car

Historyofdevelopment

Jet

In1680,thefamousBritishscientistNewtonconceivedaschemeofjetcars,usingnozzlestoinjectsteamtopropelthecars.Canbemadeintorealobjects.

Steampower

In1769,FrenchmanN.J.Guneucreatedathree-wheeledcarpoweredbygasburningtoproducesteam.However,thespeedofthiskindofcarisonly4kilometersperhour,andithastostoptoaddcoaltotheboilerevery15minutes,whichisverytroublesome.Later,thecarhitabrickwallduringamarchanditwasbroken.

In1879,GermanengineerKarlBenzsuccessfullytestedatwo-strokeexperimentalengineforthefirsttime.InOctober1883,hefoundedthe"BenzCompanyandRheinGasEngineFactory".In1885,hemadethefirstBenzpatentedmotorvehicleinMannheim.Agasolineenginewithasinglestrokeof0.9horsepower,thiscarhassomeofthebasicfeaturesofmoderncars,suchassparkignition,watercoolingcycle,steeltubeframe,leafspringsuspension,rear-wheeldrivefrontwheelsteeringandbrakehandles.OnJanuary29,1886,GermanengineerKarlBenzappliedforapatentforhismotorvehicle.InNovemberofthesameyear,KarlBenz'sthree-wheeledmotorvehicleobtainedaGermanpatent(patentnumber:37435a).Thisisrecognizedasthefirstmoderncarintheworld.Fortheabovereasons,peoplegenerallyregard1886asthefirstyearoftheautomobile,andsomescholarsregardtheyearwhenKarlBenzwasmadeintothefirstthree-wheeledautomobile(1885)asthebirthyearoftheautomobile.

In1829,JamesofEnglandinventedasteamcarwithaspeedof25kilometersperhour,whichcanbeusedasalargesedan.Thiskindofcarisequippedwithaheavyboilerandalotofcoal,whichemitsblacksmoke,pollutesthestreets,andmakesrumblingnoises,andaccidentsoccurfrequently.In1860,FrenchworkerLunoalinventedtheinternalcombustionengine,usingagasengineofabout1horsepowertodriveacar,buttheeffectwasnotgood.However,carsareproducedundertheinfluenceofthisinternalcombustionengine.Sincethen,manypeoplewanttoimprovetheinternalcombustionengineandusetheinternalcombustionengineincars.In1882,GermanengineerWilhelmDaimlerbeganresearchoninternalcombustionengines.Heinventedanautomaticignitiondevicethatuseselectricsparkstoignitetheengine,andthen,basedonthisinvention,madeanexcellentgasolineengine.Thisengineis900revolutionsperminute,hasasimpleandcompactstructure,andcangeneratealotofpower.In1883,Daimlercompletedthisgasolineengineandbegantoassembleitontwo-wheeled,three-wheeled,andfour-wheeledvehiclesthefollowingyeartomakegasoline-enginecars.Especiallythegasoline-enginefour-wheeledtruckmanufacturedin1886,equippedwitha1.5-horsepowerengine,canreachaspeedof18kilometersperhour.

Gasoline

1885wasayearofdecisivebreakthroughsintheinventionofautomobiles.Benz,whowasinthesamefactoryasDaimleratthetime,wasalsostudyingcars.HemadeagasolineenginealmostatthesametimeasDaimlerin1885,installeditinacar,anddroveataspeedof12kilometersperhour,whichwasasuccess.Thisyear,ButlerinBritainalsoinventedacarequippedwithagasolineengine.Inaddition,BernardofItalyalsoinventedtheautomobile,andPuchlovandVlopovofRussiainventedacarequippedwithaninternalcombustionengine.

Electricity

ThefirstresearchonelectricvehiclesintheworldwasthetelexdevicecompletedinthelaboratorybyHungarianengineerAniusJedlikin1828.ThefirstelectriccaractuallymanufacturedwasinventedbyAmericanAndersonbetween1832and1839.Thebatteryusedinthiselectriccarisrelativelysimpleandcannotberecharged.In1899,theGermanPorscherinventedanin-wheelelectricmotortoreplacethechaindrivecommonlyusedinautomobilesatthattime.Subsequently

developedtheLohner-Porscheelectriccar,whichuseslead-acidbatteriesasapowersourceandisdirectlydrivenbythein-wheelelectricmotorinthefrontwheels.ThisisalsothefirstcarnamedafterPorsche.AttheParisWorldExpoin1900,thecarmadeitsdebutinthenameofToujours-Contenteandwasasensation.

Subsequently,Porschealsoinstalledtwoin-wheelmotorsontherearwheelsofLohner-Porsche,thusgivingbirthtotheworld'sfirstfour-wheeldriveelectriccar.Butthebatteryusedinthiscarisverylargeandheavy,andthetopspeedisonly60kilometersperhour.Inordertosolvetheseproblems,Bolsheaddedaninternalcombustionenginetotheelectriccarin1902togenerateelectricityanddrivethein-wheelmotor,whichwasalsotheworld'sfirsthybridcar.

In1620,theItalianBlancainventedthe"counterattackturbinesteamturbine"todrivewheels.In1766,theBritishinventorJamesWatt(1736-1819)improvedthesteamengineandopenedthepreludetothefirstindustrialrevolution.

TheJesuitNanHuairendesignedacarwithsteamasapowersourcefortheemperorofChinaatthetime.Itwasa65cmlongtoycarandcouldnotcarrypeopleordrivers.I’mnotsure.Whetherthedesignedvehiclewassuccessfullyproducedlater,thismaybetheearliestdesignedvehicle.

Car(2photos)

In1769,theFrencharmyengineerNicolas-JosephCugnotmadethefirstAsteamengine-drivencar.Duetothefailureofthesteeringsystemduringthetestdrive,ithitthewalloftheBanshengnuarsenaltopieces.Thiswasthefirstmotorvehicleaccidentintheworld.In1771,NikolaiJosephGunewimprovedthesteamcar,whichcanreachaspeedof9.5000metersperhourandtow4-5tonsofcargo.

In1794,theEnglishmanStriterfirstproposedtheideaof​​mixingfuelandairintoamixedgasforcombustion.In1796,theItalianscientistWalzinventedtheworld'sfirststoragebattery.Thisinventionbroughtahistoricturningpointforthebirthanddevelopmentofautomobiles.In1801,theFrenchmanLebenproposedtheprincipleofthegasengine.

In1803,FrenchengineerTriveco(1771-1833)adoptedanewhigh-pressuresteamengine,whichcanseat8peopleandtravelatanaveragespeedof13kmperhour.Sincethen,carsdrivenbysteamengineshavebeguntobeusedinpractice..

In1838,BritishinventorHennartinventedtheworld'sfirstinternalcombustionengineignitiondevice.Thisinventioniscalled"arevolutioninthehistoryofworldautomobiledevelopment"bytheworld.

In1860,FrenchelectricalengineerLenomadethefirstgasgeneratorthatusedelectricsparkstoignitegas.In1862,FrenchelectricalengineerLenodevelopedatwo-strokeinternalcombustionengine.Othersbegantostudyfour-strokeengines.

