Chemical

Basicconcepts

Definition

Theword"chemistry"inChinese,ifinterpretedliterally,is"thescienceofchange".Chemistry,likephysics,isthebasicscienceofnaturalsciences.

Chemistryisanaturalsciencebasedonexperiments.MendeleevTheproposedchemistryPeriodicTablehasgreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofchemistry.Manypeoplenowcallchemistrythe"centralscience"becausechemistryisthecoreofsomescientificdisciplines,suchasmaterialsscience,nanotechnology,andbiochemistry.

ChemistryisstudiedattheatomiclevelSubstanceComposition、Structure、NatureandthechanginglawsofnatureScienceThisisalsoThecorefoundationofchemicalchange.

Therearefivesecondarydisciplinesundermodernchemistry:inorganicchemistry,organicchemistry,physicalchemistry,analyticalchemistryandpolymerchemistry.

Features

Chemistryisoneoftheimportantbasicsciences.Itisanexperiment-baseddiscipline.Intheprocessofpenetration,rapiddevelopmenthasbeenachieved,whichhasalsopromotedthedevelopmentofotherdisciplinesandtechnologies.Forexample,theresearchresultsofnucleicacidchemistryhaveimprovedcurrentbiologyfromthecellularleveltothemolecularlevel,establishingmolecularbiology.

Researchobjects

Chemistryplaysanimportantroleinourunderstandingandutilizationofsubstances.

Differentfromthestudyofsmallerparticlephysicsandnuclearphysics,thebasicpropertiesofelements,molecules,ions(clusters),andchemicalbondsinchemicalresearcharerelatedtothesubstancesandmaterialsinthemacroscopicworldofhumanexistence.Themostcloselyrelatedmicroscopiclawsofnature.Theuniverseiscomposedofmatter.Asanimportantbridgebetweenthemicroscopicandmacroscopicmaterialworlds,chemistryisoneofthemainmethodsandmeansformankindtounderstandandtransformthematerialworld.Itisasubjectwithalonghistoryandfullofvitality,closelyrelatedtohumanprogressandsocialdevelopment,anditsachievementsareanimportantsymbolofsocialcivilization.

Fromtheprimitivesocietythatstartedusingfiretothemodernsocietythatusesallkindsofman-madesubstances,humanbeingsareenjoyingthefruitsofchemistry.Humanlifecanbecontinuouslyimprovedandimproved,andthecontributionofchemistryplaysanimportantroleinit.

Researchmethod

Analyzedthechemicalcompositionofvariousstars,obtainedthelawofelementdistribution,anddiscoveredtheexistenceofsimplecompoundsininterstellarspace,whichistheevolutionofcelestialbodiesandthemodernuniverse.Learningprovidesexperimentaldataandenrichesthecontentofdialecticsofnature.

PeriodicTableofElements

ThePeriodicTableofElementsisthecoreofchemistry.Itisacollectiontableof118chemicalelements.Theperiodictableoftheelementsisaspecificformoftheperiodiclawoftheelements,whichreflectstheinternalstructureofelementatomsandthelawoftheirinterconnection.Theperiodictableisabbreviatedastheperiodictable.Theperiodictablehas7periods,16groupsand4regions.Thepositionofanelementintheperiodictablecanreflecttheatomicstructureoftheelement.Thesamerowofelementsintheperiodictableconstituteaperiod.Thenumberofelectronlayersofanelementatomofthesameperiodisequaltotheordinalnumberoftheperiod.Theelementsofthesamecolumn(theVIIIgroupincludes3columns)arecalled"family".

Familyisareflectionoftheconfigurationoftheinnerandouterelectronshellofanatom.Forexample,theexternalelectronconfiguration,IAfamilyisns¹,IIIAfamilyisns²np¹,Ofamilyisns²np⁴,IIIBfamilyis(n-1)d¹·ns²andsoon.Theperiodictablecanvividlyembodythelawoftheperiodicityoftheelements.Accordingtotheperiodictable,wecaninfertheatomicstructureofvariouselementsandtheprogressivelawofthepropertiesoftheelementsandtheircompounds.

Inthosedays,Mendeleevsuccessfullypredictedthepropertiesofunknownelementsandtheircompoundsaftercomprehensivespeculationbasedonthepropertiesofthesurroundingelementsandcompoundsofunknownelementsintheperiodictable.Scientistsarenowusingtheperiodictabletoguidethesearchforelementsandcompoundsforthepreparationofsemiconductors,catalysts,chemicalpesticides,andnewmaterials.

TheperiodiclawofelementsinmodernchemistrywasfirstsortedoutbyRussianscientistDmitriIvanovichMendeleevin1869.Hecompiledthe63knownelementsatthetimeArrangedintheformofatableaccordingtothesizeoftheatomicweight,andtheelementswithsimilarchemicalpropertiesareplacedinthesamerow,whichistheembryonicformoftheperiodictable.Usingtheperiodictable,Mendeleevsuccessfullypredictedthepropertiesofelementsthathadnotyetbeendiscoveredatthetime(gallium,scandium,germanium).In1913,theBritishscientistMoselerusedcathoderaystohitmetalstoproduceX-rays.Hefoundthatthegreatertheatomicnumber,thehigherthefrequencyofX-rays.Therefore,hebelievedthatthepositivechargeofthenucleusdeterminesthechemicalpropertiesoftheelement.Thearrangementofpositivecharges(thatis,thenumberofprotonsoratomicnumber)hasbecomethecontemporaryperiodictableaftermanyyearsofrevision.

