencevoltageinputisoutput,soitiscalledamultiplyingDAconverter.ThemultiplicationtypeDAconvertercangenerallynotonlyperformmultiplication,butalsocanbeusedasanattenuatorthatdigitallyattenuatestheinputsignalandamodulatorthatmodulatestheinputsignal.

4)One-bitDAconverter

Theone-bitDAconverteriscompletelydifferentfromthepreviousconversionmethod.Itconvertsthedigitalvalueintopulsewidthmodulationorfrequencymodulationoutput,andthenusesThedigitalfilterisaveragedtogetageneralvoltageoutput(alsoknownasbitstreammode),whichisusedinaudioandotheroccasions.

4.ThemaintechnicalindicatorsoftheDAconverter:

1)Resolution(Resolution)referstotheminimumanalogoutput(correspondingtoonlythelowestdigitofdigitalItistheratioof'1')tothemaximumamount(allvaliddigitsofthecorrespondingdigitalquantityare'1').

2)SettingTime(SettingTime)isthetimerequiredtoconvertadigitalquantityintoastableanalogsignal.Itcanalsobeconsideredastheconversiontime.ThesettlingtimeisoftenusedinDAtodescribeitsspeed,ratherthantheconversionratecommonlyusedinAD.Generally,thesettlingtimeofthecurrentoutputDAisshorter,andthevoltageoutputDAislonger.

OtherindicatorsincludeLinearity,conversionaccuracy,temperaturecoefficient/drift