In1867,GermanengineerNicholasOtto(1832—1891)successfullydevelopedtheworld'sfirstreciprocatingpistonfour-strokegasengine.In1876,NicholasOttoproducedthefirstfour-strokeinternalcombustionengineintoasingle-cylinderhorizontal,3-kilowattinternalcombustionenginewithacompressionratioof2.5.

In1885,thiswasthemomentwhenthetruemoderncarwasborn.Thisyear,GermanengineerKarlBenzbuiltatricycleequippedwitha0.85horsepowergasolineengineinMannheim.Thiscarequippedwithaninternalcombustionengineisconsideredtobetherealfirstcarintheworld,becauseitisthefirstcarthatreallyusesgasolineasitspowersource,notasteamengine.

In1886,theMannheimPatentOfficeapprovedKarlBenz'spatentapplicationforthethree-wheeledcarsuccessfullydevelopedin1885.ThisdayiscalledthebirthdayofHyundaibymostpeople.Thefollowingyear,GermanDaimlermadetheworld'sfirstfour-wheeledcar.Afterthat,theGermanNicholasOttoannouncedthathewouldgiveupthefour-strokeenginepatenthehadobtained,andanyonecouldmakeitasneeded.

OnJanuary29,1886,KarlBenzobtainedtheworld'sfirstautomobileenginepatent.InJulyofthesameyear,theworld'sfirstfour-wheeledcarwasofficiallysold.In1888,FrenchbicyclebusinessmanEmileRogersobtainedalicensefromMercedes-Benzandbegantoproducecommercialvehicles.

Classification

Passengercars

Intermsofitsdesignandtechnicalcharacteristics,passengercarsaremainlyusedtocarrypassengersandtheircarry-onluggageand/ortemporaryitems,Includingthedriver’sseat,passengercarshavenomorethan9seats.Passengercarsaredividedintothefollowing11types.Mainlyinclude:ordinarypassengercars,ceilingpassengercars,advancedpassengercars,smallpassengercars,convertibles,hatchbackpassengercars,stationwagons,multi-purposepassengercars,short-headpassengercars,andoff-roadridesCars,specialpassengercars.

Commercialvehicles

Commercialvehiclesaredesignedandtechnicallyusedtotransportpeopleandgoods,andcantowtrailers,butpassengervehiclesarenotincluded.Mainlyinclude:passengercars,semi-trailertractors,andtrucks.

Vehicleidentificationcode

Vehicleidentificationcode(VIN)hasglobalversatility,maximuminformationcarryingcapacityandretrievability,andhasbecometheonly"identitycard"intheworldtoidentifyvehicles".VINconsistsofasetoflettersandArabicnumerals,atotalof17digits.FromtheVIN,thecountryofproduction,manufacturingcompanyormanufacturer,vehicletype,brand,modelseries,bodystyle,enginemodel,modelyear,safetyprotectiondevicemodel,inspectionnumber,assemblyfactoryname,andfactoryordernumbercanbeidentifiedfromtheVIN.Wait.WheneachvehicleismarkedwithaVIN,itscodenamewillaccompanytheregistration,insurance,annualinspection,maintenance,repair,andrecyclingofthevehicleuntilitisscrapped.

Internationalmarket

Britishcarmarket

TheUK’sautomotivedevelopmenthasalonghistory,bringingtogetherworld-leadingcompanies,universities,racingindustriesandindependentprojects.Realizethestrengthoftransformationalresearchanddevelopment.Professionalknowledgeandforward-lookingthinkingaretheuniqueadvantagesofdevelopingcoreautomotivetechnologiesintheUK.

ThemanufacturingcapacityofBritishcarsranksamongthetopintheworld,ascanbeseenfromthemanufacturingscopeoftheproductsandthescaleoftheindustrybrandsinvolved.ThemanufacturingscopeofBritishcarscoversmanyfieldsincludingpassengercars,commercialvehicles,buses,buses,etc.TheUKhas7passengercarmanufacturers,8commercialvehiclemanufacturers,and11busandpassengercarmanufacturersthatcanbemass-produced.Andmorethan10large-scalehigh-endcarandsportscarmanufacturers.AccordingtodatafromtheAssociationofBritishAutomobileManufacturersandDealers,in2013,theUKproduced1.6millionvehicles,whichisequivalenttoanewcarrolledofftheassemblylineevery20seconds,and77%oftheproductsareexportedtoallpartsoftheworld.ThelevelofcarmanufacturingintheUKalsoattractstopmanufacturersfromallovertheworld.

AstheglobalautomotiveengineR&Dandproductioncenter,theUK'spowertraindesignhasalwaysmaintainedtheworld'sleadinglevel,especiallyintermsofenginedesign.In2013,theUnitedKingdomproducedatotalof2.55millionengines,accountingfor30%ofthetotalEuropeanengineproduction,ofwhich62%wereexportedtomorethan100countries.

TheFrenchcarmarket

Likemostdevelopedcountries,theFrenchcarmarketisalsoamaturemarketandtendstobesaturated.Mostofthenewcarsalesarenolongerforthefirsttimepurchases.Consumersbuymoreofthereplacementofoldcars.Affectedbygeography,economy,costofliving,andculturalbackground,theFrencharemorekeenondomesticallyproducedhatchbackcars.Therefore,inFrance,wewillfindthattheirvehiclesdonotseemtomatchthecountry’seconomicdevelopment,andthisisexactlywhathappened.TheseEuropeandevelopedcountriessharethecharacteristics,theirrequirementsforcarsarenotashighasimagined,andtheyaremorepractical.Accordingtodatafromtheautoindustry,amongthetwomajorFrenchgroups,PeugeotCitroensold51,188vehiclesinFrancein2014,ayear-on-yeardeclineof2.2%;RenaultGroupsalesalsofellby0.4%year-on-yearto37,898vehicles.Inaddition,mostcarcompaniessuchasVolkswagen,FordandToyotaalsosufferedadeclinein2014inFrance,andsalesexpectationsintheFrenchcarmarketarenotveryoptimistic.

Germancarmarket

AccordingtodatareleasedbytheGermanFederalMotorTransportAdministrationandtheGermanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation,atotalof3,697,290newcarsweresoldintheGermancarmarketin2011,comparedto2010Adecreaseof1.9%;ofwhich3,173,634passengercarsweresold,adecreaseof2.8%.AgainstthebackgroundoftheEuropeandebtcrisisandtheoverallshrinkingoftheEuropeanmarket,theperformanceoftheGermanautomarketin2014wasmuchmorestablethanmanypeopleexpected;comparedwithotherEuropeandevelopedcountries,theGermanmarket'sautosalesareonadownwardtrend.

Basicstructure

Engine

Theengineisthepowerplantofacar,composedof2majormechanismsand5majorsystems:crankconnectingrodmechanism,valvemechanism,coolingItiscomposedoffuelsupplysystem,fuelsupplysystem,lubricationsystem,ignitionsystem,andstartingsystem,butdieselengineshaveonelessignitionsystemthangasolineengines.

1.CoolingSystem:Itisgenerallycomposedofwatertank,waterpump,radiator,fan,thermostat,watertemperaturemeterandwaterdrainswitch.Theautomobileengineadoptstwokindsofcoolingmethods,namelyaircoolingandwatercooling.Generally,carenginesaremostlycooledbywater.