ResearchingHistory

Thehistoricaloriginofchemistryisveryold.Itcanbesaidthattheearliestchemicalpracticeactivitiesbeganwhenhumanslearnedtousefire.Ourancestorsdrilledwoodtomakefire,usedfiretobakefood,keptwarmincoldnights,droveawaybeasts,andmadefulluseoftheglowandheatgeneratedduringburning.Atthattime,thiswasjustanaccumulationofexperience.Theformationofchemistryknowledgeandthedevelopmentofchemistryhavegonethroughalongandtortuousroad.Itdevelopsalongwiththeprogressofhumansocietyandistheinevitableresultofsocialdevelopment.Anditsdevelopmentpromotesthedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandpromotestheadvancementofhistory.Thedevelopmentofchemistrymainlyexperiencedthefollowingperiods:

Germinationperiod

Fromancienttimesto1500BC,humanslearnedtomakepotteryfromclayandmineralsintheragingfire.Burningmetal,learningtobrewwinefromgrains,dyeingsilkandlinenandotherfabrics,thesearetheearliestchemicalprocessesthathavebeenexploredforalongtimeunderthedirectinspirationofpracticalexperience,butchemicalknowledgehasnotyetbeenformed,justchemistryBuddingperiod.Inancienttimes,primitivehumansdiscoveredandusedfirewhenfightingagainstvariousdisastersinnaturefortheirsurvival.Primitivehumansbegantousefireandenteredcivilizationfrombarbarism,andatthesametimetheybegantousechemicalmethodstounderstandandtransformnaturalsubstances.Combustionisachemicalphenomenon.(Thediscoveryanduseoffirehasimprovedtheconditionsforhumanexistence,andhasmadehumanssmartandpowerful.)Aftermasteringfire,humansbegantoeatcookedfood;thenhumanshavediscoveredsomesubstancesChanges,suchasburningcharcoalfireoncopperoresuchasemeraldgreenmalachite,willproduceredcopper.InChina,theSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesperiodbegantotransformfromabronzesociety,andthesocialchangestriggeredbyironwarecattlefarmingpromotedthedevelopmentofchemistry.

Inthisway,intheprocessofgraduallyunderstandingandusingthechangesofthesesubstances,humanshaveproducedproductswithgreatusevalueforhumans.Humanbeingsgraduallylearnedtomakepotteryandsmelt;latertheylearnedtobrew,dyeandsoon.Theseproductsprocessedandtransformedfromnaturalmaterialshavebecomeasymbolofancientcivilization.Onthebasisoftheseproductionpractices,ancientchemistryknowledgeemerged.

Pillperiod

Fromabout1500BCto1650AD,chemistrywascontrolledbyalchemyandalchemy.Inordertoobtaintheelixirofimmortalityorgoldthatsymbolizeswealth,alchemistsandalchemistsstartedtheearliestchemicalexperiments,andthenbooksrecordingandsummarizingalchemyappearedoneafteranother.Although,thealchemistsallendedinfailure,butintheprocessofrefiningtheelixir,theyrealizedthemutualtransformationbetweensubstancesusingartificialmethodsintheprocessofexploringthemethodof"turningstonesintogold",andaccumulatedalotofmaterialoccurrences.Theconditionsandphenomenaofchemicalchangeshaveaccumulatedawealthofpracticalexperienceforthedevelopmentofchemistry.

Theterm"chemistry"thatappearedatthattimemeant"alchemy".Butwiththedeclineofalchemyandalchemy,peopleseemoreofitsabsurdandunreliableside.

Phlogistonperiod

Thisperiod,from1650to1775,wasthegestationperiodofmodernchemistry.Withtheaccumulationofexperienceinthemetallurgicalindustryandlaboratories,peoplesummarizeperceptualknowledgeandconducttheoreticalresearchonchemicalchanges,makingchemistryabranchofnaturalscience.ThesignofthebeginningofthisstagewasthattheBritishchemistBoylepointedoutscientificconceptsforchemicalelements.Subsequently,chemistrywasliberatedfromalchemybythephlogistontheory.Phlogistontheorybelievesthatcombustiblescanburnbecauseitcontainsphlogiston.Thecombustionprocessistheprocessofreleasingphlogistonfromcombustibles.Althoughthistheoryiswrong,itunifiesalargenumberofchemicalfactsunderoneconceptandexplainsmanychemicalphenomena..

Duringthemorethanonehundredyearsofphlogistictheory,chemistshavedonealotofexperimentstoexplainvariousphenomena,discoveredtheexistenceofmanykindsofgases,andaccumulatedmorenewknowledgeaboutmaterialtransformation.Inparticular,Phlogistonsaidthatchemicalreactionsaretheprocessoftransferringonesubstancetoanother,andthatsubstancesareconservedinchemicalreactions.Theseviewpointslaidthefoundationformodernchemicalthinking.Thisperiodnotonlymadepreparationsforthedevelopmentofmodernchemistryintermsofscientificpractice,butalsoideologically.Thisperiodbecamethegestationalperiodofmodernchemistry.

Beginninginthe16thcentury,Europeanindustrialproductionflourished,whichpromotedthecreationanddevelopmentofmedicinalchemistryandmetallurgicalchemistry.Turningalchemytolifeandpracticalapplications,andthenpayingmoreattentiontothestudyofthechemicalchangesofmatteritself.Afterthescientificconceptofelementswasestablished,throughpreciseexperimentalresearchoncombustionphenomena,thescientificoxidationtheoryandthelawofconservationofmasswereestablished,andthenthelawofdefiniteratio,thelawofmultiplicationandthelawofcombinedquantitywereestablished,whichisthefurtherscientificdevelopmentofchemistry.Foundation.

Developmentperiod

Thisperiod,from1775to1900,istheperiodofmodernchemistrydevelopment.Around1775,Lavoisierusedquantitativechemistryexperimentstoexpoundthetheoryofcombustionandoxidation,whichopenedupaperiodofquantitativechemistryandallowedchemistrytodevelopontherighttrack.Atthebeginningofthe19thcentury,theBritishchemistDaltonputforwardthemodernatomtheory,highlightingtheatomicmassofvariouselementsasitsmostbasicfeature.Theintroductionoftheconceptofquantityisamajordifferencefromancientatomism.Modernatomictheorygaveareasonableexplanationtothechemicalknowledgeandtheoriesatthattime,andbecameaunifiedtheorytoexplainchemicalphenomena.ThentheItalianscientistAvogadroproposedthemolecularconcept.Sincetheuseofatom-moleculetheorytostudychemistry,chemistryhastrulybeenestablishedasascience.Duringthisperiod,manybasiclawsofchemistrywereestablished.TheRussianchemistMendeleevdiscoveredtheperiodiclawoftheelements,andtheGermanchemistsLiebigandWeilerdevelopedthetheoryoforganicstructure.Allofthesemadechemistryasystematicscienceandlaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofmodernchemistry.

Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,thermodynamicsandotherphysicaltheorieswereintroducedintochemistry,whichnotonlyclarifiedtheconceptsofchemicalequilibriumandreactionrate,butalsoquantitativelyjudgedthedirectionandconditionsofmaterialtransformationinchemicalreactions.Thetheoreticalfoundationsofsolutiontheory,ionizationtheory,electrochemistryandchemicalkineticshavebeenestablishedsuccessively.Thebirthofphysicalchemistrybroughtchemistrytoanewlevelintheory.Throughtheanalysisofminerals,manynewelementshavebeendiscovered,coupledwiththeexperimentalverificationofatomicandmoleculartheory,theclassicalchemicalanalysismethodhasitsownsystem.Thesynthesisofoxalicacidandurea,thecreationoftheconceptofatomicvalence,theestablishmentoftheoriessuchasthesix-ringstructureofbenzeneandthetetrahedronofcarbonvalencebonds,theresolutionoftartaricacidintoopticalisomers,andthediscoveryofmolecularasymmetry,etc.,ledtothediscoveryoforganicTheestablishmentofchemicalstructuretheoryhasenabledpeopletohaveadeeperunderstandingofthenatureofmoleculesandlaidthefoundationfororganicchemistry.

Modernperiod

Thechemistryofthe20thcenturyisasciencebasedonexperiments.Experimentandtheoryhavealwaysbeentwomutuallydependentandmutuallyreinforcingaspectsofchemistryresearch.Afterenteringthe20thcentury,duetotheinfluenceofthedevelopmentofotherdisciplinesofnaturalsciencesandtheextensiveapplicationofcontemporaryscientifictheories,techniquesandmethods,chemistryhasmadeconsiderableprogressinunderstandingthecomposition,structure,synthesis,andtestingofsubstances.Andmanyimportantresultshavebeenachievedintheory.Onthebasisofthefourbranchesofinorganicchemistry,analyticalchemistry,organicchemistryandphysicalchemistry,anewbranchofchemistryhasemerged.

Theapplicationofmodernphysicstheoryandtechnology,mathematicalmethodsandcomputertechnologyinchemistryhavegreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofmodernchemistry.Attheendofthe19thcentury,thediscoveriesofelectrons,X-raysandradioactivitycreatedtheconditionsforsignificantprogressinchemistryinthe20thcentury.

Instructuralchemistry,themodernnuclearatommodelestablishedandestablishedbythediscoveryofelectronshasnotonlyenrichedanddeepenedtheunderstandingoftheperiodictable,butalsodevelopedmoleculartheory.Applyquantummechanicstostudymolecularstructure.

Startingfromthestudyofhydrogenmolecularstructure,itgraduallyrevealedthenatureofchemicalbonds,andsuccessivelyestablishedvalencebondtheory,molecularorbitaltheoryandcoordinationfieldtheory.Thetheoryofchemicalreactionalsogoesdeepintothemicroscopicrealm.UsingX-raysasanewanalyticalmethodtostudythestructureofmattercanprovideinsightintothecrystalchemicalstructureofmatter.DiffractionmethodsfordeterminingchemicalstereostructureincludeX-raydiffraction,electrondiffractionandneutrondiffraction.Amongthem,theprecisemolecularthree-dimensionalstructureinformationaccumulatedbytheapplicationofX-raydiffractionmethodisthemost.

Spectroscopymethodsforstudyingthestructureofmatterhavealsobeenextendedfromvisible,ultraviolet,andinfraredspectroscopytonuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy,electronicself-selectedresonancespectroscopy,photoelectronenergyspectroscopy,rayresonancespectroscopy,Mössbauerspectroscopy,etc.Afterbeingusedinconjunctionwithcomputers,ithasaccumulatedalargeamountofmaterialstructureandperformance-relateddata,andisdevelopingfromexperiencetotheory.Themagnificationoftheelectronmicroscopecontinuestoincrease,andpeoplecandirectlyobservethestructureofthemolecule.

Theclassicelementtheoryhasundergoneprofoundchangesduetothediscoveryofradioactivity.Fromtheestablishmentofthetheoryofradioactivedecay,thediscoveryofisotopestotherealizationofartificialnuclearreactionsandnuclearfission,thediscoveryofdeuterium,thediscoveryofneutrons,positrons,andotherelementaryparticles,notonlytheunderstandingofhumanbeingshasreachedthesubatomiclevel,butalsothecorrespondingExperimentalmethodsandtheories;notonlyrealizedtheancientalchemists’thoughtsoftransformingelements,butalsochangedpeople’soutlookontheuniverse.

Asasymbolofthe20thcentury,mankindbegantomasterandusenuclearenergy.Sub-disciplinessuchasradiochemistryandnuclearchemistryhaveemergedoneafteranotherandaredevelopingrapidly;interdisciplinarysubjectssuchasisotopegeologyandisotopecosmologyhavebeenbornoneafteranother.Theperiodictableoftheelementshasbeenexpanded,withelement109,andsuperheavyelementsarebeingexploredtoverifytheelement"stableislandhypothesis."Thedoctrineoftheoriginofelementsthatisdependentonmoderncosmologyandtheagedeterminationofnuclidecloselyrelatedtothetheoryofchemistryareconstantlysupplementingandrenewingtheconceptofelements.

Thesynthesisofphenolicresinhasopenedupthefieldofpolymerscience.Thesynthesisofpolyamidefibersinthe1930smadetheconceptofpolymerswidelyconfirmed.Later,thethreeaspectsofpolymersynthesis,structureandperformanceresearch,andapplicationkeptcooperatingandpromotingeachother,whichenabledtherapiddevelopmentofpolymerchemistry.

Thesynthesisandapplicationofvariouspolymermaterialsprovideavarietyofimportantmaterialswithexcellentperformanceandlowcostformodernindustryandagriculture,transportation,medicalandhealth,militarytechnology,aswellaspeople’sfood,clothing,housingandtransportation.Becomeanimportantsymbolofmodernmaterialcivilization.Thedevelopmentofthepolymerindustryhasbecomeanimportantpillarofthechemicalindustry.The20thcenturywasthegoldenageoforganicsynthesis.Therehavebeengreatdevelopmentsinchemicalseparationmethodsandstructuralanalysismethods.Manystructuralproblemsofnaturalorganiccompoundshavebeensatisfactorilyresolved,andmanynewimportantorganicreactionsandspecificorganicreagentshavebeendiscovered.Onthisbasis,refinedOrganicsynthesis,especiallyinasymmetricsynthesis,hasmadegreatprogress.