2.Lubricationsystem:Theenginelubricationsystemconsistsofanoilpump,astrainer,anoilfilter,anoilpassage,apressurelimitingvalve,anoilgauge,apressuresensingplug,andanoildipstick.

3.FuelSupplySystem:

Thegasolineenginefuelsystemincludesgasolinetank,gasolinegauge,gasolinepipe,gasolinefilter,gasolinepump,carburetor,airfilter,etc.

Thedieselenginefuelsystemincludesmaincomponentssuchasfuelinjectionpump,fuelinjectorandgovernor,aswellasdieseltank,fueltransferpump,oil-waterseparator,dieselfilter,fuelinjectionadvancer,highandlowpressurefuelpipes,etc.assistingequipments.

4.Startingsystem:starter,battery,etc.

5.Ignitionsystem:sparkplugs,high-voltagewires,high-voltagecoils,distributors,ignitionswitches,etc.

6.Crankconnectingrodmechanism:connectingrod,crankshaft,bearingbush,flywheel,piston,pistonring,pistonpin,crankshaftoilseal,etc.

7.Airdistributionmechanism:cylinderhead,valvecovercamshaft,valveintakemanifold,exhaustmanifold,airfilter,muffler,three-waycatalyticsupercharger,etc.

Chassis

Theroleofthechassisistosupportandinstalltheassemblyofthecarengineanditsvariousparts,formingtheoverallshapeofthecar,andreceivingthepoweroftheenginetomakethecarmoveandensurenormalDriving.Thechassisiscomposedoffiveparts:drivetrain,drivingtrain,steeringtrain,suspensiontrainandbraketrain.

1.Drivetrain:Thepowerfromtheautomobileengineistransmittedtothedrivingwheelsbythedrivetrain.Thedrivetrainhasthefunctionsofdeceleration,shifting,reversing,powerinterruption,inter-wheeldifferentialandinter-axledifferential.Itworkswiththeenginetoensurethenormaldrivingofthecarundervariousworkingconditions,andhasgoodpowerandperformance.Economy.Itismainlycomposedofclutch,transmission,universaljoint,transmissionshaftanddriveaxle.

Clutch:Itsroleistosmoothlyengageortemporarilyseparatethepoweroftheengineandthetransmission,sothatthedrivercanstart,stop,andshiftthecar.

Transmission:Thetransmissionisusedtoachievetorqueconversion,speedchange,neutralgearandreversegear,expandtheworkingrangeofthecar,andmakethecarhavebetterpowerandeconomy.

Accordingtothemodeofoperation,thetransmissionisdividedintomanualtransmissionandautomatictransmission.

Accordingtothelayout,thetransmissionisdividedintoafixedshafttransmissionandarotatingshaft(planetary)transmission.

Accordingtothetransmissioneffect,thetransmissionisdividedintoasteppedtransmissionandacontinuouslyvariabletransmission.

Accordingtothetransmissionmode,transmissionsaredividedintomechanicaltransmissions,hydraulictransmissionsandelectrictransmissions.

Thefixed-shafttransmissionisgenerallycomposedofatransmissioncase,atransmissioncover,afirstshaft,asecondshaft,anintermediateshaft,areverseshaft,gears,bearings,andoperatingmechanisms.

Second,Drivesystem:Thedrivesystemenablestheassemblyandcomponentsofthecartobeinstalledinappropriatepositions,andsupportstheentirecartoensurethenormaldrivingofthecar.Itconsistsofframe,axle,suspensionandwheels.Thefunctionsofthedrivingsystemare:1.Transformthepowerfromthetransmissionsystemintothedrivingforceofthecarthroughthewheels;2.Bearandtransmitvariousforcesandmomentsactingonthewheelsbytheroadsurface,andabsorbvibrationstoalleviatetheimpact;3.Cooperatewiththesteeringsystemtorealizethecorrectcontrolofthecardriving;4.Supporttheweightofthewholecar.

3.Steeringsystem:Thespecialmechanismusedinthecartochangeorrestoreitsdrivingdirectioniscalledthecarsteeringsystem.Thebasiccompositionofthesteeringsystem:steeringgear,steeringcontrolmechanism,steeringtransmissionmechanism.

Four.Suspensionsystem:Suspensionsystemisthegeneraltermforalltheforce-transmittingconnectiondevicesbetweentheframeofthecarandtheaxleorwheels.Theforceandforcebetweentheframearetwisted,andtheimpactforcetransmittedtotheframeorbodyfromtheunevenroadisbuffered,andtheresultingvibrationisattenuatedtoensurethatthecarcanrunsmoothly.Thestructureofatypicalsuspensionsystemiscomposedofelasticelements,guidemechanismsandshockabsorbers,andindividualstructuresalsohavebufferblocksandtransversestabilizers.Theelasticelementsareintheformofleafsprings,airsprings,spiralautomobilesuspensionsprings,andtorsionbarsprings.

V.Brakesystem:Thecarisusedtomaketheoutsideworld(mainlytheroad)exertacertainforceonsomepartsofthecar(mainlythewheels),therebyperformingAseriesofspecialdevicesforcompulsorybrakingtoacertaindegreearecollectivelyreferredtoasabrakingsystem.Itsfunctionistomakethedrivingcardecelerateorevenstopforciblyaccordingtothedriver'srequest;makethestoppedcarparksteadilyundervariousroadconditions(includingontheramp);keepthespeedofthecardrivingdownhillStablize.

Classificationofbrakingsystem:

a.Accordingtothefunctionofbrakingsystem

BrakeThesystemcanbedividedintoservicebrakesystem,parkingbrakesystem,emergencybrakesystemandauxiliarybrakesystem.Thebrakingsystemusedtoslowdownthespeedorevenstopthedrivingcariscalledtheservicebrakesystem;thebrakingsystemusedtomakethestoppedcarparkinplaceiscalledtheparkingbrakesystem;Whentheservicebrakesystemfails,thebrakesystemthatguaranteesthatthecarcanstilldecelerateorstopiscalledtheemergencybrakesystem;duringthedrivingprocess,theauxiliaryservicebrakesystemreducesthespeedorkeepsthespeedstable,butcannotmakethevehicleemergencyThebrakingsystemthatstopsiscalledtheauxiliarybrakingsystem.Amongtheabove-mentionedbrakesystems,theservicebrakesystemandtheparkingbrakesystemarenecessaryforeverycar.

b.PressbrakecontrolEnergy

BrakesystemcanbedividedintohumanbrakingsystemanddynamicbrakingsystemAndservobrakingsystem,etc.Thebrakingsystemthatusesthedriver'sbodyastheonlybrakingenergysourceiscalledthehumanbrakingsystem;thesystemthatcompletelyreliesonthepotentialenergyintheformofairpressureorhydraulicpressureconvertedfromthepoweroftheenginetobrakeiscalledthedynamicbrakingsystem;Thebrakingsystemthatuseshumanpowerandenginepowertobrakeiscalledaservobrakingsystemorapower-assistedbrakingsystem.

c.Accordingtothetransmissionmethodofbrakingenergy

Thebrakingsystemcanbedividedintomechanical,hydraulic,pneumaticandelectromagnetic.Simultaneouslyadoptingtwokindsofbrakingsystemsbymeansofuploadingenergyiscalledacombinedbrakingsystem.