Ontheonehand,avarietyoforganiccompoundswithspecialstructuresandspecialpropertiesaresynthesized;ontheotherhand,basiclifesubstancessuchasunstablefreeradicalstobiologicallyactiveproteinsandnucleicacidsaresynthesized.Organicchemistshavealsosynthesizednaturalorganiccompoundswithcomplexstructuresandspecificdrugs.Theseachievementshaveplayedahugeroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofscience;ithasprovidedfavorableconditionsforthesynthesisofhighlybiologicallyactivesubstances,andforcoordinatingwithotherdisciplinestosolvethesyntheticproblemsoflivingsubstancesandthechemicalproblemsofpre-livingsubstances.

Sincethe20thcentury,thedevelopmenttrendofchemistrycanbesummarizedasfollows:frommacrotomicro,fromqualitativetoquantitative,fromstabletometastable,fromexperiencetotheory,andthenusedtoguidedesignAndpioneeringandinnovativeresearch.Ontheonehand,itprovidesasmanynewsubstancesandmaterialsaspossiblefortheproductionandtechnologydepartments;ontheotherhand,itcontinuouslyproducesnewdisciplinesintheprocessofinterpenetratingwithothernaturalsciences,anddevelopstowardthedirectionofexploringlifesciencesandtheoriginoftheuniverse.

Subjectclassification

Chemicalchanges:Changescausedbyothersubstances(candleburning,steelrusting,fooddecay,foodbrewing,animalandplantbreathing,Photosynthesis...).

Chemicalproperties:Chemicalproperties,chemistryterminology,arethepropertiesofsubstancesshowninchemicalchanges.Suchasthechemicalgeneralityofthesubstancecategory:acidity,alkalinity,oxidizing,reducing,thermalstabilityandsomeothercharacteristics.

Inthedevelopmentprocessofchemistry,manybranchesofdifferentlevelsarederivedaccordingtothedifferentmoleculartypes,researchmethods,purposes,andtasks.Beforethe1920s,chemistrywastraditionallydividedintofourbranches:inorganicchemistry,organicchemistry,physicalchemistry,andanalyticalchemistry.Afterthe1920s,duetotherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy,thebirthoftheelectronictheoryofchemicalbondsandquantummechanics,theriseofelectronictechnologyandcomputertechnology,chemicalresearchhasobtainednewmethodsboththeoreticallyandexperimentally,whichhasledthissubjecttochangefromSincethe1930s,ithasdevelopedrapidlyandhasabrandnewlook.Chemistrycontentisgenerallydividedintosevencategories,includingbiochemistry,organicchemistry,polymerchemistry,appliedchemistryandchemicalengineering,physicalchemistry,andinorganicchemistry,withatotalof80items,whichactuallyincludesevensub-disciplines.

Accordingtothecurrentdevelopmentofchemistryanditsinterpenetrationwithastronomy,physics,mathematics,biology,medicine,earthscienceandotherdisciplines,chemistrycanbeclassifiedasfollows:

InorganicChemistry

Elementalchemistry,inorganicsyntheticchemistry,inorganicpolymerchemistry,inorganicsolidchemistry,coordinationchemistry(iecomplexchemistry),isotopechemistry,bioinorganicchemistry,metalorganicchemistry,metalenzymechemistry,etc..

OrganicChemistry

GeneralOrganicChemistry,OrganicSyntheticChemistry,MetalandNon-metalOrganicChemistry,PhysicalOrganicChemistry,BioorganicChemistry,OrganicAnalyticalChemistry.

PhysicalChemistry

Structuralchemistry,thermochemistry,chemicalthermodynamics,chemicalkinetics,electrochemistry,solutiontheory,interfacechemistry,colloidalchemistry,quantumchemistry,catalysisandtheories,etc..

AnalyticalChemistry

Chemicalanalysis,instrumentationandnewtechnologyanalysis.Includingperformancemeasurement,monitoring,variousspectroscopyandphotochemicalanalysis,variouselectrochemicalanalysismethods,massspectrometryanalysis,variouselectronmicroscopy,imagingandtopographyanalysismethods,onlineanalysis,activityanalysis,real-timeanalysis,etc.,variousphysicalandchemicalpropertiesAndphysiologicalactivitydetectionmethods,separationmethodssuchasextraction,ionexchange,chromatography,massspectrometry,separationandanalysiscombined,syntheticseparationandanalysistriplecombineduse,etc.

PolymerChemistry

Naturalpolymerchemistry,polymersyntheticchemistry,polymerphysicalchemistry,polymerapplication,polymerphysics.

NuclearChemistry

Radioactiveelementchemistry,radioanalyticalchemistry,radiationchemistry,isotopechemistry,nuclearchemistry.

Biochemistry

Generalbiochemistry,enzymes,microbialchemistry,phytochemistry,immunochemistry,fermentationandbioengineering,foodchemistry,coalchemistry,etc.

Otherborderdisciplinesrelatedtochemistryinclude:geochemistry,oceanchemistry,atmosphericchemistry,environmentalchemistry,cosmicchemistry,interstellarchemistry,etc.

Greenchemistry

Greenchemistryisalsoknownas"environmentallysoundchemistry","environmentallyfriendlychemistry",and"cleanchemistry".Greenchemistryhasonlybeenproducedanddevelopedinthepasttenyears,Isa"newchemicalbaby".Itinvolvesorganicsynthesis,catalysis,biochemistry,analyticalchemistryandotherdisciplines,withawiderangeofcontents.Thebiggestfeatureofgreenchemistryistheuseofscientificmethodstopreventpollutionatthebeginning,sotheprocessandtheendarezeroemissionsorpollution.Manycountriesintheworldhavetaken"greeningofchemistry"asoneofthemaindirectionsofchemicalprogressinthenewcentury.

Definition

Usechemicaltechnology,principlesandmethodstoeliminatechemicalsthataretoxicandharmfultohumanhealth,safetyandtheecologicalenvironment,soitisalsocalledenvironmentallyfriendlychemistryorcleanchemistry.Infact,greenchemistryisnotanewscience.

Greenchemistrynotonlyhassignificantsocial,environmentalandeconomicbenefits,butalsoshowsthatthenegativeeffectsofchemistrycanbeavoided,showinghumaninitiative.Greenchemistryembodiestheinterconnectionandinteractionofchemicalscience,technologyandsociety.Itistheproductofthehighlydevelopedchemicalscienceandtheroleofsocietyinthedevelopmentofchemicalscience.Itisthearrivalofanewstageforchemistryitself.Asthegenerationofthenewcentury,notonlymustbeabletodevelopnewandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlychemistrytopreventchemicalpollution;butalsotolettheyoungergenerationunderstandgreenchemistry,acceptgreenchemistry,andmakeduecontributionstogreenchemistry.