Brakesystemsaregenerallycomposedoftwomainparts,thebrakeoperatingmechanismandthebrake.

a.Brakeoperatingmechanism

Generatebrakingaction,controlbrakingeffectandtransmitbrakingenergytoeachofthebrakesComponentsandbrakewheelcylindersandbrakelines.

b.Brake

Acomponentthatgeneratesaforce(brakingforce)thathindersthemovementormovementtendencyofthevehicle.Thebrakescommonlyusedinthehistoryofautomobiledevelopmentallusethefrictionbetweenthefixedelementandtheworkingsurfaceoftherotatingelementtogenerateabrakingtorque,whichiscalledafrictionbrake.Ithastwostructuraltypes:drumbrakeanddiscbrake.

Body

Thebodyisinstalledontheframeofthechassisforthedriverandpassengerstorideorloadcargo.Thebodyofpassengercarsandbusesisgenerallyanintegralstructure,andthebodyoftrucksisgenerallycomposedoftwoparts:acabandacargobox.

Automobilebodystructuremainlyincludes:bodyshell(bodyinwhite),door,window,frontsheetmetalparts,interiorandexteriortrimpartsandbodyaccessories,seatandventilation,heating,airconditioning,airAdjustmentdeviceandsoon.Intrucksandspecialvehicles,italsoincludesboxesandotherequipment.

1.Bodyshell(body-in-white):istheinstallationbasisofallbodyparts,usuallyreferstothemainload-bearingcomponentssuchaslongitudinal,beamandpillarsandtheirconnectionTherigidspacestructurecomposedofthesheetmetalpartstogether.Mostpassengercarbodieshaveobviousskeletons,whilecarbodiesandtruckcabsdonothaveobviousskeletons.Thebodyshellusuallyalsoincludessoundinsulation,heatinsulation,anti-vibration,anti-corrosion,sealingandothermaterialsandcoatingslaidonit.

2.Cardoor:Itisinstalledonthebodyshellthroughahinge,anditsstructureismorecomplicated,whichisanimportantparttoensuretheperformanceofthebody.Thesesheet-madepartsformaspaceforaccommodatingcomponentssuchasenginesandwheels.

3.Exteriortrimpartsofthecarbody:Mainlyrefertotrimstrips,wheeltrimcovers,logosandembossedtexts,etc.Accessoriessuchasradiatormasks,bumpers,lampsandrear-viewmirrorsarealsoobviouslydecorative.

4.Carinteriordecorations:Includingsurfacedecorationssuchasdashboards,roofs,sidewalls,seats,aswellascurtainsandcarpets.Incars,naturalfiberorsyntheticfibertextiles,artificialleatherormulti-layercompositematerials,continuousskinfoamplasticandothersurfacedecorationmaterialsarewidelyused;inpassengercars,fiberboard,cardboard,engineeringplasticpanels,aluminumpanels,patternedrubberpanels,andCladdingmaterialssuchascompositedecorativepanels.

5,Bodyaccessories:doorlocks,doorhinges,windowregulators,variousseals,windshieldwipers,windshieldwasher,sunvisor,rearviewMirror,handle,cigarettelighterandashtray,etc.Moderncarsareoftenequippedwithradioreceiversandpoleantennas,andsomecarbodiesarealsoequippedwithradiotelephones,televisions,ormicrowaveovensandsmallrefrigeratorsforheatingfood.

6.Ventilation,heating,coolingandairconditioningdevicesinsidethecarbody:areimportantdevicesthatmaintainthenormalenvironmentinthecarandensurethesafetyandcomfortofthedriverandpassengers.

7.Seat:isalsooneoftheimportantdevicesinsidethecarbody.Theseatiscomposedofaframe,aseatcushion,abackrestandanadjustmentmechanism.Theseatcushionandbackrestshouldhaveacertaindegreeofelasticity.Theadjustmentmechanismcanmovetheseatbackandforthorupanddownandadjusttheinclinationangleoftheseatcushionandbackrest.Someseatsalsohaveelasticsuspensionsandshockabsorbers,whichcanbeadjustedtoensurethattheseatcushionisatanappropriateheightfromthefloorundertheactionofdifferentweightsofthedrivers.Sleepingberthssuitableforlong-distancedrivingatnightarealsoprovidedinsometruckcabsandpassengercarriages.

8.Others:Inordertoensuredrivingsafety,seatbelts,headrests,airbags,andvariousmeasurestopreventoccupantsfrombeinginjuredinacarcollisionarewidelyusedinmoderncars.Kindofcushioningandpaddingdevice.Accordingtothedifferenttypesofgoodscarried,thetruckboxcanbeofordinaryslatstructure,platformstructure,dumpstructure,closedbox,gasandliquidtanks,andthepneumaticforceusedtotransportbulkcargo(grain,powder,etc.)Blowingandunloadingspecialtanksorcontainersofvariousstandardspecificationssuitableforroad,railway,waterway,airintermodaltransportationandinternationalintermodaltransportation.

Tire

Thetireisoneoftheimportantpartsofthecar.Itdirectlycontactstheroadsurfaceandworkswiththecarsuspensiontoalleviatetheimpactofthecarwhenitisrunning,andensurethatthecarhasagoodSeatcomfortanddrivingcomfort;ensuregoodadhesionbetweenwheelsandroadsurfaces,improvethetraction,braking,andpassabilityofthecar;beartheweightofthecar,andtiresareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinthecarReceivedpeople'sattention.

Performanceparameters

1.Vehicleequipmentquality(kg):Thequalityofafullyequippedvehicle,includingthequalityofallequipmentsuchaslubricatingoil,fuel,vehicle-mountedtools,andsparetires.

2.Maximumtotalmass(kg):Thetotalmassofthecarwhenitisfullyloaded.

3.Maximumloadingmass(kg):Themaximumloadingmassofthecarwhendrivingontheroad.

4.Maximumaxleload(kg):Themaximumtotalmasscarriedbyasingleaxleofacar.Itisrelatedtoroadpassability.Trynottoharmacidandalkaliobjectsintheprocessofusingthecar.

5.Vehiclelength(mm):Thedistancebetweenthetwoextremepointsinthelengthofthevehicle.

6.Vehiclewidth(mm):Thedistancebetweenthetwoextremepointsinthewidthdirectionofthevehicle.

7.Vehicleheight(mm):Thedistancefromthehighestpointofthevehicletotheground.

8.Wheelbase(mm):Thedistancefromthecenterofthefrontaxleofthecartothecenteroftherearaxle.

9.Wheelbase(mm):Thedistancebetweenthecenterlinesofthetiretreadsontheleftandrightofthesamecar.

10.Frontsuspension(mm):Thedistancefromthefrontendofthecartothecenterofthefrontaxle.

11.Rearsuspension(mm):Thedistancefromtherearendofthecartothecenteroftherearaxle.

12.Minimumgroundclearance(mm):Thedistancefromthelowestpointtothegroundwhenthecarisfullyloaded.