Famoustheory

1."Atomiceconomy",thatis,makefulluseofeachatominthereactant,sothatitcanmakefulluseofresourcesandpreventpollution.TheconceptofatomiceconomywasputforwardbythefamousAmericanorganicchemistTrostin1992(forwhichhewontheacademicprizeofthe1998PresidentialGreenChemistryChallengeAward).Theuseofatomicutilizationtomeasuretheatomiceconomyofthereactionishighlyefficient.Organicsynthesisshouldmaximizetheuseofeachatomoftherawmaterialmolecule,sothatitcanbeincorporatedintothetargetmoleculetoachievezeroemissions.Greenorganicsynthesisshouldbeatomicallyeconomical.Thehighertheatomicutilizationrate,thelesswasteproducedbythereactionandthelesspollutionitcausestotheenvironment.

2.Itsconnotationismainlyembodiedinthefive"Rs":thefirstisReduction-"reduction",thatis,toreducetheemissionsof"threewastes";thesecondisReuse-"reuse",Suchascatalystsandcarriersinthechemicalindustryprocess,whicharerequiredtoreducecostsandreducewaste;thethirdisRecycling-"recycling",whichcaneffectivelyachievetherequirementsof"savingresources,lesspollution,andcostreduction";thefourthisRegeneration-"regeneration",thatis,aneffectivewaytoturnwasteintotreasure,saveresourcesandenergy,andreducepollution;thefifthisRejection-"rejection",whichreferstosomeirreplaceable,andcannotberecycled,regeneratedandreused.,Rawmaterialswithtoxicsideeffectsandobviouspollutioneffects,refusetouseinthechemicalprocess,thisisthemostfundamentalwaytopreventpollution.

Importance

Traditionalchemicalindustryhascausedseriouspollutiontotheenvironment.Everyyear,theworldproduces300millionto400milliontonsofhazardouswaste,whichisharmfultotheenvironment.,Andthreatenthesurvivalofmankind.Whetherthechemicalindustrycanproducechemicalsthatarenotharmfultotheenvironment,orevendevelopprocessesthatdonotproducewaste,peopleofinsighthaveputforwardthecallforgreenchemistry,andithasimmediatelyreceivedapositiveresponsefromtheworld.Thecoreofgreenchemistryistousechemicalprinciplestoeliminatepollutionfromthesource.

Greenchemistryposesanewchallengeforchemists,whichispaidattentiontobytheinternationalcommunity.In1996,theUnitedStatesestablishedthe"GreenChemistryChallengeAward"torecognizecompaniesandscientistswhohavemadeoutstandingachievementsinthefieldofgreenchemistry.Greenchemistrywillchangethefaceofthechemicalindustryandbenefitfuturegenerations.

Sofar,mostoftheprocessesinthechemicalindustryweredevelopedmorethan20yearsago.Theprocessingcostsatthattimemainlyincludedthecostsofrawmaterials,energyconsumptionandlabor.Becausethechemicalindustrydischargesalargeamountoftoxicandharmfulsubstancesintotheatmosphere,waterandsoil.Taking1993asanexample,theUnitedStatesonlyestimatedtheemissionsof365toxicsubstances,andthechemicalindustry’semissionswere3billionpounds.Asaresult,processingcostshaveincreasedwastecontrol,treatment,andburying.Environmentalprotectionmonitoring,compliancewithstandards,accidentliabilitycompensationandotherexpenses.In1992,theUSchemicalindustryspentUS$115billiononenvironmentalprotectionandUS$700billionwasspentoncleaninguppollutedareas.In1996,thetotalchemicalsalesofDupontCompanyintheUnitedStateswereUS$18billion,andtheenvironmentalprotectionexpenditurewasUS$1billion.Therefore,fromtheperspectiveofenvironmentalprotection,economicandsocialrequirements.Thechemicalindustrycannolongerbearthecostofusingandproducingtoxicandhazardoussubstances.Itisnecessarytovigorouslyresearchanddevelopgreenchemistrytoreduceandeliminatepollutionfromthesource.

In1990,theUnitedStatesenactedthePollutionPreventionAct.EstablishpollutionpreventionasanationalpolicyoftheUnitedStates.Theso-calledpollutionpreventionistomakewastenolongerbeproduced.Thereisnolongeraproblemofwastedisposal,andgreenchemistryisthebasisandimportanttooltoachievepollutionprevention.InApril1995,USVicePresidentGoreannouncedtheNationalEnvironmentalTechnologyStrategy.Thegoalistoreducewasteby40%-50%byEarthDay2020,andreducerawmaterialconsumptionby20%-25%foreachdevice.In1996,theUnitedStatesestablishedthePresidentialGreenChemistryChallengeAward.Thesegovernmentactionshavegreatlypromotedthevigorousdevelopmentofgreenchemistry.

Inaddition,Japanhasalsoformulatedanewsunshineplan.Inthefieldofenvironmentaltechnologyresearchanddevelopment.Thecontentsofgreenchemistry,suchasenvironmentallysoundmanufacturingtechnology,environmentalpollutionreductiontechnology,andcarbondioxidefixationandutilizationtechnology,havebeendetermined.Inshort,theresearchofgreenchemistryhasbecomeanimportantresearchanddevelopmentdirectionforforeignenterprises,governmentsandacademia.Thisisnotonlyaseverechallengeforourcountry,butalsoararedevelopmentopportunity.

Education

Development

mycountry’schemistryeducationstartsfromthethirdgradeandhighschoolhasbecomeoneofthesciencesubjects.Inadditiontotwocompulsorytextbooks,thereisalsoa"ChemistryandTechnology","MaterialStructureandProperties","PrinciplesofChemicalReactions","BasicsofOrganicChemistry"and"ExperimentalChemistry"sixelectivecourses.Therearesixeditionsnationwide:People'sEducationEdition,JiangsuEducationEdition,ShandongEducationEdition,ZhejiangScienceEdition,GuangdongEducationEdition,andShangjiaoEdition.Inthereformofthenewcollegeentranceexamination,itbecameoneofthefourelectivesubjects.