13.Approachangle(°):Theanglebetweenthetangentlinedrawntothefrontwheelatthefrontendofthecarandtheground.

14.Departureangle(°):Theanglebetweenthetangentlinedrawnfromtherearendofthecartotherearwheelandtheground.

15.Turningradius(mm):Whenthecaristurning,thetrackcircleradiusofthecenterplaneoftheoutersteeringwheelofthecaronthevehiclesupportplane.Theturningradiuswhenthesteeringwheelturnstothelimitpositionistheminimumturningradius.

16.Maximumspeed(km/h):Themaximumspeedthatacarcanreachwhendrivingontheroad.

17.Maximumgradeability(%):Themaximumgradeabilityofthecarwhenitisfullyloaded.

18.Averagefuelconsumption(L/100km):Theaveragefuelconsumptionper100kilometerswhenthecarisdrivingontheroad.

19.Numberofwheelsandnumberofdrivingwheels(n×m):Thenumberofwheelsismeasuredbasedonthenumberofhubs,nrepresentsthetotalnumberofwheelsofthecar,andmrepresentsthenumberofdrivingwheels.

20.Compressionratio:Thecompressionratioreferstotheratioofthetotalvolumeofthecylindertothevolumeofthecombustionchamber.Itindicatesthedegreetowhichthegasinthecylinderiscompressedwhenthepistonmovesfrombottomdeadcentertotopdeadcenter.Compressionratioisanimportantparametertomeasuretheperformanceindexofautomobileengine.

21.Displacement:Cylinderworkingvolumereferstothevolumeofgassweptbythepistonfromtopdeadcentertobottomdeadcenter,alsoknownassinglecylinderdisplacement,whichdependsonthecylinderdiameterandpistonstroke.Enginedisplacementisthesumoftheworkingvolumeofeachcylinder,generallyexpressedinmilliliters(CC).Enginedisplacementisoneofthemostimportantstructuralparameters.Itcanrepresentthesizeoftheenginemorethanthecylinderdiameterandthenumberofcylinders.Manyoftheengine'sindicatorsarecloselyrelatedtodisplacement.

22.Torque:Torqueistheforcethatmakesanobjectrotate.Enginetorquereferstothetorqueoutputfromthecrankshaftendoftheengine.Undertheconditionoffixedpower,itisinverselyproportionaltotheenginespeed.Thefasterthespeed,thesmallerthetorque,andviceversa.Itreflectstheloadcapacityofthecarinacertainrange.

Brand

Audi

AUDIThelogoofAudipassengercarisfourcircles,representingthefourcompaniesbeforethemerger.Thesecompaniesusedtobemanufacturersofbicycles,motorcyclesandpassengercars.Sincethecompanywasoriginallyformedbythemergerof4companies,eachringisasymbolofoneofthecompanies.

Mercedes-Benz

InJune1909,NZappliedforDaimler'sregistrationofthethree-pointedstarasasymbolofpassengercars,symbolizingthemechanizationoflanding,waterandair.In1916,acirclewasaddedaroundit,and4smallstarswereinlaidonthetopofthecircle,withthewords"Mercedes"underneath."Mercedes"meanshappiness,meaningthatthecarsproducedbyDaimlerwillbringhappinesstocarowners.

Volkswagen

VolkswagenVolkswagen’sGermanVolksWagenwerkmeansacarusedbyVolkswagen.TheVWinthelogoisthefirstletterofthefullname.Thelogoiscomposedofthree"Vs"madewiththemiddlefingerandindexfinger,indicatingthatVolkswagenanditsproductsmustwin-win-win.

Ford

FORDThelogoofFordusesFordinEnglish,withwhiteletteringonabluebackground.BecausethecreatorHenryFordlikessmallanimals,thelogodesignerpaintedFord'sEnglishasalittlewhiterabbit.

BMW

Peoplealwaysthinkthattheblueandwhitelogoisapropeller.Infact,itshouldbethatBMWisheadquarteredinMunich,Bavaria,Germany,andthestateflagofBavariaisblueandwhite.,BMW’snameisBavarianEngineCompany,BMWrepresentsBavariaandrepresentsthemostexquisiteenginetechnologyinGermany.

Ferrari

FERRARIThelogoofFerrariisaleapinghorse.InWorldWarI,therewasapilotwhoperformedverywellinItaly;therewassuchaPrancingHorseonhisplanethatwouldbringhimgoodluck.AfterwinningtheFerrari’sinitialracingcompetition,thepilot’sparents,acoupleofearls,suggestedthatFerrarishouldalsoprintthisluckyprancinghorseonthecar.Afterthepilotdiedinbattle,thehorseturnedblack;andthebackgroundcolorofthelogowasthecoloroftheCanaryinModena,wherethecompanyislocated.

PEUGEOT

ThepredecessorofthePeugeotAutomobileCompany,isasmallworkshopopenedbythePierrebrothersofthePeugeotfamilyintheearly19thcenturytoproducesaws,springsandotherirontools.Thetrademarkoftheseironproductsisamightylion,whichistheemblemoftheprovinceofFernancioQuinti,wherethecompanyislocated,andhasanunconquerablemetaphor.ItembodiesthethreeadvantagesofPeugeotsee-saws:thesawteethareliketheteethofalionandaredurable,thesawbodyiselasticlikethespineofalion,andtheperformanceofthesee-sawisasunimpededasalion.WhenthefirstPeugeotcarcameoutin1890,toshowitshighquality,thecompanydecidedtostillusethe"Lion"trademark.

Volvo

InJune1915,thename"Volvo"firstappearedonaballbearingofSKF,andwasofficiallyregisteredasatrademarkintheRoyalSwedishPatentandTrademarkRegistrationOffice.Sincethatday,thesidesofeverysetofballandrollerbearingsforautomobilesproducedbySKFhavebeenmarkedwithabrandnewVolvologo.InLatin,"Volvere"istheinfinitiveoftheverb"roll".Forexample,apistolwitharevolveriscalled"revolver".Inthefirst-personsingularform,theverb"volvere"becomes"volvo",and"Iroll"means"Igoforwardbravely".ThereforeVolvomeans"rollforward".TheChinesenameis"Volvo",andtherewasaChinesenamefor"富豪"inthepast.

Well-knownautoshows

Accordingtotoday’sinternationalpractice,thereare"fivemajor"recognizedinternationalautoshows,ofwhichthreeareinEurope:FrankfurtMotorShow,ParisMotorShowandGenevaMotorShow;eachinNorthAmericaandAsiaOne:NorthAmericanAutoShowandTokyoAutoShow.

NorthAmericanAutoShow

Onceonceayear,thepredecessorwastheformerDetroitInternationalAutoShowintheUnitedStates.Ithasahistoryofnearlyahundredyearsasof2021andisoneofthelongest-establishedautoshowsintheUnitedStates.

In1957,Europeancarfactoriesfinallycameacrosstheoceans.Forthefirsttime,Volvo,Mercedes-Benz,andPorscheappeared.TheywerehighlyvaluedbytheAmericanpeopleandthe"kingflag"oftheDetroitAutoShowwasofficiallyestablished.The1989DetroitAutoShowwasrenamedtheNorthAmericanInternationalAutoShow,whichisheldeveryJanuary.

ParisMotorShow

TheexhibitionoriginatedfromtheInternationalAutomobileSalonin1898,until1976,andonceeverytwoyearsthereafter.HeldfromtheendofSeptembertothebeginningofOctobereachyear.

GenevaMotorShow

TheGenevaMotorShoworiginatedin1905.Itwashostedbyaninformalassociationin1926.In1947,theassociationwasreorganizedintotheInternationalAutoShowFoundation.Since1982,itwasfoundedbythegovernment.HostedbytheOrgexpoFoundation.Comparedwithotherautoshowsintheworld,theGenevaMotorShowhasreceivedthemostmediaattentionandisregardedasthebestindustrygatheringplacebyindustryinsiders.

FrankfurtMotorShow

TheFrankfurtMotorShowwasformerlyknownastheBerlinMotorShow.Itwasfoundedin1897andmovedtoFrankfurtin1951.Itisheldonceayear,andpassengercarsandcommercialwheelsareexchangedondisplay.TheFrankfurtAutoShowistheworld'slargestautoshowandisknownasthe"AutoOlympics".

TokyoMotorShow

TheTokyoMotorShowistheshortestinhistoryamongthefivemajorautoshows.Itisknownasthe"AsianAutoWindvane"andwasfoundedin1954.TheTokyoMotorShowisalsothelargestinternationalautoshowinAsia.TheTokyoMotorShowalternatelyexhibitspassengercarsandbusinessvehiclesonceayear.

BeijingAutoShow

BeijingAutoShowistheBeijingInternationalAutomobileExhibition(AutoChina)foundedin1990.ItisregularlyheldinBeijingeverytwoyearsandhasbeencontinuouslyhelduntiltheendof2020.The16thsessionhasgonethrough30yearsofdevelopment.Sinceitsinception,theBeijingInternationalAutomobileExhibitionhascontinuedtoexpandinscale,andtheexhibitionfunctionhasevolvedfromasimpleproductdisplayinthepasttobecomeawindowforthereleaseofcorporatedevelopmentstrategiesandafull-scaleimagedisplayin2020;aplatformfortheworld'smostcutting-edgetechnologicalinnovationinformationexchange;Themostefficientstageforbrandpromotion.Thequalityoftheexhibitshasbeenimprovedyearbyyear,andtheimpacthasbecomemoreextensive.ManymultinationalautocompanieshavelistedtheBeijingAutoShowasaglobalA-classautoshow.

ShanghaiAutoShow

Establishedin1985,theShanghaiAutoShowistheearliestprofessionalinternationalautoshowinChinaandthelargestautoshowinAsia.Itisheldeveryodd-numberedyear,andthe19thsessionhasbeensuccessfullyheldasof2021.

Typicalbodystructure

Fromtheendofthe19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcentury,automobiledesignershavedevotedtheirmainenergytothedevelopmentandinnovationofautomobilemechanicalengineering.Inthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,afterthebasicstructureofthecarhadbeeninvented,cardesignersbegantoimprovetheexteriorofthecar,andsuccessivelyintroducedaerodynamics,fluidmechanics,ergonomicsandindustrialdesign(industrialAesthetics)andotherconcepts,strivingtomakecarsmeetthedifferentneedsofpeopleofallages,classes,andevenvariousculturalbackgroundsinappearance,makingcarsthebestperformanceimagethatcombinesrealscienceandart,andfinallyachievesThemostperfectstate.

Boxcar

In1915,theAmericanFordMotorCompanyproducedacardifferentfromthehorsemodel.ItsappearanceisverysimilartoalargeboxwithdoorsandWindow,peoplecallthistypeofcar"boxcar".BecausetheshapeofthistypeofcarresemblesthatofEuropeanladieswhousedtotraveltogetherandcarry"sedans"lightseatsonotheroccasions,itwasnamed"sedans"inthecatalog.

Beetlecar

In1934,ProfessorLeiYioftheResearchCenterofFluidMechanicsusedmodelcarstotesttheairresistanceofvariouscarbodiesinawindtunnel.ThisisAhistoricexperiment.In1934,ChrysleroftheUnitedStatesfirstadoptedastreamlinedbodyshapedesign.In1937,theGermandesigngeniusFernandPorschebegantodesigncarsthatresembledtheBeetle.Thebeetlecannotonlycrawlontheground,butalsoflyintheair,anditsbodyresistanceisverysmall.Dr.PorschemaximizedtheadvantagesoftheBeetle'sappearance.

Ship-typecar

In1945,FordMotorCompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofnewmodels.Afterseveralyearsofhardwork,finallylaunchedthehistoricnewV8Fordcarin1949.Becausethiskindofcarhaschangedthemodelofthepreviouscar,thefrontfenderandtheenginecover,therearfenderandtheluggagecompartmentcoverareintegrated,theheadlightsandtheradiatorcoveralsoformawhole,andthetwosidesofthebodyformasmoothOntheotherhand,thecabinislocatedinthemiddleofthecar,andthewholeshapelookslikeasmallboat,sopeoplecallthistypeofcar"boat-shapedcar".

Fish-shapedcar

Inordertoovercometheexcessivebackwardextensionofthetailoftheboat-shapedcar,astrongairvortexeffectwillbegeneratedwhenthecarisrunningathighspeed.Afish-shapedcarwiththebackofafish.In1952,theBuicksedanofGeneralMotorsoftheUnitedStatescreatedtheeraoffishcars.Ifyouonlylookattheshapeofthebackofthecar,thefishcarandtheBeetlecarareverysimilar.However,ifyouobservecarefully,youwillfindthattheanglebetweenthebackofthefishcarandthegroundisrelativelysmall,thetailislonger,andtheairflowaroundthebodyissmoother,sothevortexresistanceisrelativelysmall.

Wedge-shapedcar

Althoughthe"fish-shapedducktail"modelpartiallyovercomestheliftoftheairwhenthecarisrunningathighspeed,itdoesnotfundamentallysolvetheproblemofliftofthefish-shapedcar.Afteralotofexplorationandexperimentation,thedesignerfinallyfoundanewmodel-thewedge.Thismodelistoleanthebodyforwardanddownwardasawhole,andtherearofthebodyisasstraightasaknife.Thisshapecaneffectivelyovercomethelift.ThefirstcartobedesignedinawedgeshapewasStudebakerAbentiin1963.Thiscarhasbeenhighlypraisedbyexpertsincarshapedesign.In1968,OldsmobileTorronadoofGeneralMotorsimprovedanddevelopedthewedgecar,andin1968itwasadoptedbytheCadillaclimousineEldo.Thewedgeshapeiswidelyusedmainlyinracingcars.Becausetheracingcarfirstconsiderstheimpactoffluidmechanics(aerodynamics)andotherissuesonthecar,thecarbodycanbemadecompletelyinawedgeshape,andthecomfortoftherideisconsideredasasecondaryissue.Forexample,theItalianFerrarisportscarinthe1980sisatypicalwedgeshape.

IntroductiontoChina'sautomobiledevelopment

Previously,therewasnoautomobilemanufacturingindustryinChina.ThefirstcaronChinesesoilwasanAmerican-madeOsmobilebrandimportedin1903.ItobtainedtheNo.1vehiclelicenseanditsownerwasaShanghairichman.