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Preliminaryexperimentalequipment

Testtube,plasticdropper,beaker,tweezers,testtubeholder,volumetricflask,traybalance,glassrod,funnel,separatoryfunnel,alcohollamp,alcoholblowtorch,Erlenmeyerflask,gascylinder,condenser,evaporatingdish,ironstand,medicinespoon,burningspoon,etc.

Traininggoals

Thismajoristocultivatebasictheories,basicknowledgeandstrongexperimentalskillsinchemistry,andbeabletoengageinscientificresearchinscientificresearchinstitutions,collegesanduniversities,enterprisesandinstitutions,etc.Seniorprofessionalsinteachingandmanagementwork.

Trainingrequirements

Studentsofthismajormainlystudythebasicknowledge,basictheories,basicskillsandrelatedengineeringtechnologyknowledgeinchemistry,andreceivescientificthinkinginbasicresearchandappliedbasicresearchAndscientificexperimenttraining,havegoodscientificliteracy,andhavethebasicskillstoapplythelearnedknowledgeandexperimentalskillsforappliedresearch,technologydevelopment,andtechnologymanagement.

Knowledgeandskills

1.Masterthebasictheoriesandbasicknowledgeofmathematicsandphysics;

2.Masterthebasicknowledge,basicprinciplesandbasicexperimentalskillsofinorganicchemistry,analyticalchemistry(includinginstrumentalanalysis),organicchemistry,physicalchemistry(includingstructuralchemistry),chemicalengineeringandchemicaldrawing;

3.Understandthegeneralprinciplesandknowledgeofsimilarmajors;

4.Understandnationalpoliciesandregulationsonscienceandtechnology,chemical-relatedindustries,intellectualpropertyrights,etc.;

5.Understandthetheoreticalfrontier,applicationprospects,latestdevelopmenttrendsofchemistry,andthedevelopmentstatusofchemistry-relatedindustries;

6.MasterthebasicmethodsofChineseandforeignlanguagedataquery,documentretrievalandusemoderninformationtechnologytoobtainrelevantinformation;haveacertainexperimentaldesign,createexperimentalconditions,summarize,organize,andanalyzeexperimentalresults,writepapers,andparticipateinacademicexchanges.

Settingupcolleges

Key(Cultivation)Disciplines

WorldUniversityProfessionalRanking

School

Country

Score

ProfessionalRanking

NobelPrizeinChemistry

Early20thCentury

In1901,J.H.VanHoff(Netherlands)discoveredthelawsofchemicalkineticsinsolutionAndthelawofosmoticpressure.

In1902,E.H.Fischer(Germany)synthesizedcarbohydratesandpurineinducers.

In1903,S.A.Arrhenius(Sweden)proposedtheelectrolytesolutiontheory.

In1904,W.Ramsay(UK)discoveredinertgasintheair.

In1905,A.VonBeyer(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchoforganicdyesandhydrogenatedaromaticcompounds.

In1906,H.Moissan(France)wasengagedintheresearchoffluorine.

In1907,E.Bischner(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofenzymeandenzymechemistryandbiology.

In1908,E.Rutherford(UK)firstproposedthemetamorphosistheoryofradioactiveelements.

In1909,W.Ostwald(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofcatalysis,chemicalequilibriumandreactionspeed.

In1910,O.Wallach(Germany)wasthefounderofalicycliccompounds.

In1911,M.Curie(France)discoveredradiumandpolonium.

In1912,V.Grignard(France)inventedGrignardreagent-organomagnesiumreagent.P.Sabati(France)usesfinemetalpowderasacatalysttoinventaneffectivemethodforpreparinghydrogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons.

In1913,A.Werner(Switzerland)wasengagedintheresearchofcoordinationcompoundsandthevalenceofatomsinthemolecule.

In1914,T.W.Richards(UnitedStates)devotedhimselftothestudyofatomicweightandaccuratelydeterminedtheatomicweightofmanyelements.

In1915,R.Willstedt(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofplantpigments(chlorophyll).

Noawardswereawardedfrom1916to1917.

In1918,F.Haber(Germany)researchedandinventedaneffectivelarge-scaleammoniasynthesismethod.

In1920,W.H.Nernst(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofelectrochemistryandthermodynamics.

In1921,F.Sodi(UK)wasengagedinthestudyofradioactivematerialsandnamed"isotopes"forthefirsttime.

In1922,F.W.Aston(UK)discoveredisotopesinnon-radioactiveelementsanddevelopedamassspectrometer.

In1923,F.Pregel(Austria)createdamicroanalysismethodfororganiccompounds.

In1925,R.A.Siegmundi(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofcolloidalsolutionsandestablishedcolloidalchemistry.

In1926,T.Svedberg(Sweden)wasengagedinthestudyofdispersionsystemsincolloidalchemistry.

In1927,H.O.Wieland(Germany)researchedanddeterminedthechemicalstructureofcholicacidandmanysimilarsubstances.

In1928,A.Windaus(Germany)researchedafamilyofsterolsandtheirrelationshipwithvitamins.

In1929,A.Harden(UK),vonEuler-Scherpin(Swedish)explainedtheprocessofsugarfermentationandtheroleofenzymes.

In1930,H.Fischer(Germany)wasengagedinresearchonthepropertiesandstructureofhemeandchlorophyll.

In1931,C.Bosch(Germany)andF.Bergius(German)inventedanddevelopedhigh-pressurechemicalmethods.

In1932,I.Ranmere(USA)foundedsurfacechemistry.

In1934,H.C.Yuri(USA)discoveredheavyhydrogen.

In1935,J.F.J.CurieandI.J.Curie(France)inventedartificialradioactiveelements.

In1936,P.J.W.Debye(USA)proposedtheconceptofmolecularmagneticdipoleandappliedX-raydiffractiontoclarifythemolecularstructure.

In1937,W.N.Haworth(UK)wasengagedinthestructuralresearchofcarbohydratesandvitaminC.P.Carre(Switzerland)Researchoncarotenoids,riboflavin,vitaminAandvitaminB2.

In1938,R.Kuhn(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofcarotenoidsandvitamins.

In1939,A.Boutenant(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofsexhormones.

Mid-twentiethcentury

In1943,G.Heyves(Hungary)usedradioisotopetracingtechnologytostudychemicalandphysicalchanges.