China’sattempttomanufactureacarwassupportedbyGeneralZhangXueliang,awarlordoftheFengDepartment.In1928,hehiredAmericantechnicianstoguidehim.TheAmericanIWCwassuccessfullycopiedattheShenyangBeidayingMilitaryFactory.10cars.

mycountry'sfirstcarcameoutinShenyanginMay1929andwasmanufacturedbytheLiaoningMortarFactoryunderthecontrolofGeneralZhangXueliang.ZhangXueliangaskedLiYichun,thedirectoroftheMinshengFactory,topurchaseacompletecarof"Ruixue"fromtheUnitedStatesasaprototype.LiYichundisassembledthewholecar,andthenredesignedandmanufacturedotherpartsexceptfortheoriginalcarpartssuchastheenginerearaxle,electricaldevicesandtires.IttooktwoyearstoMay1931,andfinallysuccessfullytrial-producedmycountry'sfirstcar,namedFortheMinshengbrand75car,itopenedupaprecedentforself-madecarsinChina,whichisworthyofadmiration.

In1936,theChinesegovernmenthadplannedtocooperatewiththeGermanMercedes-BenzCorporationtoestablishanofficial"ChinaAutomobileManufacturingCompany",whichplannedtoassemblecarsfirstandthenmanufacturecars.Thefollowingyear,theAnti-JapaneseWarbrokeout,andthisdiscussionwasshelved.UntiltheKuomintangleftthemainlandin1949,Chinahadonlytheautomobileuseandrepairindustry.

SincetheconstructionoftheNo.1AutomobileManufacturingPlantbeganinJuly1953,itwasputintoproductioninJuly1956.OnJuly13,1957,mycountryproducedthefirstcargo-carryingJiefangcar.InSeptember,mycountry'sNo.1AutomobileManufacturingPlantindependentlydeveloped,designedandproducedthefirstHongqibrandpassengercarthatsharedtheupsanddownsofthepoliticalsituationatthattimeandsharedthehonoranddisgrace.Itwasknownasthe"OrientalCharm".Overthepastfewdecades,mycountry'sautomobileindustryhasdevelopedrapidly.Especiallysincethereformandopeningup,automobileproductionhasadoptedvarioushigh-techandhumanizedsafetyandconveniencefacilities,absorbingtheessenceofforeignautomobilescientificresearch.Notonlyhasitinheritedthetraditionalsturdystyling,butitalsohasthesoftandcharmingappearanceofafashionablecar,withsmoothlinesandcomfortabledriving.

OnMay5,1983,representativesofBeijingAutomobileManufacturingPlantandAmericanAutomobileCompanysignedthe"OperationAgreement"and"JointVentureArticles",andChina'sfirstvehiclejointventurewillbeestablishedinthecapital..InMarch1985,ShanghaiVolkswagen,thefirstdomesticpassengercarjointventureapprovedbyDengXiaoping,thechiefdesignerofreformandopeningup,wasformallyestablished.Itmarkstheendofthelow-levelhistoryof"carmanufacturingbehindcloseddoors"inChina'sautomobileindustry,andhasopenedthewayfortheuseofforeigncapital,theintroductionoftechnology,andtheaccelerationofdevelopment.

FromMarch25toApril12,1986,theFourthMeetingoftheSixthNationalPeople’sCongresswasheldinBeijing.ThemeetingpassedtheSeventhFive-YearPlanfortheNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina."Automobilemanufacturingasanimportantpillarindustry"waswrittenintothe"SeventhFive-YearPlan".

OnAugust12,1987,headsofrelevantdepartmentsoftheStateCouncilgatheredinBeidaihe.Atthemeeting,theyfinallyclarifiedthedecisiontobuildthreelargepassengercarbasesinChina,anddesignatedthepassengercarindustryasShanghai,FAW,andSecondAutomobile,the"threesmall,threesmall"structurecommonlyknownintheindustryhasformed.Themostimportantsignificanceofthismeetingistogetoutofthewhirlpoolof"ShouldChinadevelopthepassengercarindustry"andclarifythedecisiontodevelopthepassengercarindustry.

AtthemomentwhentheAudi100wasintroducedin1988andChinaandGermanysignedtheAudi100technologytransferagreement,the"FAWAudi100"profoundlyaffectedtheChinesepassengercarmarketandeventhepassengercarindustry.

OnFebruary8,1991,FAW-VolkswagenCo.,Ltd.wasestablishedinChangchunwithaninvestmentof4.2billionyuan.TheshareholdingratiobetweenChinaandGermanyis6:4.ItsestablishmentmarkedthebirthofChina'slargestautomobilejointventure.

In1991,theproductionofShanghai-brandpassengercarswasdiscontinued,andtheChinesepassengercarindustrywassqueezedbyjoint-venturemodelstotemporarilystop"independentproducts."However,aftermorethantenyearsofdevelopment,SAICMotorwillonceagainreturntothe"autonomousera."Atthe2007ShanghaiInternationalAutoShow,theShanghaibrandpassengercar,whichhadbeendiscontinuedfor16years,wasrebornonthefirstfuelcellpassengercarbodyindependentlydevelopedbySAIC.

In1997,GuangzhouPeugeotceasedproductionandliquidated.ThefailureofGuangzhouPeugeotwasatragedythatchangedthe"threesmall"patternofChina'sautomobile,butthedevelopmentofChina'spassengercarindustryhasnotstopped.Peugeotmadeacomebackin2003anddevelopedsmoothlyinChina.OnDecember18,1999,Chery'sfirstcar,"Fengyun",rolledofftheassemblyline,whichkickedoffthepreludetoChery'scarmanufacturingandalsofiredthefirstshotofitsownbrandpassengercar.

Inthe20yearsfrom1980to2000,China'sautomobilehasdevelopedbyleapsandbounds.In1992,theannualoutputofChineseautomobilesexceeded1million,andin2000itexceeded2million.Thedevelopmentofpassengercarproductionhasgrownfrom5,400in1980to610,000in2000.Theincreaseinthesenumbershasallconfirmedtheleapfrogdevelopmentatthisstage.Aspeopleoftensay,thewheelofhistorycannotberesisted.Theremaybetwistsandturns,orevenbackwards,butfromahistoricalperspective,thedevelopmentofautomobilesisclearlyadvancingingreatstrides.

Attheendof2001,ChinaformallyjoinedtheWTO.Takingthisasanopportunity,China'sautoindustryhasusheredinanewperiodofrapiddevelopment.In2009,China'sautomobileproductionandsaleswere13.791millionand13.644millionrespectively,surpassingtheUnitedStatesinonefellswoop,becomingtheworld'slargestautomobileproductionandsalescountry.In2012,theannualproductionandsalesofChineseautomobileswere19.271,800and19,306,400,respectively,rankingfirstintheworldforfourconsecutiveyears.

Aftertenyearsofrapiddevelopment,China'sself-ownedbrandpassengercartechnologyhasachievedconsiderabledevelopment.Inthefirsthalfof2013,FAWHongqi,BAICSaab,ChanganRuicheng,GeelyEmgrand,BYDSirius,andSAICRoewe,GACTrumpchithathavebeenlistedsuccessivelyinthefirsthalfof2013,representedbytheirownhigh-endpassengervehicles,launchedtojointventurebrands.Thegroupchargewillgraduallyrewritethestatusquothatself-ownedbrandpassengercarscanonlyseizethemarketinthelow-endmarket.

AfterthefoundingofNewChina,China'sautoindustrywasabletoestablishanddevelop.ThedevelopmentprocessofChina'sautomobileindustrycanbedividedintothreestages:theestablishmentstage,theindependentdevelopmentstage,andtheopening-upstage.

Thestageofestablishment

1953-1958wasthestageofestablishmentofChina'sautomobileindustry,andthecompletionoftheChangchunNo.1AutomobileManufacturingPlantwasasignofthisstage.ThecharacteristicofthisstageisthattheconstructionworkwascarriedoutwiththefullassistanceoftheformerSovietUnion,theproductswereimportedfromtheSovietUnion,thetechnologicalprocesswasdesignedbytheSovietUnion,themainequipmentwasprovidedbytheSovietUnion,andeventheplantdesignwasundertakenbytheSovietUnion.ThedesigncapacityoftheFirstAutomobileManufacturingPlantistoproduce30,000vehiclesperyear.Theproductsare4ttrucksandcorrespondingoff-roadvehicles.Thefirstautomobilefactorylaidthefoundationin1953,andin1956thefirst"Jiefangbrand"carwaslaunchedfromtheassemblylineofthefirstautomobilefactory.In1958,16,000carswereproduced.

Independentdevelopmentstage

1958～1984wasthesecondstageofChina'sautoindustry.Around1958,Sino-Sovietrelationsdeteriorated.China'sautoindustryhasenteredaperiodofself-reliancealongwithothereconomicsectors.Aftertheinitialformationofitsownbasicindustry,variouspartsofourcountryhaveimitatedandtrial-producedanumberofcars,andgraduallyformedseveralrelativelylarge-scalecarmanufacturers.InadditiontotheFirstAutomobileManufacturingPlant,therearealsoNanjingAutomobileManufacturingPlantandBeijingAutomobileManufacturingPlantonalargerscale.In1958,theBeijingAutomobileManufacturingPlantdevelopedthefirstcaroftheChinese,named"Jinggangshan"anddroveintoZhongnanhai.Sincethen,China'sautoindustryhasenteredanewstageofdevelopment-anindependentandself-reliantdevelopmentstage.Thelandmarkachievementofthisstageistheconstructionofthesecondautomobilemanufacturingplant.

In1964,preparationsfortheconstructionofthesecondautomobilemanufacturingplantbegan.Fromtheperspectiveofpolitical,militaryandeconomicconstructionatthattime,theplantwasbuiltinthemountainousareaof​​northwesternHubeiProvince(nowShiyanCity).Thenationwidecooperationinrelatedindustriesbeganin1966.Dozensoffactoriesarescatteredintheravine,stretchingfor80km.Duringtheconstructionperiod,afterthe"CulturalRevolution",massproductionbeganin1978.Themainproductisthe"Dongfeng"truckwithaloadof5tdevelopedbytheChinese.Inthemid-1980s,itreachedanannualoutputofmorethan100,000medium-sizedtrucks.Scalehasbecomethelargestdomesticproductionenterprise,anditsproductsarewellreceivedbyusers.ThefactorydesignandprocessdesignoftheSecondAutomobileManufacturingPlantwerecompletedbytheChinesethemselves,and98%oftheproductionequipmentwasdomesticallyproduced.InChina,whereconditionswereverydifficultatthetime,thecompletionofthesecondautomobilefactorywasamiracle.

Openingtotheoutsideworld

Inthemid-1980s,afiercedebateoccurredinChina.Thethemewaswhethertodevelopcarconsumptionandcarproduction.TheresultofthedisputeisthatChinaneedstodevelopcars,andthecentralgovernmentdecidestoestablishamoderncarindustry.Thisisanimportantdecisioninthedevelopmentofmycountry'sautomobileindustry.

In1984,thefirstvehiclemanufacturingjointventure,acarproductionenterprisejointlyinvestedbyBeijingAutomotiveIndustryCorporationandChrysler,wasborn,whichmarkedthattheautomotiveindustryenteredanewstageofdevelopment—openingtotheoutsideworld..Sincethen,alargenumberofjointventurecompanieshavebeenborninChina.

Thisstagehasthefollowingcharacteristics:thecarindustryisthefocusofdevelopment;theintroductionofforeigncapitalandtheestablishmentofjointventures;theintroductionofforeignproducts,processesandmanagementmethods,theimplementationofahighstartingpoint,large-scalestartingpolicy,andsoonAcertainscalehasbeenformed;theenterprisehasinitiallymanagedtooperateinaccordancewiththemarketmechanism.

Sincethereleaseandimplementationofthe"AutomotiveIndustryPolicy"in1994,China'sautoindustryhasmadeconsiderableprogress,andthescaleofproduction,autoproductionandsales,productvarieties,technicallevels,andmarketconcentrationhaveallmadesignificantprogress.Inthe21stcentury,profoundchangeshavetakenplaceinthedomesticandinternationalenvironment.China'sautomobileindustryhasbothgooddevelopmentopportunitiesandseverechallenges.Atthesametime,somedeep-seatedcontradictionsandproblemsaregraduallyexposed.Topromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheautomobileindustry,aninnovative,forward-looking,scientific,andguidingindustrialpolicyisneeded.TheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionofficiallypromulgatedandimplementedthe"AutoIndustryDevelopmentPolicy"onJune1,2004.

Comparedwiththe1994"AutoIndustryPolicy",thenewlypromulgated"AutoIndustryDevelopmentPolicy"hassevencharacteristics:①CancellationoftheWTOrulesandChina'scommitmentstotheWTOInconsistentcontent;②Significantlyreduceadministrativeapprovals,relyonregulationsandtechnicalstandardstoguidethehealthydevelopmentoftheindustry;③Proposeabrandstrategy,encouragethedevelopmentofproductswithindependentintellectualpropertyrights,andclarifypolicyguidancefortheindependentdevelopmentoftheautomobileindustry;④GuideexistingMergersandreorganizationsofautomobilemanufacturerswillpromotetheexpansionofdomesticautomobileenterprisegroups;⑤requireautomobilemanufacturerstopayattentiontotheestablishmentofbrandsalesandservicesystemstoeliminateconsumers’worries;⑥guideandencouragethedevelopmentofenergy-savingandenvironmentallyfriendlyvehiclesandnew-fuelvehicles;⑦Proposedguidingopinionsoncreatingabetterconsumptionenvironment.Itsspecificgoalistomakemycountry'sautomobileindustrydevelopintoapillarindustryofthenationaleconomyby2010.

Nowadays,mycountryalreadyhasindependentautobrands,suchasGeely,Chery,BYD,Xiali,etc.,andthequalityofcarshasalsobeengreatlyimproved.

SocialPhenomenon

Insomeruralareas,thenew"threemajorpieces"ofcars,houses,andgiftsthatarenecessaryforgettingmarriedhavebecomethe"difficultiesinmarriage"forolderruralmen"ThreeMountains".

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