In1944,O.Hahn(Germany)discoveredaheavynuclearfissionreaction.

In1945,A.I.Vertanan(Finland)studiedagriculturalchemistryandnutritionalchemistry,andinventedthemethodofstoringandmaintainingfeed.

In1946,J.B.Sumner(USA)separatedandpurifiedenzymesforthefirsttime.J.H.Northrop,W.M.Stanley(USA)Separationandpurificationofenzymesandviralproteins.

In1947,R.Robinson(UK)wasengagedintheresearchofalkaloids.

In1948,A.W.K.Tisselius(Sweden)discoveredelectrophoresistechnologyandadsorptionchromatography.

In1949,W.F.Geok(U.S.)hasbeenengagedintheresearchofchemicalthermodynamicsforalongtime,andthesubjectisthestudyofphysicalreactionsunderover-temperatureconditions.

In1950,O.P.H.DielsandK.Alder(Germany)discoveredtheDiels-Alderreactionanditsapplication.

In1951,G.T.SeabergandE.M.Macmillan(UnitedStates)discoveredtransuranicelements.

In1952,A.J.P.MartinandR.L.M.Singh(UK)developedandappliedpartitionchromatography.

In1953,H.Staudinger(Germany)wasengagedintheresearchofcyclicpolymercompounds.

In1954,L.C.Pauling(USA)clarifiedthenatureofchemicalbondingandexplainedthecomplexmolecularstructure.

In1955,V.Wignold(UnitedStates)identifiedandsynthesizedsulfur-containingbiologicalsubstances(especiallyoxytocinandpressurehormone).

In1956,C.N.Hinshelwood(UK)andN.N.Semenov(Russia)proposedthechemicalkinetictheoryofgasphasereactions(especiallybranchedchainreactions).

In1957,A.R.Todd(UK)wasengagedintheresearchofnucleasesandnucleicacidcoenzymes.

In1958,F.Sanger(UK)wasengagedintheresearchofinsulinstructure.

In1959,J.Heilovsky(CzechRepublic)proposedthetheoryofpolarographyandinventedthemethodofpolarographyinelectrochemicalanalysis.

In1960,W.F.Libby(U.S.)inventedthe"radiocarbondatingmethod."

In1961,M.Calvin(USA)suggestedthemechanismofplantphotosynthesis.

In1962,M.F.PerutzandJ.C.Kendrew(UK)determinedthefinestructureofproteins.

In1963,K.Ziegler(Germany)andG.Natta(Italy)discoveredamethodofpolymerizationusinganewtypeofcatalystandengagedinbasicresearchinthisarea.

In1964,D.M.C.Hawking(UK)usedX-raydiffractiontechnologytodeterminethespatialstructureofcomplexcrystalsandmacromolecules.

In1965,R.B.Woodward(USA)forhiscontributiontoorganicsynthesis.

In1966,R.S.Mullikon(USA)usedquantummechanicstoestablishthemolecularorbitaltheoryofchemicalstructure,elucidatingthenatureofcovalentbondsandelectronicstructureofmolecules.

In1967,theR.G.W.NorrisClub,G.Porter(UK),andM.Eggen(Germany)inventedthetechnologytomeasurerapidchemicalreactions.

In1968,L.Onsag(USA)engagedinbasicresearchonthermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses.

In1969,O.Hassel(Norway)andK.H.R.Patton(UK)contributedtothedevelopmentofstereochemistrytheory.

In1970,L.F.Leloire(Argentina)discoveredsugarnucleotidesandtheirroleinsugarsynthesis.

In1971,G.Herzberg(Canada)wasengagedintheresearchoftheelectronicstructureandgeometricstructureoffreeradicals.

In1972,C.B.Anfinson(USA)determinedtheresearchontheactiveareaof​​ribonucleotide.

In1973,E.O.Fischer(Germany)andG.Wilkinson(UK)wereengagedintheresearchoforganometalliccompoundswithmultilayerstructure.

In1974,P.J.Flory(USA)wasengagedinbasicresearchonthetheoryandexperimentofpolymerchemistry.

In1975,J.W.Conforth(Australia)studiedthestereochemistryofenzyme-catalyzedreactions.V.Prelog(Switzerland)isengagedintheresearchoforganicmoleculesandthestereochemistryoforganicmolecules.

In1976,WNLipscombe(USA)wasengagedinstructuralresearchofborane

In1977,I.Prigogine(Belgium)mainlystudiednon-equilibriumthermodynamicsandproposedThetheoryof"dissipativestructure".

In1978,P.D.Mitchell(UK)wasengagedintheresearchofenergyconversiononbiofilms.

In1979,H.C.Brown(USA)andG.Wittig(Germany)developedaneworganicsynthesismethod.

Attheendofthe20thcentury

In1980,P.Berg(USA)wasengagedinthebiochemistryofnucleicacids.W.Gilbert(USA)andF.Sanger(UK)determinedthesequenceofnucleotidebases.

In1981,KenichiFukui(Japan)andR.Hoffman(UK)developedtheprincipleofconservationofmolecularorbitsymmetryandthefrontierorbitaltheoryusingquantummechanics.

In1982,A.Kluge(UK)developedtheelectrondiffractionmethodofcrystallography,andengagedinthestudyofthethree-dimensionalstructureofnucleicacid-proteincomplexes.

In1983,H.Taub(USA)clarifiedtheelectronicreactionmechanismofmetalcoordinationcompounds.

In1984,R.B.Merrifield(USA)developedaverysimplepeptidesynthesismethod.

In1985,J.CarlandH.A.Hauptman(USA)developedadirectcalculationmethodfordeterminingthecrystalstructureofmatterbyX-raydiffraction.

In1986,D.R.Hirschbach,LiYuanzhe(Taiwan,China),andJ.C.Polyani(Canada)studiedthedynamicsofchemicalreactionsystemsinthemovementprocessofthepotentialenergysurface.

In1987,C.J.Pedersen,D.J.Cramm(USA),J.M.Lane(France)synthesizedcrownethercompounds.

In1988,J.Dysenhofer,R.Huber,H.Michel(Germany)analyzedthethree-dimensionalstructureofthephotosynthesisreactioncenter.

In1989,S.Altman,T.R.Cech(USA)discoveredthatRNAitselfhasthecatalyticfunctionofanenzyme.

In1990,E.J.Corey(UnitedStates)createdauniquetheoryoforganicsynthesis—reversesynthesisanalysistheory.

In1991,R.R.Ernst(Switzerland)inventedFouriertransformnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopyandtwo-dimensionalnuclearmagneticresonancetechnology.

In1992,R.A.Marcus(USA)contributedtothetheoryofelectrontransferreactionsinsolution.

In1993,K.B.Mullis(USA)inventedthe"polymerasechainreaction"method,andM.Smith(Canada)pioneeredthe"oligonucleotide-basedsite-directedmutagenesis"method.

In1994,G.A.Euler(UnitedStates)madeoutstandingcontributionsinthefieldofhydrocarbons,namelyhydrocarbons.

In1995,P.Kruzen(Germany),M.Molina,andF.S.Roland(USA)explainedthechemicalmechanismthataffectstheozonelayerandprovedthatman-madechemicalshaveadestructiveeffectontheozonelayer.

In1996,RFCole(U.S.),HWCrotoin(U.K.),RESmalley(U.S.)discoveredanewformofcarbon-Fuller'ssphere(alsoknownasBuckyBall)C60.

In1997,P.B.Boyer(USA),J.E.Walker(UK),J.C.Sko(Denmark)discoverediontransportenzymesresponsibleforstoringandtransferringenergyinhumancells.

In1998,W.Cohen(Austria)andJ.Pope(UK)proposeddensityfunctionaltheory.

In1999,AhmedXavier(Egypt,American)appliedfemtosecondspectroscopytothestudyofthetransitionstateofchemicalreactions.

Thebeginningofthe21stcentury

In2000,Haig(UnitedStates),McDilmid(UnitedStates),andShirakawaHideki(Japan)discoveredthatplasticsthatcanconductelectricitywereeffective.

In2001,WilliamKnowles(USA)andRyojiNoi(Japan)madeachievementsinthefieldof"chiralcatalytichydrogenation".BarrySharpless(China)hasmadeachievementsinthefieldof"chiralcatalytichydrogenation".

In2002,JohnB.Finn(USA)andKoichiTanaka(Japan)developedasoftdesorptionionizationmethodinthelarge-scalemassspectrometryanalysisofbiopolymers.Kurt-Utrich(Switzerland)usednuclearelectromagneticresonancespectroscopytodeterminethethree-dimensionalstructureofsolventbiopolymers.

In2003,Agri(UnitedStates)andMcNong(UnitedStates)studiedthestructureofcellmembranewaterchannelsandtheirworkingmechanisms.

In2004,AaronChehanovo(Israel),AvramHershko(Israel),OwenRoss(U.S.)discoveredubiquitin-regulatedproteindegradation-aTheimportantmechanismofprotein"death".

In2005YvesChauvin(France),RobertGrubb(UnitedStates),RichardSchrock(UnitedStates)studiedthemetathesisofolefinsinorganicchemistry.

2006RogerKornberg(USA)"Molecularbasisofeukaryotictranscription".

2007GerhardEitel(Germany)Researchonsolidsurfacechemistry.

2008ShimomuraOsamu(Japanese-American),MartinChalfie(American),QianYongjian(Chinese-American)GFP(GreenFluorescentProtein)discoveryandfurtherresearch.

2009Wankatraman-LimaKrishnan(BritishAmerican),ThomasSteitz(UnitedStates),AdaYunas(Israel)"Thestructureandfunctionoftheribosome"Research.

2010CharlesHeck(USA),Negishi(Japan),SuzukiAkira(Japan)palladium-catalyzedcross-couplingreaction.

In2011,DanielShechtman(Israel)discoveredthequasi-crystalmaterial.

2012RobertLefkowitz(U.S.)andBrianKabilka(U.S.)"G-proteincoupledreceptorresearch".

In2013,MartinCapras,MichaelLevitt,andArielVachel"createdamulti-scalemodelforcomplexchemicalsystems."

Developmentprospects

1.Ensurethesurvivalofhumanbeingsandcontinuouslyimprovethequalityofhumanlife.Suchas:theuseofchemistrytoproducefertilizersandpesticidestoincreasefoodproduction;theuseofchemicallysynthesizeddrugstoinhibitbacteriaandvirusesandprotecthumanhealth;theuseofchemistrytodevelopnewenergyandnewmaterialstoimprovehumanlivingconditions;theuseofchemistrytocomprehensivelyapplynatureResourcesandprotectionoftheenvironmenttomakehumanlifebetter.

2.Chemistryisaverypracticalnaturalsubject.Togetherwithsuchsubjectsasmathematicsandphysics,ithasbecomethebasisfortherapiddevelopmentofnaturalsciences.Thecoreknowledgeofchemistryhasbeenappliedtovariousareasofnaturalscience,andchemistryisanimportantpillarofthepowerfulforcethattransformsnature.Differentfromthesmallerparticlephysicsandnuclearphysics,theatoms,molecules,ions(clusters),andchemicalbondsstudiedbychemistsareonthescaleclosesttothemacroscopicinthemicroscopicworld.Therefore,chemistrycanbeusedtopreparehumanneeds.Substancesandmaterialswithspecificphysicalandchemicalpropertiesthatdonotexistinnature.Chemistsusechemicalviewpointstoobserveandthinkaboutsocialissues,andusechemicalknowledgetoanalyzeandsolvesocialissues,suchasenergyissues,foodissues,environmentalissues,healthissues,resourcesandsustainabledevelopment.

3.Theintersectionandpenetrationofchemistryandotherdisciplineshasproducedmanymarginaldisciplines,suchasbiochemistry,geochemistry,cosmology,oceanchemistry,atmosphericchemistry,etc.,makingbiology,electronics,aerospace,laser,Geology,oceanandotherscienceandtechnologydevelopedrapidly.

4.Cultivatethementalityofcontinuousprogress,discovery,exploration,andcuriosity,inspirehumandesiretounderstandandunderstandnature,andenrichpeople'sspiritualworld.

Nowadays,chemistryhasincreasinglypenetratedintoallaspectsoflife,especiallymajorissuescloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofhumansociety.Inshort,chemistryiscloselyrelatedtohumanclothing,food,housing,transportation,energy,information,materials,nationaldefense,environmentalprotection,electronics,metallurgy,medicineandhealth,andresourceutilization.Itisanurgentneedforsociety.Practicalsubjects.

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